2025-08-22

조제프 푸셰 - 위키백과, Joseph Fouché 영어+ 일어 한역

조제프 푸셰 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

조제프 푸셰

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
조제프 푸셰
Joseph Fouché
조제프 부셰
출생1759년 5월 21일
사망1820년 12월 26일(61세)
성별남성
국적프랑스
직업정치인

조제프 푸셰(프랑스어: Joseph Fouché, 1759년 5월 21일 ~ 1820년 12월 26일)는 프랑스의 정치인이다.

프랑스 혁명 당시 막시밀리앵 드 로베스피에르를 몰락시키고 나폴레옹 보나파르트를 붕괴시킨 제1의 배후 인물로 평가받고 있다. 평론의 대가 슈테판 츠바이크는 푸셰의 파란만장한 삶을 흥미롭게 소개하고 있다.[1]

생애

조제프 푸셰는 1759년 5월30일 대서양 연한 항구도시 낭트에서 태어났다. 아버지는 뱃사람이었고 장사꾼이었다. 10대에 그는 가톨릭 사제들의 모임인 오라토리오회 수도원에 들어갔다. 그곳에서 배우고 자란 그는 스무 살에 벌써 수도원학교의 교사가 돼 물리와 수학을 가르쳤다. 그가 아르투아 지방의 작은도시 아라스에서 수도원 교사 노릇을 할 때 그 도시의 '로자티'라는 사교클럽에 출입하다가 젊은 변호사였던 로베스피에르를 만났다. 그 둘은 금세 의기투합하여 친구가 되었고 푸셰는 로베스피에르의 누이동생 샤를롯과 약혼한 사이였다. 그러다가 프랑스 혁명이 터지자 그는 수도복을 벗어 던지고 프랑스 혁명에 투신한다.

프랑스 혁명시기

프랑스 혁명 때에 그는 고향 낭트에 새로 문을 연 혁명클럽 '헌법의 벗 협회' 다시 말해 자코뱅 클럽 지부에 들어가 곧 그곳의 대표자가 되었다. 그 곳에서 그는 온건한 행보로 시민들의 신용을 얻었다. 프랑스 혁명이 성공하고 국왕 루이 16세를 몰아낸후 그는 고향 낭트에서 국민공회 지역구 의원으로 출마해 당선됐다. 그때 옛 친구 로베스피에르가 산악파(자코뱅파)로 의사당의 좌파에 앉았다면 그는 오른쪽인 지롱드파에 앉았다. 1793년 1월16일 저녁 국민공회 안에서는 루이 16세의 구명이냐 사형이냐를 놓고 격론이 벌어졌다. 로베스피에르는 단호하게 사형을 주장했고 양측의 표가 팽팽하게 엇갈렸다. 이 때 푸셰를 뽑아준 낭트 선거구민의 온건한 견해를 볼때 푸셰는 왕의 구명에 표를 던져야 했으나 그는 연단에 국왕의 사형에 투표했다. 투표 결과는 387대 334로 사형이 선고되었다.

리옹의 도살자

루이 16세의 처형 이후 그는 지롱드파가 몰락하면서 급진파인 자코뱅파로 180도 돌아섰다. 그는 지방을 다스리는 파견의원으로 선출되어 자신의 선거구인 낭트를 비롯해 느베르 물랭에서 반혁명세력을 진압하고 부자들을 떨게하고 교회를 약탈해 악명을 얻었다. 그가 이런 과업을 수행하기 얼마 전 리옹에서 대규모 반란이 터졌다(리옹 반란). 공안위원회는 조르주 쿠통을 파견해 반란을 진압했다. 국민공회는 이 도시의 완전한 파괴를 명령했으나 쿠통은 형식적으로 집 몇채의 지붕을 부수는 것으로 끝냈다. 국민공회는 이에 다른 적합한 인물을 찾아보다 쿠통을 대신하여 푸셰를 파견했다. 푸셰는 리옹 훈령을 발표하고 두 달 넘게 수십명을 한덩어리로 묶고는 대포로 쏘아 처형했고 리옹의 문화재를 폭파시켜는 등 도시 전체를 쑥대밭으로 만들었다. 그는 3개월 동안 2000여명을 학살했고 이 사건을 통해 리옹의 도살자라는 별명을 얻게 된다. [2]

테르미도르의 반란

리옹 사건에 당황한 로베스피에르는 공안위원회를 압박해 푸셰에게 리옹 사건을 해명하도록 했다. 푸셰는 로베스피에르에게 편지를 보내 처형을 면했다. 이후 푸셰는 기독교를 없애려는 문제로 프랑스 섭정 및 공안위원장 막시밀리앙 드 로베스피에르와 맞서면서 1794년 테르미도르의 반란을 계획하였다. 1794년 쿠데타를 일으켜 프랑스 집정관 겸 공안위원장이었던 로베스피에르와 그 일파를 축출한다. 로베르피에르의 처형 이후 프랑스 혁명은 무너지고 반동의 물결이 일어나면서 푸셰는 수세에 몰렸고 결국 몰락했다.

1799년 이후 그는 총재 정부 밑에서는 총재정부 5인중 한 사람인 바라스의 사설탐정으로 재기의 발판을 마련했다. 그는 정보를 만들어 팔고 그 대가로 돈을 얻고 그 돈으로 다시 정보를 만들고 그 정보로 더 큰 돈을 벌어들였다. 이해 7월 푸셰는 총재정부의 경찰장관에 임명되었다. 경찰장관이 된후 그는 전국 방방곡곡에 정보원과 밀고자와 비밀경찰을 깔고 모든 정보를 좌우했다. 한겨레 기자인 고명섭은 《광기와 천재》에서 "푸셰야말로 정보가 권력임을 알아채고 그 정보를 취합해 하나의 거대한 무기로 만들어낸 최초의 인간"으로 평가했다.[3]

나폴레옹 시절

푸셰는 나폴레옹 1세 때에는 경찰장관으로서 정보를 장악하고 권력의 제2인자로 군림한다. 백일 천하 후 나폴레옹의 퇴위를 주도한다.

