Britain in Palestine 1917-1948
Britain Palestine Project
Description
Acknowledging Britain’s historic and continuing responsibilities, we work through education and advocacy to advance equal rights for Palestinians and Israelis.
20.5K subscribers
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2,144,731 views Apr 11, 2023
Britain in Palestine 1917-1948 investigates the contradictory promises and actions which defined British Mandatory rule in Palestine and laid the groundwork for the Nakba (the catastrophe) and the creation of the state of Israel in 1948. The roots of the contemporary social, political, economic, and environmental landscape of Palestine and Israel can be traced back to this period, making it essential viewing for understanding Britain’s legacy in the region and the situation on the ground today.
To access English, Arabic and Hebrew subtitles click on the CC link on the video. For further analysis of the events outlined in the film see the Companion Guide to Britain in Palestine 1917-1948.
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Review
“A very useful explanation of how we got to where we are today. Fascinating photos I had not seen before. A great resource to show in any classroom or forum to people who want to learn more about this region, and specifically, Britain’s involvement. Afif Safieh, Former Palestinian Ambassador
“…This film brilliantly puts into perspective the role the United Kingdom played in Mandate Palestine from 1917-1948.” Rabbi Howard Finkelstein, Ontario, Canada
“This is an excellent short 18-min video from @BalfourProject explaining briefly but super-clearly how British colonialism has caused a century of war in Palestine.” Matthew Teller, Journalist and author of Nine Quarters of Jerusalem: A New Biography of the Old City (2022)
“Britain in Palestine 1917 – 1948 is a clear, precise and factual explanation of the historical origins of the Arab-Israeli conflict. For anyone who wants to develop a real understanding of the issue but is intimidated by it’s complexity, this film is the place to start.” Judah Passow, Photojournalist
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Transcript
foreign
[Music]
1917 and 1948 Britain controlled the
area of the Middle East then known as
Palestine
this chapter of History was to have a
profound effect on both Arabs and Jews
yet most British people know little
about it
this film is a simple outline of a very
complex story
so what took Britain to Palestine in the
first place
for centuries the region had been ruled
by the ottoman Turks
but when the first world war broke out
in 1914
the Turks allied with Britain's enemies
Germany and the other Central Powers
Palestine and the Middle East were
regarded as highly strategic to the
British Empire because of oil
and also because the Suez Canal
controlled the sea route to India
the Middle East was now under the
control of Britain's enemies
so Britain considered it vital to defeat
the Turks and gain control for the
allies
in 1917 General Allenby and his troops
Advanced across Southern Palestine
and in December they captured Jerusalem
by the following year all of Palestine
had come under British control
her troops would remain there for the
next 30 Years
[Music]
as the first world war came to an end
Britain and France issued a proclamation
promising that former subjects of the
Ottoman Empire would be able to
determine their own futures
briefly Freedom was in the air
however a different reality lay behind
the words
long before the end of the war the
Allies had been planning who would
control the Ottoman Empire when the
Turks were defeated
these conflicting plans are often
referred to as the contradictory
promises
firstly in October 1915 Sir Henry
McMahon British High Commissioner in
Egypt
that promised the Arabs in the person of
Sharif Hussein of Mecca that they could
have an independent Arab state after the
war if they would rise up against their
overlords the Turks believing that they
were fighting for their freedom some
Arabs joined the Allied war effort
and assisted by Lawrence of Arabia
helped the Allies Drive the Turks from
their lands
however for the last hundred years there
has been controversy over how McMahon's
letter to Hussein should be interpreted
did he implicitly include Palestine in
the proposed independent Arab state or
did he not
many Arabs and Senior British figures
have consistently maintained that
Palestine was included
while British governments since 1920
have argued that it was excluded
but meanwhile Britain had become party
to two further wartime agreements both
of which seem to contradict the
undertaking to Hussein
