2020-08-23

중용 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전




중용 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전



중용
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성공회의 Via Media에 대해서는 중용 (성공회) 문서를, 철학에서의 중용(中庸)에 대해서는 중용 (철학) 문서를 참조하십시오.
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《중용》(中庸, 영어: Doctrine of the Mean, Middle Way)은 사서오경에 속하는 경전 중 하나로 사람이 세상을 살아가는 데 있어서 지녀야 할 자세와 태도를 제시하고 있다. 본래 예기의 31편이다.
전승[편집]

주자는 《중용》의 작자가 자사라고 단정했고, 사마천의 사기와 몇몇 서적에도 《중용》의 작자는 자사라고 언급했지만, 청대에 이르러 이에 대한 논란이 있었다. 근래에는 《중용》은 자사에 의해 기초가 이루어졌고 이후 전한 시기에 이르기까지 여러 유가 학자들의 보충과 해설이 더해져 현재의 모습으로 완성되었다고 여겨지고 있다.

주희가 《중용》을 정리하여 《중용장구》를 내어 놓았는데, 그 형식을 33장으로 정리했다.
내용[편집]

《중용》의 요지는 요순 임금의 천하 통치의 정신이 도통인데, 이 도통의 요체는 중용에 있으므로 이를 터득하고 실천해야 한다는 것이다. 사람은 누구에게나 인간적 욕심과 도덕적 본성이 함께 내재되어 있어, 가장 지혜로운 사람이라도 인간적 욕심이 없을 수 없으며 가장 어리석은 사람이라도 도덕적 본성이 없을 수 없는데, 두 마음을 다스리는 이치가 중용이다. 도덕적 본성상 자기 자신의 주체가 되도록 하고 인간적 욕심이 매번 도덕적 본성의 명을 듣게 하는 것이 중용의 도를 실천하는 길이다. 이를 위하여 성(性), 도(道), 교(敎)라는 개념으로 천도와 인도와의 관계를 설명한다. 성은 하늘이 준 사람속에 있는 하늘의 속성이다. 도는 하늘이 부여한 본연의 성을 따르는 것이다. 효도와 자식 사랑, 형제간의 우애, 가정의 화목, 이웃 사랑이 도이다. 교는 도를 마름질하는 것인데, 도를 구체화한 교훈, 예절, 법칙, 제도 등으로 구체화된 것을 말한다.

《중용》의 주요 내용은 성(誠), 중용, 중화(中和)이다. 성은 진실무망이고, 중용은 치우치거나 기대지 않고 지나침도 모자람도 없는 평상의 이치다. 중화는 실천적 측면에서 중을 설명한 것이다. 희노애락이 일어나지 않는 상태를 중이라고 하며, 일어나고 모두 절도에 맞는 것을 화라고 한다.
한국어 번역[편집]
동양고전연구회 옮기고 주석을 달음, 《중용》, 민음사, 2016년 8월 26일
김원중 옮김, 《대학·중용》, 휴머니스트, 2020년 4월 13일, 119~272쪽
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Doctrine of the Mean
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Zhongyong" redirects here. For the ruler of Wu, see Zhongyong of Wu.

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Doctrine of the Mean
Zhong yong (Chinese characters).svg
"Doctrine of the Mean" in seal script (top) and modern (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese 中庸
Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngyōng
Transcriptions
The Doctrine of the Mean or Zhongyong is both a doctrine of Confucianism and also the title of one of the Four Books of Confucian philosophy. The text is attributed to Zisi or Kong Ji, the only grandson of Confucius. It was published as a chapter in the Classic of Rites.

The phrase "doctrine of the mean" first occurs in Book VI, verse 29 of the Analects of Confucius:

The Master [Confucius] said, The virtue embodied in the doctrine of the Mean is of the highest order. But it has long been rare among people

— Analects, 6:29 (Burton Watson tr.)
The Analects never expands on what this term means, but Zisi's text, The Doctrine of the Mean, explores its meaning in detail, as well as how to apply it to one's life. The text was adopted into the canon of the Neo-Confucian movement, as compiled by Zhu Xi.