실각 후 망명 시절

그 후 임시 정부의 수반이 되어서 외교적 수완을 발휘하며 루이 16세의 동생인 루이 18세를 왕으로 맞아 들인다. 그 대가로 경찰장관직을 얻지만 골수 왕당파의 반발로 몇달 후 해임되고 프랑스에서 추방된다. 이후 오스트리아로 망명하여 쓸쓸히 말년을 보낸 후 61세로 사망한다. 그의 후손은 스웨덴으로 이주한다.

후세의 평가

오스트리아 작가 슈테판 츠바이크는 평전 《조제프 푸셰. 어느 정치적 인간의 초상》에서 푸셰는 "우리가 사는 세상에서 가장 위험한 종족"에 속한다며 "푸셰 같은 인물을 해부해볼 필요가 있다"고 주장한다.[4] 츠바이크는 푸셰가 비도덕한 변절자일 뿐 아니라 "도박의 모험을 즐기는 저돌적 정신의 인간"[5]이라고 평가한다. 한마디로 프랑스 역사의 메피스토펠레스인 셈이다. 츠바이크는 푸셰를 가차없이 비판하면서도 이 정치가가 백일천하 당시 보여준 역량에 공정한 시선을 던진다. "이 몇 주 동안 푸셰는 고집스러우면서도 신중하게, 다의적 해석이 가능하면서도 명료하게 정치를 해 나갔다. 세계 역사에서의 외교활동 중 가장 완벽한 대목으로 간주될 정도이다."[6]

각주

  1.  슈테판 츠바이크《조제프 푸셰. 어느 정치적 인간의 초상》, 옮긴이: 정상원, 이화북스, 2019년
  2.  고명섭《광기와 천재)》(인물과사상) p115~128
  3.  고명섭《위책》p142
  4.  슈테판 츠바이크《조제프 푸셰. 어느 정치적 인간의 초상》,옮긴이: 정상원, 이화북스, 2019년 p 9
  5.  츠바이크, 같은 책 p 296
  6.  츠바이크, 같은 책 p 293

같이 보기

외부 링크

위키미디어 공용에 조제프 푸셰 주제와 관련된 미디어 분류가 있습니다.
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Joseph Fouché Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Joseph Fouché
Portrait as Minister of Police by Claude-Marie Dubufe, after an original by René Théodore Berthon
President of the Executive Commission
In office
22 June 1815 – 7 July 1815
MonarchNapoleon II
Preceded byOffice created
Succeeded byOffice abolished
(Talleyrand as Prime Minister)
Minister of Police
In office
20 July 1799 – 3 June 1810
Preceded byClaude Sébastien Bourguignon-Dumolard
Succeeded byAnne Jean Marie René Savary
In office
20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815
Preceded byJules Anglès
Succeeded byJean, comte Pelet de la Lozère
In office
7 July 1815 – 26 September 1815
Preceded byJean, comte Pelet de la Lozère
Succeeded byÉlie, duc Decazes
Deputy of the National Convention
In office
20 September 1792 – 2 November 1795
ConstituencyNantes
Personal details
Born21 May 1759
Le Pellerin, Kingdom of France
Died26 December 1820 (aged 61)
Trieste, Austrian Empire
(now Italy)
Political partyJacobin (1789–1795)
Girondist (1792–1793)
Montagnard (1793–1794)
Thermidorian (1794–1799)
Bonapartist (1799–1814)
Signature

Joseph Fouché, 1st Duc d'Otrante, 1st Comte Fouché (French: [ʒozɛf fuʃe]; 21 May 1759 – 26 December 1820) was a French statesman, revolutionary, and Minister of Police under First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, who later became a subordinate of Emperor Napoleon. He was particularly known for the ferocity with which he suppressed the Lyon insurrection during the Revolution in 1793 and for being a highly competent minister of police under the Directory, the Consulate, and the Empire. In 1815, he served as President of the Executive Commission, which was the provisional government of France installed after the abdication of Napoleon. In English texts, his title is often translated as Duke of Otranto.

Youth

Fouché was born in Le Pellerin, a small village near Nantes. His mother was Marie Françoise Croizet (1720–1793), and his father was Julien Joseph Fouché (1719–1771). He was educated at the college of the Oratorians at Nantes, and showed aptitude for literary and scientific studies. Wanting to become a teacher, he was sent to an institution kept by brethren of the same order in Paris. There he made rapid progress, and was soon appointed to tutorial duties at the colleges of Niort, Saumur, Vendôme, Juilly and Arras. There he was initiated into Freemasonry at "Sophie Madeleine" lodge in 1788.[1][2] At Arras he had had some encounters with Maximilien Robespierre (and his sister Charlotte) both before the revolution and in the early days of the French Revolution (1789).[3]

In October 1790, he was transferred by the Oratorians to their college at Nantes, in an attempt to control his advocacy of revolutionary principles - however, Fouché became even more of a democrat. His talents and anti-clericalism brought him into favour with the population of Nantes, especially after he became a leading member of the local Jacobin Club. When the college of the Oratorians was dissolved in May 1792, Fouché left the Oratorians, having never taken any major vows.[3]

A revolutionary republican

After the downfall of the monarchy on 10 August 1792 (following the storming of the royal Tuileries Palace), he was elected as deputy for the département of the Loire-Inférieure to the National Convention, which proclaimed the French Republic on 22 September.[3]

Fouché's interests brought him into contact with the Marquis de Condorcet and the Girondists, and he became a Girondist himself. However, their lack of support for the trial and execution of King Louis XVI (December 1792 - 21 January 1793) led him to join the Jacobins, the more decided partisans of revolutionary doctrine. Fouché was strongly in favor of the king's immediate execution, and denounced those who "wavered before the shadow of a king".[3]