in 1916 the secret Sykes Pico agreement
between Britain and France allocated
what is now Syria and Lebanon to France
and what is now Jordan and Iraq
to Britain whilst proposing to keep
Palestine under International control
then a year later Britain made yet
another undertaking concerning Palestine
in November 1917 the British foreign
secretary Arthur Balfour wrote to Lord
Rothschild a leader of the Jewish
community
his Majesty's government view with favor
The Establishment in Palestine of a
national home for the Jewish people
it being clearly understood that nothing
shall be done which made Prejudice the
civil and religious rights of existing
non-jewish communities in Palestine or
the rights and political status enjoyed
by Jews in any other country
This Promise became known as the Balfour
Declaration
the idea that the Jewish people should
be restored to the Holy Land so that
biblical prophecies could be fulfilled
had been promoted by some Christians
since the 1600s
then from the 1890s the idea of Zionism
began to take hold among some Jews as
Theodore herzl argued that the Jewish
people needed a political homeland of
their own if they were to escape the
horrific anti-semitic persecution that
was Rife particularly in Russia and
Central Europe
foreign
[Music]
by the early 1900s herzl's successor
Heim weitzmann saw Britain as the power
with the global influence to make the
Zionist go a reality
so he set out to convince leading
politicians that the Jewish people
needed a homeland in Palestine where
they had deep spiritual and historical
bonds
the Balfour Declaration was the result
[Music]
why did the war cabinet respond to
scionist pressure in this way
foreign secretary Balfour was one of the
highly placed Christians in British
Society who believed that the Jewish
people should be restored to the Holy
Land
prime minister Lloyd George who also
came from a restorationist background
s of putting Israel back on the map
yet at the same time there were
strategic calculations for issuing the
Balfour Declaration
at this desperate point in the European
conflict
the war cabinet hoped that the promise
of a Jewish homeland would win the
Allies the sympathies of Jews and their
supporters worldwide
however the British government did not
consult the people then living in
Palestine about its plans to create a
Jewish homeland there
ninety percent of the population of
Palestine were Arabs who lived together
with a small Jewish community
Palestine had been predominantly Arab in
culture and language for many centuries
yet in private Balfour wrote
in Palestine we do not propose even to
go to the form of Consulting the wishes
of the present inhabitants the major
Powers were now committed to Zionism
which he described as being of far
profounder import than the desires of
the Arab inhabitants
the Balfour Declaration simply stated
that the civil and religious rights of
the non-jewish population should not be
prejudiced
foreign so when the war came to an end
how would all these complex undertakings
work out in practice
as the Western Powers met in Paris to
negotiate the peace settlement Sharif
Hussein sent his son Faisal to make sure
Britain's promise of Independence for
the Arabs was not forgotten
but instead the newly formed League of
Nations handed control of Palestines
Britain
under the terms of the League of Nations
mandate for Palestine Britain was
required to implement the Balfour
Declaration by supporting the creation
of a Jewish National home and at the
same time to prepare the people of
Palestine for eventual self-government
the League of Nations stated that
mandatory powers held a sacred Trust
to ensure the well-being and development
of people in their care
what happened to the other areas that
sheriff Hussein anticipated would gain
independence
trans Jordan now Jordan was made an
autonomous Emirate under Hussein's son
Abdullah
in the same way the New Kingdom of Iraq
was given to his brother Faisal
these were the rewards Hussein received
for his loyalty to the British war
effort but they did not include Syria or
Palestine
angry Arab crowds soon massed in
Jerusalem denouncing the Balfour
Declaration and demanding the
self-determination that had been
promised by Britain and France in 1918.
[Applause]
having made conflicting promises
Britain now had to face up to their
consequences she had created a
contradiction
just how unworkable this situation was
it took her 30 years to accept
both communities Jews and Arabs believe
they had been promised that land
as the zionists swiftly began to
implement their objectives the Arabs
were the first to conclude they had been
deceived
riots broke out in 1920.
