Showing posts with label Nora Okja Keller. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Nora Okja Keller. Show all posts

2022-02-12

Nora Okja Keller Comfort Woman Search words

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Search inside (4 results)  vagina

Page -37-

Men left her stall quickly, some crying, most angrily joining the line for the woman next door. All through the night she talked, reclaiming her Korean name, reciting her family genealogy, even chanting the recipes her mother had passed on to her. Just before daybreak, they took her out of her stall and into the woods, where we couldn't hear her anymore. They brought her back skewered from her vagina to her mouth, like a pig ready for roasting. A lesson, they told the rest of us, warning us into silence.

Page -51-


I was strapped down when my daughter was born too. My hands cuffed to the bed, flat on my back with my knees up, I heard the low keening of a wounded animal in the etherized darkness. Surrounded by doctors, unable to move, I felt my mind slip back into the camps. You're a doctor, I screamed, help me, help me get home. But he only laughed and pushed himself on top of me, using my body as the other soldiers had done. Afterward, as he wiped himself on my shift, he opened the screen partition and let others watch him examine me. This one is still good, he called over his shoulder. He pried the lips of my vagina open with his fingers. See? he said. Still firm and moist.

Page -161-

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She kneads my buttocks, shaping them to her hands, spreading them apart. Her fingers dip into and flirt with the cleft, from anus to the tip of my vagina, where my blood gathers and pulses until it aches. She combs my pubic hair with her long nails, pulling at the crinkling hairs as if to straighten them. I stifle a groan, try to keep my hips still. I cannot.

Page -161-


I felt his arousal probing the entrance to my vagina and tensed. He found it slick, made ready by Induk's endless caresses, and thrust into me.


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Search inside (5 results)  poji

Page -37-


Although I might have imagined the frogs. That was my first night as the new Akiko. I was given her clothes, which were too big and made the soldiers laugh. The new P won't be wearing them much anyway, they jeered. Fresh poji.

Page -121-


Near Kaesong and Panmunjom, we passed roadblocks set up by the military. I thought of the soldiers at the Yalu River and tried to run away, but the minister husband pulled me alongside him. As we moved toward them, I could feel their eyes studying me—my face, breasts, hips, and poji—judging my worth as a niku-ichi P, and I knew they would pull me aside, question me, ask me how I had escaped, and then send me south to hell, to Japan. But when we moved past them, I saw that they were not even Japanese. Bored, the guards did not look at me at all, or at any of the faces moving past them, but stared instead at a point above the human river, toward the mountains in the north.

Page -150-


When Max took me home that night, I let myself into the house, my hair still dripping the water of the stream. My body smelled clean, electric like a rainstorm on the Ko'olaus. But when I walked through the door, my mother yelled, "Stink poji-cunt\" and charged forward with a knife. I backed into the door and cringed, flinging a hand across my face as she sliced the air above my head.

Page -202-


When I felt the knot of pain pulling in my abdomen, pinning me to my seat in Mrs. Abernacke's ninth-grade homeroom, I folded my hands over my belly, picturing a beam of light soaking up the blood. The visualization had worked to suppress menstruation for more than two years, the flash of light cauterizing the wound between my legs, but this time I felt the light merge with my blood, rushing true and deep, thickening as it pounded against my tailbone and poji with heavy fists.

Page -208-


As the tape wound on, I rummaged through the kitchen cabi- nets for paper and pen, wanting to write down my mother's song. I scribbled words I recognized—kok, han, chesa, chudang, Saja, poji— words connected to blood and death. After filling several notebook pages with black scrawl, I stopped the recorder. The scraps of paper seemed inadequate, small and disjointed. Needing a bigger canvas, I stripped the sheet from my bed, laid it on the living room floor in front of the speakers, pressed Play on the recorder, and caught my mother's words.

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Search inside (60 results)  spirit

Page -13-


I led her to the kitchen table, clearing a place for her by pushing the stacks of offerings we planned to burn after I ate the remembrance feast my mother made to appease my father's spirit. My father died when I was five, and this yearly meal, with its persistent smell of the ocean, and the smoke and the ash that would penetrate our apartment for days after we burned the Monopoly money and paper-doll clothes, supplanted mv dim memories of an actual man. Even when I unearthed the picture I had of him from my underwear drawer, stealing a look, I saw him less and less clearly, the image fading in almost imperceptible gradations each time I exposed it to light and scrutiny.