The crisis that resulted from the declaration of war by the French National Convention against Great Britain and the Dutch Republic (1 February 1793, see French Revolutionary Wars), and a little later against Spain, made Fouché famous as one of the Jacobin radicals holding power in Paris. While the armies of the First Coalition threatened the north-east of France, a revolt of the Royalist peasants in Brittany and La Vendée menaced the Convention on the west. That body sent Fouché with a colleague, Villers, as representatives on mission invested with almost dictatorial powers for the crushing of the revolt of "the whites" (the royalist colour). The ruthlessness with which he carried out these duties earned him a reputation, and he soon held the post of commissioner of the republic in the département of the Nièvre.[4]

Together with Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, he helped to initiate the dechristianization movement in the autumn of 1793. In the Nièvre department, Fouché ransacked churches, sent their valuables to the treasury, and helped establish the Cult of Reason. He ordered the words "Death is an eternal sleep" to be inscribed over the gates to cemeteries. He also fought luxury and wealth, wanting to abolish the use of currency. The new cult was inaugurated at Notre Dame de Paris by "The Festival of Reason".[5] It was here that Fouché gave "the most famous example of its [dechristianization] early phase".[6] Ironically enough, it was only a year previous that Fouché had been "an advocate of the role of the clergy in education," yet he was now "abandoning the role of religion in society altogether in favour of 'the revolutionary and clearly philosophical spirit' he had first wanted for education."[7] Overall, the dechristianization movement "reflected the wholesale transformation that Jacobin and radical leaders were beginning to see as necessary for the survival of the Republic, and the creation of a republican citizenry."[8]

Fouché in Lyon, January 1794

Fouché went on to Lyon in November with Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois to execute the reprisals of the Convention. Lyon had revolted against the Convention. Lyon, on 23 November, was declared to be in a "state of revolutionary war" by Collot and Fouché. The two men then formed the Temporary Commission for Republican Supervision. He inaugurated his mission with a festival notable for its obscene parody of religious rites. Fouché and Collot then brought in "a contingent of almost two thousand of the Parisian Revolutionary Army" to begin their terrorizing.[9] "On 4 December, 60 men, chained together, were blasted with grapeshot on the plain de Brotteaux outside the city, and 211 more the following day.[10] Grotesquely ineffective, these mitraillades resulted in heaps of mutilated, screaming, half-dead victims, who were finished off with sabres and musket fire by soldiers physically sickened at the task."[11] Events like this made Fouché infamous as "The Executioner of Lyons."[12] The Commission was not happy with the methods used for killing the rebels so, soon after, "more normal firing squads supplemented the guillotine." These methods led to the carrying out of "over 1800 executions in the coming months."[11] Fouché, claiming that "Terror, salutary terror, is now the order of the day here... We are causing much impure blood to flow, but it is our duty to do so, it is for humanity's sake," called for the execution of 1,905 citizens.[12] As Napoleon's biographer Alan Schom has written:[12]

Alas, Fouché's enthusiasm had proved a little too effective, for when the blood from the mass executions in the center of Lyons gushed from severed heads and bodies into the streets, drenching the gutters of the Rue Lafont, the vile-smelling red flow nauseated the local residents, who irately complained to Fouché and demanded payment for damages. Fouché, sensitive to their outcry, obliged them by ordering the executions moved out of the city to the Brotteaux field, along the Rhône.

From late 1793 until spring 1794, every day "batch after batch of bankers, scholars, aristocrats, priests, nuns, and wealthy merchants and their wives, mistresses, and children" were taken from the city jails to Brotteaux field, tied to stakes, and dispatched by firing squads or mobs.[12] Outwardly, Fouché's conduct was marked by the utmost savagery, and on his return to Paris early in April 1794, he thus characterised his policy: "The blood of criminals fertilises the soil of liberty and establishes power on sure foundations".[5]

Conflict with Robespierre

Robespierre was appalled by the atrocities Fouché committed while on mission.[13] In addition, early in June 1794, at the time of the "Festival of the Supreme Being", Fouché went so far as to mock the theistic revival. Robespierre exchanged angry communications with him, then tried to expel Fouché from the Jacobin Club on 14 July 1794.[5] Fouché, however, was working with his usual energy and plotted Robespierre's overthrow from behind the scenes while remaining in hiding in Paris. Because Robespierre was losing his influence and because Fouché was under the protection of Barras, Fouché ultimately survived Robespierre's final wave of purges.

The remaining ultraleftists (Collot d'Herbois, Billaud-Varenne), and the moderates (Bourdon de l'Oise, Fréron) who had won the support of the nonaligned majority of the Convention (Marais), also opposed Robespierre. Fouché engineered Robespierre's overthrow, culminating in the dramatic Coup of the 9th Thermidor on 28 July 1794. Fouché is reported to have worked furiously on the overthrow:

Rising at early morn he would run round till night calling on deputies of all shades of opinion, saying to each and every one, "You perish tomorrow if he [Robespierre] does not".[11]

Fouché describes his activities in this way in his memoirs:

Being recalled to Paris, I dared to call upon [Robespierre] from the tribune, to make good his accusation. He caused me to be expelled from the Jacobins, of whom he was the high-priest; this was for me equivalent to a decree of proscription. I did not trifle in contending for my head, nor in long and secret deliberations with such of my colleagues as were threatened with my own fate. I merely said to them... 'You are on the list, you are on the list as well as myself; I am certain of it!'[11]

Fouché, as both a ruthless suppressor of Federalist rebellion and one of the key architects of Robespierre's overthrow, embodied the merciless French politics of the republic era.