in 1921 there was even greater violence
as Arabs attacked Jews and the British
tried to regain order
[Music]
after a period of relative calm Mutual
suspicion between the Arab and Jewish
communities flared up again in 1929
and rapidly escalated into mob violence
with horrific consequences
133 Jews and 116 Arabs were killed
Britain's response was slow and
inadequate
calm was finally restored by a show of
British Force
meanwhile the Jewish Community was
forging ahead under the umbrella of the
British mandate
securing major economic concessions and
establishing its own elected assembly
and institutions of government
the Arab majority on the other hand felt
Left Behind economically and politically
to be granted Democratic representation
they were effectively required to accept
the Balfour Declaration
but the Arabs rejected this fearing that
a Jewish National home would lead to the
creation of a Jewish state in their land
for their part the British feared that
an elected Arab majority would oppose
Jewish demands for land and immigration
and so they held back the Democratic
progress they were supposed to Foster
under the mandate
Britain was upholding the first part of
the Declaration to establish a home for
the Jewish people
but the second undertaking in the
Declaration
to protect the rights of the Arab
population
proved to be Hollow
Arab belong grew still further in the
1930s when increasing numbers of Jews
sought sanctuary in Palestine as the
Specter of anti-Semitism grew in Nazi
Germany
as more and more land passed into Jewish
hands the sense of Arab dispossession
grew
by May 1936 Palestine was in open
Rebellion
and it was not just Jewish communities
who were being attacked it was the
British too
increasingly losing control
the British authorities resorted to
ruthless methods to put down the Revolt
including hangings
house demolitions
and the use of civilians as human
Shields
for a period British and Jewish men
fought the Arabs jointly in a
counter-insurgency force known as the
special night squads
by 1939
the rebellion was suppressed
leaving the Palestinian leadership
weakened for years to come
to try to address the underlying
deadlock between Arabs and Jews
London had responded with a succession
of inquiries and commissions through the
1930s
their dilemma was that any attempt
duplicate one Community would provoke
the anger of the other
at a loss for a solution
appeal Commission of 1937 proposed to
partition Jews and Arabs into two states
but Arab opinion led by the vehemently
anti-zionist Grand Mufti of Jerusalem I
mean al-husseini denounced any idea of
conceding territory to Jews as
unthinkable
however as Europe's LED towards War
the British government changed course
the government white paper of 1939
abandoned partition and proposed that in
10 years Palestine would become
independent
representatively governed by Arabs and
Jews
controls were now put in place over how
many Jews could immigrate to Palestine
and how much land could pass into Jewish
hands
for the first time
Arabs were to be given a say over Jewish
immigration
the reason Neville Chamberlain's
government swung in favor of Arab
opinion at this point was the prospect
of War
London feared that in a global conflict
the Arab world might turn against
Britain
whilst the support of Jews would be
guaranteed in view of their persecution
by the Nazis
Jewish opinion immediately condemned the
white paper as an act of British
betrayal and Retreat from the Balfour
Declaration
[Music]
[Applause]
there was Fury that Jewish people would
be restricted from finding Sanctuary at
their hour of greatest need
nevertheless Britain upheld the limits
on Jewish immigration into Palestine
right through the war
as refugees fleeing the Holocaust were
arrested trying to enter Palestine
or we even sent back to Germany as in
the case of the Exodus
the Jewish Community turned against
Britain and the mandate
sections of Jewish opinion became
increasingly militant and violent
and Britain suffered heavy losses from
terrorist atrocities
in February 1947 foreign secretary
Ernest Bevin stated that Britain was
referring responsibility for the
Palestinian problem to the United
Nations
by September as the situation continued
to worsen
Britain announced that she would
terminate her mandate for Palestine in
May 1948
the un's solution to the Palestine
problem was partition
but this was again rejected by the Arabs
as British forces beat an ungainly
Retreat and the Mandate came to an end
partition was abandoned leading Jews and
Arabs to an undeclared war for
Domination
[Music]
on the 14th of May 1948
Israel declared itself a state
and was immediately recognized by
America
the events of this time are known to
some as the war of independence
than to others as the nakba or the
catastrophe
when about 60 percent of the Palestinian
population became refugees as they fled
or were expelled
today's conflict between Israelis and
Palestinians had begun
foreign
[Music]
direct involvement in Palestine ended in
1948.
but how should British people today
respond to the story of Britain in
Palestine
[Music]
thank you
[Music]
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8,702 Comments
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@reggiegoodwin7635
1 year ago
The repeated lesson: never let Britain draw your borders.