While Burton Watson translated Zhōngyōng as Doctrine of the Mean, other English-language translators have rendered it differently. James Legge called it Constant Mean. Pierre Ryckmans (aka Simon Leys) Middle Way, while Arthur Waley chose Middle Use. Ezra Pound's attempts include Unswerving Pivot, and Unwobbling Pivot. Roger T. Ames and David L. Hall titled their 2001 translation Focusing the Familiar.


Contents
1 Interpretation
2 Guidelines
2.1 Self-watchfulness
2.2 Leniency
2.3 Sincerity
3 In Chinese society
4 Disputes
5 Translation and study
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Interpretation
The Doctrine of the Mean is a text rich with symbolism and guidance to perfecting oneself. The mean is also described as the ["unswerving pivot" = Ezra Pound] 'unwobbling pivot' or zhongyong. Zhong means bent neither one way or another, and yong represents unchanging.[1] In James Legge's translation of the text, the goal of the mean is to maintain balance and harmony from directing the mind to a state of constant equilibrium. The person who follows the mean is on a path of duty and must never leave it. A superior person is cautious, a gentle teacher and shows no contempt for his or her inferiors. S/he always does what is natural according to her or his status in the world. Even common men and women can carry the mean into their practices, as long as they do not exceed their natural order.[2]

The Doctrine of the Mean represents moderation, rectitude, objectivity, sincerity, honesty and propriety.[3] The guiding principle is that one should never act in excess. The Doctrine of the Mean is divided into three parts:

The Axis – Confucian Metaphysics
The Process – Politics
The Perfect Word/Sincerity – Ethics (The Great Digest and Unwobbling Pivot, 1951).
Guidelines
Doctrine of the Mean instructed three guidelines—Self-watchfulness, Leniency and Sincerity—on how to pursue Doctrine of the Mean, and those who follow these guidelines can be called superior person:[4]

"Zhong-ni said, 'The superior person embodies the course of the Mean; the average person acts contrary to the course of the Mean."[5]

Self-watchfulness
This guideline requires self-education, self-questioning and self-discipline during the process of self-cultivation. This principle was demonstrated in the first chapter of Doctrine of the Mean:[4]

"The superior person does not wait till he sees things to be cautious, nor till he hears things to be apprehensive. There is nothing more visible than what is secret, and nothing more manifest than what is minute. Therefore the superior person is watchful over himself, when he is alone."[5]

Leniency
This guideline requires understanding, concern and tolerance towards one another. Leniency was demonstrated in the 13th chapter:[4]

"When one cultivates to the utmost the principles of his nature, and exercises them on the principle of reciprocity, he is not far from the path. What you do not like when done to yourself, do not do to others."[5]

In this chapter, Confucius explained this guideline with four examples: "to serve my father, as I would require my son to serve me", " to serve my prince as I would require my minister to serve me", "to serve my elder brother as I would require my younger brother to serve me", "to set the example in behaving to a friend, as I would require him to behave to me."[4]

Sincerity
Sincerity contributes to a close connection between Heaven and human. This guideline was demonstrated in the 23rd chapter:[6]

"It is only he who is possessed of the most complete sincerity that can exist under heaven, who can give its full development to his nature. Able to give its full development to his own nature, he can do the same to the nature of other men. Able to give its full development to the nature of other men, he can give their full development to the natures of animals and things. Able to give their full development to the natures of creatures and things, he can assist the transforming and nourishing powers of Heaven and Earth. Able to assist the transforming and nourishing powers of Heaven and Earth, he may with Heaven and Earth form a ternion."[5]

In Chinese society
In China prior to the twentieth century the Doctrine of the Mean was integrated into the education system statewide. Also, one of the prerequisites for employment in the imperial government was the study and understanding of the Four Classics, included in this is the Doctrine of the Mean. The imperial state wanted to reinforce the three bonds of society; between the parent and child, husband and wife, and ruler and subject. This was believed to emphasize a peaceful home and an orderly state.[citation needed]

Recently in China, the New Confucians revisited the Classics, because of its strong foundation in the educational system. Using the Doctrine of the Mean has become a useful source for New Confucians due to the similarities in the terminology and expression used by them and found within the text. This is further reinforced by the support from ancient sages and worthies who prefer education systems more closely linked to traditional Confucian thought.[citation needed]

Disputes
Chiang Kai-shek and Sun Yat-sen both analyzed the doctrine.[7]

Mao Zedong, the founding father of the People's Republic of China, viewed Doctrine of the Mean as a mutation of eclecticism, which draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject.