Directory

The ensuing movement in favour of more merciful methods of government threatened to sweep away the group of politicians who had been mainly instrumental in carrying through the coup d'état.[5] Nonetheless, largely because of Fouché's intrigues, they remained in power for a time after July. This also brought divisions in the Thermidor group, which soon became almost isolated, with Fouché spending all his energy on countering the attacks of the moderates. He was himself denounced by François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas on 9 August 1795, which caused his arrest, but the Royalist rebellion of 13 Vendémiaire Year IV aborted his execution, and he was released in the amnesty which followed the proclamation of the Constitution of 5 Fructidor.

In the ensuing Directory government (1795–1799), Fouché remained at first in obscurity, but the relations he had with the far left, once headed by Chaumette and now by François-Noël Babeuf, helped him to rise once more. He is said to have betrayed Babeuf's plot of 1796 to the Director Paul Barras; however, later research tended to throw doubt on the assertion.[5]

His rise from poverty was slow, but in 1797 he gained an appointment dealing with military supplies, which offered considerable opportunities for making money. After first offering his services to the Royalists, whose movement was then gathering force, he again decided to support the Jacobins and Barras. In Pierre François Charles Augereau's anti-Royalist coup d'état of Fructidor 1797, Fouché offered his services to Barras, who in 1798 appointed him French ambassador to the Cisalpine Republic. In Milan, he was judged so high-handed that he was removed, but he was able for a time to hold his own and to intrigue successfully against his successor.[5]

Early in 1799, he returned to Paris, and after a brief stint as ambassador at The Hague, he became minister of police at Paris on 20 July 1799. The newly elected director, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, wanted to curb the excesses of the Jacobins, who had recently reopened their club. Fouché closed the Jacobin Club in a daring manner, hunting down those pamphleteers and editors, whether Jacobins or Royalists, who were influential critics of the government, so that at the time of the return of general Napoleon Bonaparte from the Egyptian campaign (October 1799), the ex-Jacobin was one of the most powerful men in France.[5]

In Napoleon's service

Knowing the unpopularity of the Directors, Fouché joined Bonaparte and Sieyès, who were plotting the Directory's overthrow. His activity in furthering the 18 Brumaire coup (9–10 November 1799) ensured him the favor of Bonaparte, who kept him in office.[5]

In the ensuing French Consulate (1799–1804), Fouché efficiently countered the opposition to Bonaparte. He helped increase centralization and efficiency of the police in both Paris and the provinces.[14] Fouché was careful to temper Napoleon's more arbitrary actions, which at times won him the gratitude even of the royalists. While exposing an unrealistic intrigue in which the duchesse de Guiche Ida d'Orsay was the chief agent, Fouché took care that she should escape.[5]

Equally skilful was his action in the so-called Aréna-Ceracchi plot (Conspiration des poignards), in which agents provocateurs of the police were believed to have played a sinister part. The chief "conspirators" were easily ensnared and were executed when the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (December 1800) enabled Bonaparte to act with rigour. This far more serious attempt (in which conspirators exploded a bomb near the First Consul's carriage with results disastrous to the bystanders) was soon seen by Fouché as the work of Royalists. When Napoleon showed himself eager to blame the still powerful Jacobins, Fouché firmly declared that he would not only assert but would prove that the outrage was the work of Royalists. However, his efforts failed to avert the Bonaparte-led repression of the leading Jacobins.[5]

In other matters (especially in that known as the Plot of the Placards in the spring of 1802), Fouché was thought to have saved the Jacobins from the vengeance of the Consulate, and Bonaparte decided to rid himself of a man who had too much power to be desirable as a subordinate. On the proclamation of Bonaparte as First Consul for life (1 August 1802) Fouché was deprived of his office, a blow softened by the suppression of the ministry of police and by the assignment of most of its duties to an extended Ministry of Justice.[5] Napoleon was, in fact, so intimidated by his minister of police that he did not dismiss the man personally, sending instead a servant with the information that – in addition to getting 35,000 yearly francs income as a senator and a piece of land worth 30,000 francs a year – he would also receive over a million francs from the reserve funds of the police.

After 1802, he went back to freemasonry, attending "Les Citoyens réunis" lodge in Melun. Cambacérès who was Deputy Grand Master of Grand Orient de France, helped him becoming Conservator of the "Grande Loge symbolique Générale" attached to the Supreme Council of France, where he would be in charge of Masonic Justice. There he could find a valuable source of information on Freemasons throughout the empire.[15]

Fouché did become a senator and took half of the reserve funds of the police which had accumulated during his tenure of office. He continued, however, to intrigue through his spies, who tended to have more information than that of the new minister of police, and competed successfully for the favor of Napoleon at the time of the Georges Cadoudal-Charles Pichegru conspiracy (February–March 1804),[5] becoming instrumental in the arrest of the Duc d'Enghien. Fouché would later say of Enghien's subsequent execution, "It was worse than a crime; it was a mistake" (a remark also frequently attributed to Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord).[16]

After the proclamation of the First French Empire, Fouché again became head of the re-constituted ministry of police (July 1804), and later of Internal Affairs, with activities as important as those carried out under the Consulate. His police agents were omnipresent, and the terror which Napoleon and Fouché inspired partly accounts for the absence of conspiracies after 1804. After the Battle of Austerlitz (December 1805), Fouché uttered the famous words: "Sire, Austerlitz has shattered the old aristocracy; the Faubourg Saint-Germain no longer conspires".[5]

Joseph Fouché's coat of arms as Duke of Otranto

Nevertheless, Napoleon did retain feelings of distrust, or even of fear, towards Fouché, as was proven by his conduct in the early days of 1808. While engaged in the campaign of Spain, the emperor heard rumours that Fouché and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, once bitter enemies, were having meetings in Paris during which Joachim Murat, King of Naples, had been approached. At once he hurried to Paris, but found nothing to incriminate Fouché. In that year Fouché received the title of Duke of Otranto,[5] which Bonaparte created—under the French name Otrante—a duché grand-fief (a rare, hereditary, but nominal honor) in the satellite Kingdom of Naples.