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237 replies
@JBrandeis1
1 year ago
I must say that this is the only account I have seen on the Internet that is a fair, balanced and completely factual and unbiased exposition of the mess created in Palestine by the British, the League of Nations, the United Nations and the United States. It is a relief to see the truth now and then.
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151 replies
@rjung_ch
1 year ago
That geopolitical positioning, the Suez canal and oil resources were the factors of being there, two of the three parts are still relevant in most post colonial thinkers minds.
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1 reply
@viningscircle
1 year ago
Britain F'ed this one up big time
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11 replies
@BillOptional
1 year ago
Attempting to understand the events of October 7, 2023 without understanding the things laid out in this excellent work is a hopeless undertaking.
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110 replies
@GameChanger32778
1 year ago
It’s nice to see this. I try to explain this to folks and they tell me I’m uneducated and it never happened.
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55 replies
@elizaleroux9173
1 year ago
Absolutely horrible how one country can mess up so many other countries.
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95 replies
@mubashramahtab
9 months ago
Wow...great..finally someone did a good effort to reveal truth with ground realities.. wonderful effort
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@perryray3947
1 year ago
This documentary makes the conflict much clearer and understandable. One can see both sides of the conflict. One thing is clear, we should never have interfered with other peoples destinies back then.
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14 replies
@abdenourtabouri6129
1 year ago (edited)
What a brilliant documentary ! Clear, efficient, not one-sided and profundly humble. May God bless you at all levels.
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@McCRBen
1 year ago
Drawing lines on maps without talking to the people on the ground is always going to cause violence. What it’s saying is ‘let’s ignore future conflict’.
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5 replies
@Julia-en9xq
1 year ago
Funny how today, so many think history of this region began last week..
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6 replies
@jytou
1 year ago
Clear, factual, to the point, not taking sides, this is a marvel. Many thanks for putting this together.
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9 replies
@nycphillie
1 year ago
This documentary is a cogent overview that many people would benefit from reading it.
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@arikb-n7i
2 days ago
I think this is a very truthful historical documentary.
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@08Stella
1 year ago
What a BLISS to hear a professional Voice-over artist. Wow... what a difference. If you watch videos, reports, documentaries from just a decade ago, people communicating/debating, you realize clearly that Human Intelligence is decreasing quickly. Thank you so much for the upload, ♡♡♡ xx
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4 replies
@Joggly420
1 year ago (edited)
Pictures tell a thousand words , thank you for this these “stills” have been cleared my mind
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@nicolaswheeler3738
1 year ago
All that I have learned from this,is not to trust politicians or power.
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17 replies
@geraldarcuri9307
5 months ago
Probably one of the best, most objective synopses of this period of history in the Middle East I have encountered. KUDOS.
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@Kerbeygrip
1 year ago
My Dad was there in the RAF. He “Flew Through Sand”. Camped in tents. Makeshift runways. Loved the Palestinian people. I have a great photographic record..
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14 replies
@richardwhitfill5253
1 year ago
Thanks for posting this informative program. Richard in Dallas
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@shooka2048
1 year ago (edited)
The photos you used were so high quality! Thank you for this documentary!🙏 What happened to the local Palestinian people during the 20th century is really sad and heart-breaking💔 The British did them so dirty, jeez! I really pray for them to find peace and healing within themselves after so many years of injustice, oppression and suffering🙏
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18 replies
@gilbertsonlufc
1 year ago
Good to have an unbiased factual historical background to the current situation
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1 reply
@sandramorey2529
1 year ago
Marvelous documentary. My family lived in Jerusalem from the end of the 17th century to 1905. I hadn't heard any of this beyond just the sketchiest. Thank you. Oakland CA
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3 replies
@jimandmarypowell9783
1 year ago
Sobering. A brief explanation of the Israeli/Arab conflict. When we say "British", we mean the government of the time, not the people. The government at the time was made up of the remnants of the aristocracy whose time and influence should have been past. Ordinary people everywhere do not wish for war, it is only the greed of those who stand to gain.