According to Mao's comment on Ai Siqi's analysis of Doctrine of the Mean, Doctrine of the Mean is an eclecticism which simultaneously opposes the abolishment of exploitation and excessive exploitation. According to Mao, Doctrine of the Mean failed to realize that something deserves absolute negation, and in compromise, Doctrine of the Mean prevented China from progress.

In his comment, Mao said that Doctrine of the Mean also goes against dialectics as it stops qualitative change by emphasizing maintaining balance and harmony.

Lu Xun, a leading figure of modern Chinese literature, saw Doctrine of the Mean as major contributing factor of the abject ethnic stereotype in modern China, believing it prevented reform from happening.

In his speech Silent China, Lu Xun said that Chinese likes the reconcilable and the compromised. "For example, people will not allow you to add a window to a dark room, but when you threaten to uncover the roof, they would compromise to the idea of adding a window. Without a radical proposal pushing them, Chinese won't permit even the mildest reform."[8]

Translation and study
Andrew H. Plaks wrote the essay "The mean, nature and self-realization. European translations of the Zhongyong", which was published in De l'un au multiple: Traductions du chinois vers les langues européenes. In his essay Plaks argues that since the text of the Doctrine of the Mean is "too easy", this factor is, as paraphrased by Joshua A. Fogel, an author of a book review for the De l'un au multiple book The Journal of Asian Studies, a "major impediment" to translation.[9]

The Tsinghua bamboo slips feature the text "Bao xun" (保訓) which shares the topos of centrality with the Zhongyong.[10]

See also
flag China portal
Argument to moderation
Golden mean (philosophy), a tenet of the philosophy of Aristotle, in which he endorses temperance between the extremes of excess and deficiency. Cf. Via media.
Phronesis in ancient Greek philosophy
Middle Way in Buddhism
Naive dialecticism
Wasat (Islamic term)
Notes
 The Great Digest and Unwobbling Pivot, 1951.
 Internet Sacred Text Archive, 2008.
 Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). Britannica Encyclopedia. Rosen Pub Group. ISBN 1-59339-292-3.
 Qiubai, Deng (2006). "On Doctrine of the Mean". Journal of Capital Normal University (Social Sciences Edition): 43. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
 Legge, James. "THE DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
 Qiubai, Deng (2006). "On Doctrine of the Mean". Journal of Capital Normal University (Social Sciences Edition): 44. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
 中華學報. 中央文物供應社總經銷. 1979. p. 113.
 Xun, zhu zhe Lu (1995). Wu sheng di Zhongguo (Di 1 ban. ed.). Beijing: Hua yi chu ban she. ISBN 7-80039-655-X.
 Fogel, p. 161.
 [1]
References
Fogel, Joshua A. De l'un au multiple: Traductions du chinois vers les langues européenes (book review). The Journal of Asian Studies, ISSN 0021-9118, 02/2001, Volume 60, Issue 1, pp. 159 – 161. Available from JStor.
Gardner, Daniel. "Confucian Commentary and Chinese Intellectual History". The Journal of Asian Studies 57.2 (1998): 397-.
Hare, John. "The Chinese Classics". Internet Sacred Text Archive. 2008. Accessed: 27 October 2008.
Riegel, Jeffrey. "Confucius". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006. Accessed: 23 October 2008.
Pound, Ezra (translation and commentary). "The Great Digest & Unwobbling Pivot". New York, New York, USA: New Directions, 1951.
Smith, Huston. The World's Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions. New York, New York, USA: HarperCollins, 1991.
Williams, Edward T. "Ancient China" The Harvard Theological Review vol.9, no.3 (1916): 258-268.
Wing-Tsit Chan. "Neo-Confucianism: New Ideas on Old Terminology" Philosophy East and West vol.17, no. 1/4 (1967): 15-35.
"Zhongyong". Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed: 27 Oct 2008
Further reading
Plaks, Andrew. "The mean, nature and self-realization. European translations of the Zhongyong." (Archive) In: Alleton, Vivianne and Michael Lackner (editors). De l'un au multiple: traductions du chinois vers les langues européennes Translations from Chinese into European Languages. Éditions de la maison des sciences de l'homme (Les Editions de la MSH, FR), 1999, Paris. p. 311-331. ISBN 273510768X, 9782735107681.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Doctrine of the Mean
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
中庸
Doctrine of the Mean, description and excerpts at Chinaknowledge
Doctrine of the Mean, an English translation by A. Charles Muller
The Doctrine of the Mean, an English translation by James Legge
The Doctrine of the Mean, an English translation by Wing-tsit Chan
Zhong Yong, Chinese text interspersed with an English translation by James Legge (at the