When, during the absence of Napoleon in the Austrian campaign of 1809, the British Walcheren expedition threatened the safety of Antwerp, Fouché issued an order to the préfet of the northern départements of the Empire for the mobilization of 60,000 National Guards, adding to the order this statement: "Let us prove to Europe that although the genius of Napoleon can throw lustre on France, his presence is not necessary to enable us to repulse the enemy". The emperor's approval of the measure was no less marked than his disapproval of Fouché's words.[17]

The next months brought further friction between emperor and minister. The latter, knowing Napoleon's desire for peace at the close of 1809, undertook to make secret overtures to the British cabinet of Spencer Perceval. Napoleon opened negotiations only to find that Fouché had forestalled him. His rage against his minister was extreme, and on 3 June 1810 he dismissed him from his office. However, Napoleon never completely disgraced a man who might again be useful, and Fouché received the governorship of the Rome département. At the moment of his departure, Fouché took the risk of not surrendering to Napoleon all of certain important documents of his former ministry (falsely declaring that the some had been destroyed); the emperor's anger was renewed, and Fouché, on learning of this after his arrival to Florence, prepared to sail to the United States.[18]

Compelled by the weather and intense sea-sickness to put back into port, he found a mediator in Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, thanks to whom he was allowed to settle in Aix-en-Provence.[19] He eventually returned to his domain of Point Carré. In 1812 he attempted in vain to turn Napoleon from the projected invasion of Russia, and on the return of the emperor in haste from Smarhoń to Paris at the close of that year, the ex-minister of police was suspected of involvement in the conspiracy of Claude François de Malet, which had been unexpectedly successful.[18]

Fouché cleared his name and gave the emperor useful advice concerning internal affairs and the diplomatic situation. Nevertheless, the emperor, still distrustful, ordered him to undertake the government of the Illyrian provinces. On the break-up of the Napoleonic system in Germany (October 1813), Fouché was ordered on missions to Rome and thence to Naples, in order to watch the movements of Joachim Murat. Before Fouché arrived in Naples, Murat invaded the Roman territory, whereupon Fouché received orders to return to France. He arrived in Paris on 10 April 1814 at the time when Napoleon was being compelled by his marshals to abdicate.[18]

Fouché's conduct in this crisis was characteristic. As senator he advised the Senate to send a deputation to Charles, comte d'Artois, brother of Louis XVIII, with a view to a reconciliation between the monarchy and the nation. A little later he addressed to Napoleon, then banished to Elba, a letter begging him in the interests of peace and of France to withdraw to the United States. To the new sovereign Louis XVIII he sent an appeal in favour of liberty, and recommending the adoption of measures which would conciliate all interests.[18]

The response to the latter was unsatisfactory, and when he found that there were no hopes of advancement, he entered into relations with conspirators who sought the overthrow of the Bourbons. The Marquis de Lafayette and Louis Nicolas Davout were involved in the issue, but their refusal to take the course desired by Fouché and others led to nothing being done.[18]

Hundred Days and Bourbon restoration

Soon Napoleon escaped from Elba and made his way in triumph to Paris. Shortly before his arrival in Paris (19 March 1815), Louis XVIII sent Fouché an offer of the ministry of police, which he declined: "It is too late; the only plan to adopt is to retreat". He then foiled an attempt by Royalists to arrest him, and on the arrival of Napoleon he received for the third time the portfolio of police. That, however, did not prevent him from entering into secret relations with the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich in Vienna, his aim being to prepare for all eventualities. Meanwhile, he used all his powers to induce the emperor to democratize his rule, and he is said to have caused the insertion of the words: "the sovereignty resides in the people—it is the source of power" in the declaration of the Conseil d'État. But the autocratic tendencies of Napoleon could not be overridden, and Fouché, seeing the fall of the emperor to be imminent, took measures to expedite it and secure his own interests.[18]

In 1814, Fouché had joined the invading allies and conspired against Napoleon. However, he joined Napoléon again during his return and was police minister during the latter's short-lived reign, the Hundred Days. After Napoléon's ultimate defeat in the Battle of Waterloo, Fouché again started plotting against Napoleon and joined the opposition of the parliament. He headed the provisional government and tried to negotiate with the allies. He probably also aimed at establishing a republic with himself as head of state, with the help of some Republican freemasons.[15] These plans were never realised, and the Bourbons regained power in July 1815. And again, Fouché's services were necessary: as Talleyrand, another notorious intrigant, became the prime minister of the Kingdom of France, Fouché was named his minister of police: so he was a minister of King Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI.

Ironically, Fouché had voted for the death sentence after the trial of Louis XVI. Thus, he belonged to the regicides, and ultra-royalists both within the cabinet and without could hardly tolerate him as a member of the government. Fouché, once a revolutionary using extreme terror against the Bourbon supporters, now initiated a campaign of White Terror against real and imagined enemies of the Royalist restoration (officially directed against those who had plotted and supported Napoléon's return to power). Even Prime Minister Talleyrand disapproved of such practices, including the execution of Michel Ney and compiling proscription lists of other military men and former republican politicians. Famous, or rather infamous, is the conversation between Fouché and Lazare Carnot, who had been interior minister during the Hundred Days:

Carnot: "Where should I go then, traitor?"

Fouché: "Go where you want, imbecile!"[20]

Fouché was soon relegated to the post of French ambassador in Saxony; Talleyrand himself lost his portfolio soon after, having been Prime Minister from 9 July to 26 September 1815. In 1816, the royalist authorities found Fouché's further services useless, and he was proscribed as a regicide. Fouché settled first in Prague, then in Linz and finally in Trieste; his considerable wealth allowed him to live comfortably and he spent his time writing his memoirs and seeing to the upbringing and education of his children. He died in 1820 and is now buried in Ferrières-en-Brie.