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61 replies
@nairdamorton5148
1 year ago
I am proud to be a working class Brit
I am disgusted by the idiocy of our ruling classes, though....what a mess!
And ordinary people pay the price.
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28 replies
@rincemor
1 year ago
In her book ‘Legacy of Violence - A History of the British Empire’, Professor Caroline Elkins devotes a couple of chapters to Britain’s role in Palestine.
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1 reply
@DennisHurst-f2q
1 year ago
That was so well done and informative and fair obviously it explains the Arab worlds resentment to the west thank you for informing me
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1 reply
@NBM3
1 year ago
" Palestine and the middle east were regarded as highly strategic ...because of oil. "
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24 replies
@timeoftheyear5230
1 year ago
This is a lesson in short term thinking.
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@jayakumarkaarikuzhy4713
1 year ago
And that is why Britain is still protecting Israel with arms and in the UN, simultaneously calling on the Israelis to protect the lives of Palestinians!
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9 replies
@rudyleon3156
1 year ago (edited)
Excellent history nicely presented in a way to be easily understood. A part of the world and from a time so few understand, yet we must know it to put the current day in proper context. It will take leadership and wisdom to get us through today's nightmare.
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1 reply
@simondobbs4480
1 year ago
My great Uncle, George, trooper of the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry, was shot and died in Palestine on 28th November 1917, aged just 21. May he rest in peace.
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@PopularesVox
1 year ago
The pull out of Great Britain from Palestine and the subsequent creation of Israel, was due in no small part, to pressure exerted by US president Harry S. Truman. Britain was at that time entirely dependent on US finance to rebuild its economy and it didn't take much to persuade the country to relinquish responsibility in what had become a bloody conflict abroad. The US President was the first world leader to officially recognize Israel as a legitimate Jewish state on May 14, 1948, only eleven minutes after its creation.
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3 replies
@ijohnny.
10 months ago
Good history lesson, I learned things, filled in many gaps in my knowledge. (Sound effects don't quite work to enhance the content)
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@JayToGo
1 year ago
I like the black-and-white images depicting a modest Holy Land before the great conflict.
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@davidchase9424
1 year ago
If other countries knew how Great Britain treated its own people.
They never would have let them into theirs.
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3 replies
@Shaolin-Jesus
1 year ago
Thank you so much for this. It brought me so much clarity on the current issue, one significantly muddied by information warfare and historical bias.
What a time to be alive.
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1 reply
@SusanGeyer-l4k
1 year ago
Extremely important to show the world how the mess started and interesting to see how it will be solved.
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1 reply
@vronski59
1 year ago
Thank you for creating and uploading this documentary. Direct. Clear. Honest.
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@davidredshaw448
1 year ago
Fascinating and robustly independent documentary. Why isn't this history taught in our schools?
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@elizabethmcpherson-lt9vh
1 year ago
My late father was serving in the British army in Palestine in 1946. As an 18 year old he had to line up along with other conscripts and fire warning shots above the heads of Arab rioters. He witnessed the aftermath of the bombing of the King David Hotel - he said it was terrible. I have a photo album documenting his time there amongst which is the meeting of all the key people, Arab and British.
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@blakeyoung1299
6 months ago
Great explanation, I am doing this task for my modern history class
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@sergiomiranda1497
1 year ago
This mess is even worse than I thought.
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2 replies
@electraruby
1 year ago
Its always the innocent people who suffer
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6 replies
@patriciawhite619
1 year ago
Thank you for this piece of history, my father was in Palestine just before WWII started, he told me a bit out the history, so thank you, you have filled the gap… btw my father was in the tank regiment, served in Middle East, Egypt, north India and Burma…
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@Flokiy
11 months ago
I am an Arab who stands with Palestine, and now it becomes clear why the Arabs always stand with Palestine. Now the issue is clear to you for those who do not know who is right and who is wrong. The issue is not complicated as everyone who does not want to interfere in the heart of the issue says. The truth is clear and falsehood is clear.
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9 replies
@daviddemille1586
1 year ago
I enjoy the many varied comments from my fellow viewers. Their opinions are equally valid and complement this disturbing yet intriguing documentary. The additional discussion enhances the overall experience.