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中庸

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
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中庸(ちゅうよう)とは、儒教において、「四書」の一つであり、またその中心的概念の一つである。

「中庸」[編集]

「中庸」という言葉は、『論語』のなかで、「中庸の徳たるや、それ至れるかな」と孔子に賛嘆されたのが文献初出と言われている。それから儒学の伝統的な中心概念として尊重されてきた。だがその論語の後段には、「民に少なくなって久しい」と言われ、この「過不足なく偏りのない」徳は修得者が少ない高度な概念でもある。
古代ギリシャでは、アリストテレスの「メソテース」という言葉でそれを倫理学上の一つの徳目として尊重している。また、仏教の中道と通じる面があるとも言われるが、仏教学者によれば違う概念であるという。

『中庸』[編集]

現在「四書」の一つとして広く知られている『中庸』は、もともと『礼記』中の一篇、すなわち礼記中庸篇として伝えられてきたものである。司馬遷の『史記』では、中庸は子思の作であるとされており、これが通説となっている。しかし、戦国時代の無名の儒家の著作であるという説や、『大学』同様『子思子』の一篇だったのではないかという説もあり、成立及び作者は諸説が存在している。[1]古くから有名な作品として人々に読まれてきた。『大学』が四書の入門であるのに対し、『中庸』は四書の中で最後に読むべきものとされ、初めて『中庸』を表彰したのは南朝宋の戴顒(378~441)であるとされている。彼が『礼記中庸伝』を書いた。宋代になると、有名な学者、政治家などが次々と『中庸』の注釈を著した。司馬光范祖禹蘇軾程顥、著名な人びとの専著は十指にのぼる。この中で、もっとも知られているのは朱子の『中庸章句』である。

『中庸』の内容[編集]

『中庸』では、「中庸」の徳をくわしく解説している。しかし、『中庸』は、「中庸」以外に、「誠」、「性」、「道」、「慎独」など多くの概念についても述べている。この中で、「誠」は「中庸」よりも一層重要な概念であることも言われている。

『中庸』の「中庸」[編集]

「中庸」の『中』とは、偏らない、しかし、決して大小や上下の中間を取りさえすればよいという意味ではない。よく、「中途半端」や「50対50の真ん中」と混同されている。中間、平均値、足して2で割るというものではない。常に、その時々の物事を判断する上でどちらにも偏らず、かつ通常の感覚でも理解できるものである。
『庸』については、朱子は「庸、平常也」として、『庸』を「平常」と解釈しており、鄭玄は「・・・庸猶也言徳常行也言常謹也」として『庸』を「」と解釈している。『庸』が「」という意味を含んでいることは二人とも指摘している。現在、多くの学者たちは、『庸』が「優れた点や変わった点を持たない」(用例:庸才)と「平常」(用例:庸民)との両方の意味を含んでいると見ているほか、『庸』は「」であるという説もある[2]。つまり、中の道を「用いる」という意味だというのである。
中庸の徳を常に発揮することは聖人でも難しい半面、学問をした人間にしか発揮できないものではなく、誰にでも発揮することの出来るものでもある。恒常的にいつも発揮することが、難しいことから、中庸は儒教の倫理学的な側面における行為の基準をなす最高概念であるとされる。

脚注[編集]

[脚注の使い方]
  1. ^ 諸橋轍次『中国古典名言事典』講談社学術文庫、1979年初版、153ページ「中庸」による
  2. ^ 諸橋1979

訳注[編集]

外部リンク[編集]

関連項目[編集]

  • 悠久山 中庸の句から命名された新潟県長岡市の山。

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