Works

Fouché wrote some political pamphlets and reports, the chief of which are:

Family

Main article: Duke of Otranto

Joseph Fouché, 1st Duc d'Otrante, was a son of Julien Joseph Fouché (1719 – 1771) and wife Marie Françoise Croizet (1720 – 1793).

By his first marriage in September 1792 to Bonne Jeanne Coiquaud (1 April 1763 – 8 October 1812), he had seven children:[21][22]

  • Nièvre Fouché d'Otrante (10 August 1793 – August 1794).
  • Joseph Liberté Fouché d'Otrante, 2nd Duc d'Otrante (22 July 1796 – 31 December 1862), married to Fortunée Collin de Sussy in 1824; they separated shortly after without issue.
  • Égalité Fouché d'Otrante (1798), stillborn.
  • Fraternité Fouché d'Otrante (1799), stillborn.
  • Armand François Cyriac Fouché d'Otrante [sv], 3rd Duc d'Otrante (25 March 1800 – 26 November 1878). Unmarried and without issue.
  • Paul Athanase Fouché d'Otrante [sv], 4th Duc d'Otrante (25 June 1801 – 10 February 1886). He later moved to Sweden, where he married twice and left issue, which remained in Sweden.
  • Joséphine Ludmille Fouché d'Otrante (29 June 1803 – 30 December 1893), married to Adolphe Comte de La Barthe de Thermes (1789–1869), and had issue (a son, Paul and a daughter, Isabelle).

By his second marriage to Ernestine de Castellane-Majastres (5 July 1788 – 4 May 1850), he had no children.

In literature and on screen

  • The Austrian novelist Stefan Zweig wrote a biography entitled Joseph Fouché. Zweig takes a psychological approach to understanding the complicated minister of police. Zweig asks himself in the beginning of the book about how Fouché could "survive" in power from the revolution to the monarchy.
  • Fouché also appears as one of the main characters in For the King, a novel by Catherine Delors (Dutton, 2010), where his role in the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise is discussed.[23]
  • Fouché was featured as one of the two main (and only) characters in the play by Jean-Claude Brisville Supping with the Devil in which he is depicted dining with Talleyrand while deciding how to preserve their respective powers under the coming regime. The drama was hugely successful and turned into a film The Supper in 1992 directed by Édouard Molinaro, starring Claude Rich and Claude Brasseur.
  • Joseph Conrad portrayed Fouché briefly in his short story The Duel (1924), which was filmed in 1977 as The Duellists, written by Gerald Vaughan-Hughes and directed by Ridley Scott. Fouché is portrayed by Albert Finney.
  • Fouché appears as a recurring character in the Roger Brook series of historical novels by Dennis Wheatley.
  • Fouché is referenced on the first page of the novel Perfume: The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Süskind as a 'gifted abomination'.
  • Fouché is an important character in the novel The Hastening Wind by British novelist Edward Grierson, which concerns the Cadoudal conspiracy to assassinate Napoleon in 1804.
  • In Mountolive (1958), the third novel of Lawrence Durrell's Alexandria Quartet, a French diplomat is said to have (ironically) complimented the cruel and venal Egyptian Minister of the Interior, Memlik Pasha, by telling him that he is "... regarded as the best Minister of Interior in modern history--indeed, since Fouché there has been no-one to equal you." Memlik is so taken with the comparison that he orders a bust of Fouché from France, which then sits in his reception room gathering dust.
  • In Bernard Cornwell's novel Sharpe's Enemy, Fouché is mentioned as an early mentor of the French spymaster Pierre Ducos, who becomes a bitter enemy of Richard Sharpe in later novels.
  • Fouché makes an appearance in the Doctor Who novel World Game by Terrance Dicks.
  • Fouché appears in the novel The Twisted Sword, by Winston Graham.
  • The novel Captain Cut-Throat by John Dickson Carr, set in Napoleonic France in 1805, when the invasion of England was planned, portrays Fouché scheming and counter-scheming various complicated plots.
  • Fouché is a significant character in The Carton Chronicles: The Curious Tale of Flashman's true father (2010) by Keith Laidler.
  • Fouché was portrayed by French actor Gérard Depardieu in the mini-series Napoleon.
  • Fouché was portrayed by actor Stephen Jenn in the 1987 mini-series Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story.
  • In the Hollywood historical drama Reign of Terror (1949), Fouché is played by Arnold Moss.
  • He is a character in Treason's Tide by Robert Wilton, set during the summer of 1805. Originally published as The Emperor's Gold in June 2011, it was re-issued under the new title in February 2013 by Corvus, an imprint of Atlantic Books.
  • Fouché is portrayed by Morris Perry in the BBC's War and Peace episode 11, Men of Destiny.
  • Fouché is mentioned in Diary of a Man in Despair by Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen. Reck relates a meeting with Heinrich Himmler in 1934 at which Himmler asks Reck for information. Surprised at Himmler's request, Reck asks Himmler why the Fouché of the Third Reich needed information from him. Reck relates that Himmler clearly had no idea who Fouché was.
  • The 48 Laws of Power cites him as an example of following Rule #35: Master The Art Of Timing.
  • He is a character in The Paris Affair by Teresa Grant
  • Fouché appears in Alexandre Dumas novel The Knight of Sainte-Hermine as a sponsor of the title character's adventures.