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@stevestars303
1 year ago (edited)
One problem you run into with this film is the constant description of "Arabs" in opposition to Jewish settlements and states. "Arabs" is really vague description of a lot of indigenous groups There were various groups with differing goals, and many hated each other. Jordan. Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Iraq, and the Saudis were not all in agreement as each had their own interests.
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@sklaboratory1000
1 year ago
When watching videos of this nature, it's easy to believe that the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East are still a result of the actions of the United Kingdom in the past🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
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@abeliamay996
2 weeks ago (edited)
And this is what a few searches tell me:
In 1881, Jewish migration to Ottoman Palestine, particularly from Eastern Europe, was significantly influenced by pogroms and violence. This wave of immigration, known as the First Aliyah, saw approximately 25,000 Jews arriving between 1881 and 1903.
Before 1881, the Jewish population in the Ottoman Empire was estimated to be around 26,000 in Ottoman Palestine. This population grew to approximately 55,000 by the end of the First Aliyah, which began in 1881. However, the Jewish population in the Ottoman Empire was much larger, with a significant influx of Sephardic Jews following their expulsion from Spain and Portugal in the late 15th century. By the end of the 16th century, the Jewish population in the Ottoman Empire was estimated at 150,000, making it the largest Jewish community in the world at that time.
In 1881, the estimated population of Palestine was approximately 399,334. This figure is based on Ottoman records from 1880-1881 (year 1298 in the Islamic calendar), according to Wikipedia. This estimate is for the entire region of Palestine, which at the time was under Ottoman rule.
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@stacygalt72
1 year ago
I didn’t understand the role the British played. Thank you for this. It’s good to have as much information as possible to try and understand what is happening.
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@hjm5885
1 year ago
“What can we say against their terrible hatred of us? For eight years now, they have sat in the refugee camps of Gaza and have watched how, before their very eyes, we have turned their land and villages, where they and their forefathers previously dwelled, into our home.” Moshe Dayan 1956
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@kameelffarag
1 year ago
Excellent and accurate presentation of history in a concise narration. Bravo. I loved it.
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@TraceyEva
4 days ago
Excellent summary
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@larrybyrne111
1 year ago
Informative, thank you. I will have to watch this a couple of times.
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2 replies
@DrorGuy
1 year ago
09:20: Jordan was initially part of the mandate of Palestine which is not mentioned here. As a matter of fact 90% of its population is Palestinian, so Britain did not consult the local population there either.
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@Ichioku
1 year ago
Would love to know the back room deals that were done to secure the Balfour Declaration.
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@FM-wk1mu
1 year ago
The Palestinians were NOT consulted...Britain created all the MESS...
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@asmodeus0454
1 year ago
This is a good synopsis in presentation of the historical facts.
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@charlesmiller2515
1 year ago
Unfortunate that the film glosses over the UN participation plan of 1947and states incorrectly that "the plan was abandoned". According to Wikipedia, "The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a proposal by the United Nations, which recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate. On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted the Plan as Resolution 181 (II). The resolution recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish States linked economically and a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem and its surroundings. Additionally, the film neglects to mention that the Israelis accepted the partition plan and that the Arabs did not. Furthermore, the film overlooks the fact that when the British Mandate for Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, and the Jewish residents of Palestine declared a state in their portion, allocated in the UN Resolution, 5 Arab states, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq attacked the nascent state of Israel, leading to creation of Arab refugees. Had the 5 Arab states not attacked Israel, those Arabs who fled could have remained in their homes and like the more than 2 million Israeli Arabs today, be living in peace with their Jewish neighbors.
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@TerryB751
1 year ago
Excellent video of an extremely complicated and unfortunately duplicitous history.
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@MrSupernova111
1 year ago
Incredibly well put together! Thank you!
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@Rad-Dan
1 month ago
“1917 and 1948 Britain controlled the area of the Middle East then known as Palestine…” like… you could just say: britain as part of their global colonial fascism, invaded Palestine.
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@teacherwayne6680
1 year ago (edited)
Good Documentary of a a very complicated historical period. I visited Israel in April 2023 (I was in Tel Aviv as a tourist when some of rockets hit nearby). I went to some of the museums when their and they discussed basically everything you just mentioned. I spoke to a Christian Palestinian who worked in Israel but live in Bethlehem. Who had a very pragmatic view of the circumstances. She mentioned that all Palestinians had the same label on them (as in all are terrorists) and that life was very difficult for them and her family had lived in Bethlehem (west bank) for many generations and lived in peace with there Muslims cousins. There is unfortunately a lot of BIAS in the news about the conflict, either focused on the Jewish or the Palestinian point of view. One thing I learned is I am not in a position to make an opinion about this! Its a mess lets be honest and It upsets me when people die because of ideologies. I do wish a peaceful settlement would occur, but don't know how. But killing innocents isn't right.
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@VK7AM
1 year ago
My Father was part of the Long Range Desert Patrol in the RAF. He was on leave when he got caught up in the Bombing. He had serious injury's to his gut and his face by the shrapnel. He was a Regular and aged 40. After his return to the UK, and hospilisation etc. he was discharged on medical grounds. He had survived several air crash incidents and had to then get posted to Palestine and ended up a complete mess! It wasn't fair on our family.
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@davidpeterson9507
1 year ago
A great movie to watch that gives one most of this history is Lawrence of Arabia.I believe it won several oscars.I think this should be mandatory to watch.Good job.
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@mannetjie3704
4 months ago
short, concise and accurate. thank you.
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@m0nkeyboot
1 year ago
Excellent presentation that just omits the Grand Mufti of Palestine's support for Hitler and his leadership of a Waffen SS battalion.
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@LightandLove73too
1 year ago
I'm now 50, and I've always known about the British involvement in the creation of Israel. But, I never knew the gruesome details of how this happened. Now, it all makes sense to me, when all the details are presented in this way. Bottom line, in a nutshell. The western world, created Israel basically. Yeah, given the manner in the way GB handled it. I'd be angry too.
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9 replies
@eohippusone
1 year ago
A complex situation. But this helps improve, at least, understanding if not a solution.
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2 replies
@PressHBCA
1 year ago
Thank you for such a clear and concise video. ❤
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요약:
1917년부터 1948년까지 영국은 팔레스타인 지역을 통치했는데, 이 시기의 모순적인 약속과 행동은 오늘날까지 이어지는 갈등의 원인이 되었습니다.
영국의 팔레스타인 점령 배경:
제1차 세계대전 중 오스만 튀르크가 영국과 적대 관계였던 독일 등 동맹국과 손을 잡으면서 팔레스타인과 중동은 영국 제국에게 매우 중요한 전략적 요충지가 되었습니다.
1917년 앨런비 장군이 예루살렘을 점령한 뒤, 이듬해까지 팔레스타인 전역이 영국의 통제 하에 놓였고, 영국군은 이후 30년간 그곳에 주둔했습니다.
모순된 약속들:
맥마흔-후세인 서한 (1915): 영국은 아랍인들에게 독립 아랍 국가를 약속하며 오스만 제국에 대항해 싸울 것을 요청했습니다. 하지만 이 약속에 팔레스타인이 포함되었는지에 대해서는 논란이 계속되고 있습니다.
사이크스-피코 협정 (1916): 영국과 프랑스는 오스만 제국을 분할하기로 비밀리에 합의했습니다. 이 협정은 시리아와 레바논을 프랑스에, 요르단과 이라크를 영국에 할당하고, 팔레스타인은 국제적 통제하에 두기로 했습니다.
밸푸어 선언 (1917): 영국은 유대인 공동체의 지도자인 로스차일드 경에게 팔레스타인에 '유대민족을 위한 민족적 고향'을 건설하는 것을 지지한다고 약속했습니다. 이 선언은 유대민족의 역사적, 정신적 유대감과 반유대주의 박해로부터 벗어나고자 하는 시온주의자들의 염원을 배경으로 했습니다. 하지만 영국은 이 선언을 발표하기 전에 팔레스타인에 거주하는 주민들의 의견을 묻지 않았고, 당시 팔레스타인 인구의 90%는 아랍인이었습니다.