References

  1.  Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 298 (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse, 2011)
  2.  Dictionnaire de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 456 (Daniel Ligou, Presses Universitaires de France, 2006)
  3.  Rose 1911, p. 734.
  4.  Rose 1911, pp. 734–735.
  5.  Rose 1911, p. 735.
  6.  David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 239.
  7.  David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 203.
  8.  David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 204
  9.  David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 237
  10.  Hanson, P.R. (2003) The Jacobin Republic Under Fire. The Federalist Revolt in the French Revolution, p. 193.
  11.  David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 237.
  12.  Schom, Alan (1997). "Fouche's Police". Napoleon Bonaparte. HarperCollins Publishers, New York. pp. 253–255. ISBN 0-06-092958-8.
  13.  Robespierre, Charlotte. Memoirs of Charlotte Robespierre. pp. Chapter 5.
  14.  Haine, Scott (2000). The History of France (1st ed.). Greenwood Press. pp. 91. ISBN 0-313-30328-2.
  15.  Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 299 (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse, 2011)
  16.  John Bartlett, Familiar Quotations, 10th ed (1919)
  17.  Rose 1911, pp. 735–736.
  18.  Rose 1911, p. 736.
  19.  de Waresquiel, Emmanuel (2014). Fouché: Les silences de la pieuvre. Paris: Tallandier. pp. 483–490. ISBN 9782847347807. OCLC 893420007. Retrieved 30 March 2016 – via Cairn.info.
  20.  French: « Où veux-tu que j'aille, traître ? » « Où tu voudras, imbecile ! »
  21.  "Joseph Fouché - Histoire de l'Europe".
  22.  "Joseph Fouché (1759 - 1820)". ancestry.com. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  23.  Delors, Catherine (2010). "For The King". Dutton. Retrieved 9 July 2010.

Further reading

  • Cole, Hubert. Fouche: The Unprincipled Patriot. Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1971
  • Delors, Catherine. For The King. E.P. Dutton, 2010
  • Forssell, Nils. Fouche: The Man Napoleon Feared (1928) scholarly biography online
  • Kurtz, Harold. "Fouché, Part I: Before Bonaparte 1759-1799" History Today 12#10 (1962) online
  • Kurtz, Harold. "Fouché, Part II: The Statesman and His Fall" History Today (1962) 12#11 online
  • Mirante, Rand. Medusa's Head: The Rise and Survival of Joseph Fouché, Inventor of the Modern Police State. Archway Publishing, 2014
  • Nelson, Marian Purrier, "The Napoleonic police under the administration of Joseph Fouche, 1799-1810" (MA thesis, U of Nebraska-Omaha, 1967). online.
  • Sydenham, M. J. (1974). The First French Republic, 1792–1804. London: Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-1129-5.
  • Zweig, Stefan. Joseph Fouche The Portrait Of A Politician (1930) online
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rose, John Holland (1911). "Fouché, Joseph, Duke of Otranto". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 734–736.
    • The Fouché Memoirs (not genuine, but they were apparently compiled, at least in part, from notes written by Fouché)
  • Heraldica.org (Napoleonic heraldry)
Wikiquote has quotations related to Joseph Fouché.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Fouché.

===

조제프 푸쉐 일어 한역

출처 : 무료 백과 사전 "Wikipedia (Wikipedia)"
프랑스 국기 프랑스 정치인​
조제프 푸쉐
Joseph Fouché
생년월일1759년 5월 21일
출생지 프랑스 왕국 , 르 펠랑
몰년 월일1820년 12월 25일
사망지오스트리아 제국의 국기 오스트리아 제국 이류리아 왕국 , 트리에스테
전직교사
칭호오틀란트 공작 ( 영어판 ) (1808년)
프랑스 국기경찰 장관
재임기간1799년 7월 20일 - 1810년 6월 3일
1815년 3월 20일 - 1815년 6월 22일
1815년 7월 7일 - 1815년 9월 26일
템플릿 보기

조제프 푸쉐 ( 부처 : Joseph Fouché , 발음 예 , 1759년 5월 21일 - 1820년 12월 25일 )는 프랑스 혁명 , 제1 제정 , 프랑스 복고왕정 의 정치가이다. 나폴레옹 체제에서는 경찰 대신을 맡아 탈레란 과 함께 체제의 주요 인물이 되었다. 특히 백일천하 붕괴 이후에는 임시정부의 수반을 맡아 나폴레옹 전쟁 전후 협상을 벌였다.

근대적인 경찰기구의 창시자이자 비밀경찰을 구사해 정권중추를 건너는 모략가로 알려져 있다. 권력자에게 들어가면서 항상 일정한 거리를 유지해 격동의 시대를 살아남은 인물이었다고 하며, 「카멜레온(변환자재의 냉혈동물)」의 별명을 가졌다.

약력

낭트 근처의 르 페르란 출신 . 아버지는 선원으로 푸쉐에게도 뒤를 이을 예정이었지만, 몸이 약하고 학문의 재능이 있었기 때문에 낭트의 오라토리오 교단( en )에서 배운다 [ 주1 ] . 그 후, 승적에는 들어가지 않고, 동 교회 소속의 학교에서 물리 과학을 가르치는 교사가 되었다. 덧붙여 이 시기에 북부의 마을 아라스 에 있어서, 카르노 나 무명의 변호사였던 로베스피에르 와 교제해, 그의 여동생과 교제하고 있다.

이런 면면과의 연계로 정치운동에 눈을 뜬 푸쉐는 프랑스 혁명 후에 가톨릭교회를 부정하는 ' 비그리스도교화운동 '에 관여하게 되어 1792 년 국민공회 의원으로 당선돼 파리로 향했다. 당초는 동향인 지론드파에 가까운 온건공화파의 입장이었지만, 국왕 루이 16세 의 재판 시 에 처형표를 던지고, 그것을 계기로 자코 반 파 내의 산악파로 안장을 풀었다. 이로 인해 지론드파 추방에서 면할 수 있지만, 국왕 살해의 죄가 나중에 꼬리를 당기게 된다. 그는 또한 1793년 10월에 묘지령을 발하고, 공동묘지의 십자가를 철거시키고 있다 [ 1 ] .