영국 위임통치와 갈등 심화:
제1차 세계대전 종전 후 국제연맹은 팔레스타인 통치권을 영국에 넘겨주며, 유대인 민족적 고향 건설을 지지하고 동시에 팔레스타인 주민들이 자치 정부를 구성할 수 있도록 준비시킬 것을 요구했습니다.
그러나 영국은 밸푸어 선언의 첫 번째 약속인 유대인 민족적 고향 건설을 이행하는 데 중점을 두면서 아랍인의 권리 보호 약속을 지키지 못했습니다.
유대인 공동체는 영국 위임통치 하에 경제적 이권을 확보하고 자체 정부 기관을 설립하며 발전했지만, 아랍인들은 경제적, 정치적으로 뒤처졌다고 느꼈습니다.
독일 나치의 반유대주의 박해로 인해 더 많은 유대인들이 팔레스타인으로 이주하면서, 아랍인들의 토지 상실감과 분노는 더욱 커졌고, 1936년에는 대규모 반란이 일어났습니다.
영국은 여러 해결책을 모색했지만, 1939년 백서(White Paper)를 통해 유대인 이민을 제한하고 10년 후 아랍인과 유대인이 공동으로 통치하는 팔레스타인 독립을 제안했습니다. 이는 제2차 세계대전 발발을 앞두고 아랍 세계의 지지를 얻기 위한 전략적 계산에 따른 것이었습니다.
그러나 이 백서 제안은 유대인들에게 밸푸어 선언에 대한 배신으로 여겨졌고, 유대인 공동체는 영국에 대한 불만을 키웠습니다.
위임통치 종결과 이스라엘 건국:
결국 영국은 이 문제에 대한 책임을 1947년 유엔에 넘겼고, 1948년 5월 위임통치를 종료한다고 발표했습니다.
유엔의 분할안도 아랍인들에게 거부되면서, 영국군이 철수하자 유대인과 아랍인 간의 전쟁이 발발했습니다.
1948년 5월 14일, 이스라엘이 국가를 선포했고, 이는 어떤 이들에게는 '독립전쟁'으로, 다른 이들에게는 팔레스타인 인구의 약 60%가 난민이 된 '나크바(대재앙)'로 기억되고 있습니다.
평론:
제시된 자료는 1917년부터 1948년까지 영국의 팔레스타인 통치 시기를 간결하면서도 핵심적으로 다루고 있어, 오늘날의 이스라엘-팔레스타인 분쟁의 역사적 뿌리를 이해하는 데 매우 유용한 자료입니다. 특히, 맥마흔-후세인 서한, 사이크스-피코 협정, 그리고 밸푸어 선언이라는 세 가지 모순된 약속들이 어떻게 팔레스타인에 혼란과 갈등의 씨앗을 뿌렸는지 명확하게 설명하고 있습니다.
이 자료는 분쟁의 복잡성을 이해하려는 사람들에게 훌륭한 출발점이 될 수 있다는 전문가들의 평가를 인용하고 있습니다. 이는 역사를 객관적이고 사실적으로 전달하려는 의도를 보여줍니다. 또한, 영국이 팔레스타인 주민들의 의사를 무시하고 시온주의에 힘을 실어주면서 민주적 발전을 저해했던 과정은, 제국주의적 행위가 어떻게 한 지역의 운명을 바꾸고 장기적인 갈등을 초래하는지 잘 보여줍니다.
다만, 자료가 18분짜리 짧은 영상의 요약본이어서 세부적인 내용보다는 큰 흐름에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 예를 들어, 각 약속이 어떤 정치적, 경제적 이해관계 속에서 이루어졌는지에 대한 심층적인 분석은 부족할 수 있습니다. 하지만 이 자료는 영국이 분쟁의 한 당사자로서 어떤 역할을 했는지, 그리고 그 결과가 오늘날까지 어떻게 이어지고 있는지를 명확하게 제시하고 있다는 점에서 매우 가치 있는 자료라고 할 수 있습니다.
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