로베스피에르에 의한 공포정치 를 지지해 혁명운동에 몸을 던졌고, 1793년에는 사유재산을 금지하는 법령을 낭트주 등에서 발포하고, 리옹의 대학살을 지도하는 등 질팔을 치지만, 그 후 로베스피에르와 대립했다. 테르미돌 9일 쿠데타 에 참가해 정보수집 능력의 높이를 평가받아 총재 정부 의 경찰 대신을 맡았다. 브뤼메르 18일 쿠데타 에서는 체제측이었지만, 나폴레옹의 정권 탈취에 공헌해, 통령 정부 에서도 이어 경찰 대신에 취임했다. 1800년 의 산 니케이즈 거리 암살 미수 사건의 저지에는 실패했지만, 그 꼼꼼한 수사로 카두달의 음모를 폭로하고, 왕당파를 일망 타진하는 것에 성공. 종신제에 반대하여 일시 실각하지만, 안간 공사건으로 재평가돼 나폴레옹 1세의 제정 에서 경찰 대신, 원로원 의원을 역임했다.

푸쉐는 총재정부 시절부터 밀정을 고용해 비밀경찰을 사용해 국가의 모든 것을 감시시켰다고 한다. 나폴레옹의 아내 조제피누 조차 인수하고 나폴레옹의 사생활까지 감시하고 있었다 [ 2 ] . 나폴레옹은 푸쉐의 정보수집력을 높이 평가했고, 일이 있을 때는 비서관에게 부르러 갔다. 나폴레옹은, 장관들을 자신의 비서관 정도로 생각해, 때로는 구술 필기시키는 일조차 있었다고 하고, 직접 부르는 것이 아니라, 비서관에게 부르러 가게 하는 것은 나폴레옹에게 있어서는 각별한 배려였다. 푸쉐와 함께 나폴레옹이 배려를 나타낸 것은 탈레 런이다 [ 3 ] .

1808년에 위성국 나폴리 왕국 의 오틀란트 공작에 서리지만, 탈레란과 마찬가지로 나폴레옹 제국의 붕괴를 예상하고, 다음 정권의 구상을 획책하기 시작한다. 이듬해 영국군이 벨기에 에 다가갔을 때 독단으로 국민군을 편성해 베르나닷을 사령관에 둔 초권행위, 대영화평협상이 노견해 사직했다. 이때 주불 오스트리아 대사 슈 발젠베르크 ( 영어판 ) 는 “나폴레옹을 달래는 유일한 인물이 전국에 아쉬워지면서 떠났다”고 본국에 보고하고 있다 [ 4 ] . 후, 1813년 , 단기간이었지만, 주노 장군의 후임으로서 이루리아주 총독 을 맡았다.

백일 천하에서는 다시 나폴레옹을 지지해 경찰 대신에게 재복귀. 붕괴 후 퇴위 한 나폴레옹을 대신해 임시 정부 수반이 되어 루이 18세 를 파리 에 맞이했지만 , 수반의 지위는 탈레란에게 빼앗겼다. 왕정복고 에서도 단기간만 경찰대신이 됐지만, 왕당파 는 국왕살의 푸쉐를 잊지 않았다. 부모인 루이 16세와 마리 앙투아네트를 죽인 마리 텔레 즈 는 푸쉐가 나타나자 자리를 차고 결코 동석하려고 하지 않았다. 1815년 8월, 푸쉐는 장관 취임 후 불과 2개월 만에 실각했고, 작센 왕국 (당시는 독일 연방 의 회원국) 주재 대사로서 드레스덴 으로 좌천되었다. 1816년 1월 9일 파리의 의회에 의한 "백일 천하 때 나폴레옹에 준 국왕사형찬성투표자는 프랑스에서 영원히 추방한다"는 푸쉐를 노리는 결의에 의해 국외추방되는 형태로 프라하 에 망명했다 [ 5 ] .

그 후는 오스트리아 의 린츠 , 이탈리아 로 건너가 1820년에 트리에스테 에서 죽었다. 만년은 가족과 친구들로 둘러싸인 평온한 생활을 맡았고, 사람이 바뀐 것처럼 교회 참배를 빠뜨리지 않았다고 한다. 푸쉐는 죽을 때까지 적대자의 개인정보를 수중에 담아 보신에 성공했다. 오틀란트 공으로서의 거성 터의 페리에르 성 ( 영어판 ) 이 있는 세느=에=마르 누현 · 페리에르·안·브리 ( 영어판 ) 에 매장되고 있다 [ 6 ] .

메이지 시대 에 일본 경찰을 창설한 카와지 리라는 푸쉐에 범을 잡고 그 사적을 도입했다.

오스트리아의 유태인 작가 슈테판 트바이크 에 의한 평전(1929년 독일어로 간행)이 유명하다.

가족

  • 아내 : 본느 쟌느 코와코 (1763년 4월 1일). 1792년 9월 16일에 결혼, 이후 1812년 10월 8일 사망
    • 장녀 : 니에블 푸쉐 ( 1793년 8월 10일 - 1794년 7월 24일 [ 7 ] )
    • 장남 : 조제프 리베르테 푸쉐 ( 1796년 7월 22일 - 1862년 12월 31일) 제2대 오틀란트 공작.　
    • 두 남자: 알만 푸쉐 (1800년 3월 25일 - 1878년 11월 26일) 제3대 오틀란트 공작.　
    • 삼남 : 아타나스 푸쉐 ( 1801년 6월 25일 - 1886년 2월 10일) 제4대 오틀란트 공작. 형과 함께 스웨덴으로 건너가 스웨덴의 귀족으로 정착한다.
    • 두 여자: 조세핀-류드미르 푸쉐 ( 1803년 6월 29일 - 1893년 12월 30일) 1985년 가수 줄리안 클레르크와 결혼한 빌지니 쿠페리는 이 계통.
  • 아내: 가브리엘-에르네스틴 드 캐스텔라느. 전처와의 사별 후, 1818년 에 결혼. 아이는 없다.

참고문헌

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