Page -14-


What stays with me, though, is the color of his eyes. While his face, his body, sit in shadows behind the black of the Bible he always carried with him, the blue of his eyes sharpen on me. At night before I fell asleep, I would try to imagine my father as an angel coming to comfort me. I gave him the face and voice of Mr. Rogers and waited for him to wrap me in that cardigan sweater, which would smell of mothballs and mint and Daddy. He would spirit me away, to a home on the Mainland complete with plush carpet and a cocker spaniel pup. My daddy, I knew, would save my mother and me, burning with his blue eyes the Korean ghosts and demons that fed off our lives.

Page -16-


When the spirits called to her, my mother would leave me and slip inside herself, to somewhere I could not and did not want to follow. It was as if the mother I knew turned off, checked out, and someone else came to rent the space. During these times, the body of my mother would float through our one-bedroom apartment, slamming into walls and bookshelves and bumping into the corners of the coffee table and the television. If I could catch her, I would try to clean her cuts with Cambison ointment, dab the bruises with vinegar to stop the swelling. But most times I just left her food and water and hid in the bedroom, where I listened to long stretches of thumping accentuated by occasional shouts to a spirit named Induk.

Page -23-


Everyone seemed so respectful of my mother, so in awe of her, and Auntie Reno played it up, telling people my mother was a renowned fortune-teller and spirit medium in Japan and Korea. "Akiko Sonsaeng-nim," she'd say, attaching the Korean honorific to my mother's name—something she would never do when my mother was conscious—"stay famous in dah old country."

Page -24-


Always, when I went to hide the money in my room, I'd slip out a dollar bill, roll it tight as an incense stick, and lay it in an ashtray on the dresser. Careful to hide from Reno's eyes, I'd strike a match and burn the money for the spirits. Then, pulling out my father's picture, I would begin to pray to my only connection in the spirit world. "Please please please, Daddy. I'll give you everything if you give my mother back." I begged, reasoning that as a dead preacher, my father would be able to get God to intercede on my mother's behalf, or—as a spirit himself and in collusion with the other vengeful ghosts holding my mother captive—he might be persuaded by my own burnt offerings and bribes to free her.

Page -27-


I was twelve when I was murdered, fourteen when I looked into the Yalu River and, finding no face looking back at me, knew that I was dead. I wanted to let the Yalu's currents carry my body to where it might find my spirit again, but the Japanese soldiers hurried me across the bridge before I could jump.

Page -27-


That is why, twenty years after it left my spirit behind at the recreation camp, my body was able to have this baby. Even the doctors here say it is almost a miracle. The camp doctor said I would never have a living child after he took my first one out, m\ Insides too bruised and battered, impossible to property heal.

Page -54-


And now, said Induk, there is only the dead to guide us. Here, she said, giving me the image of a woman. I saw a fox spirit who haunted the cemeteries of deserted villages, sucking at the mouths of the newly dead in order to taste their otherworld knowledge.

Page -62-


My picture of Saja was correct only in the fact that he was a glutton. And though he craved the human spirit above all other foods, he could be fooled or placated with offerings of chicken or pork, heapings of barley and rice, oranges and whiskey.

Page -65-


"Once on a time, many, many years ago . . . ," my mother began as soon as I had wriggled into a comfortable space. With my knees tucked close to my body, I sat with my back nestled into my mother's bosom. As she spoke, I could feel her words tickle the back of my head. "... A king and queen with no sons had yet another daughter, their seventh. Full of despair, not knowing what else to do to turn away their bad luck, the royal couple offered this girl to the Birth Grandmother spirit."

Page -65-


My mother spoke often of the Birth Grandmother, the spirit assigned to protect and nurture the children of the world. Every year on my birthday, my mother would place an offering of sweet rice cake on our shrine, thanking Birth Grandmother for the blessing of my birth. I was taught to pray to her, calling her by name— Induk—if ever I was in trouble or frightened.

Page -67-


The Saturday after my mother died, I watched the water of the canal lap at the trash under me and waited for something, some sign from my mother. I don't know what I was thinking, but I never caught a glimpse of a fish that might have carried her spirit.

Page -69-


The day after Induk called me out of the river, I went looking for the spirit I knew I could never find. Go to Manshin Ahjima, Induk said as she dipped her hand into my chest and pulled out my maum, the force of my heartbeat, and led me forward by a silver thread.

Page -70-


As my mother flipped through the book, I saw myself and my sisters as children, hanging on to our mother as she moved through our barley field and tended to our garden. And 1 saw us holding on to her body as we cried the death cries for her spirit. I saw myself underneath the pumping bodies of Japanese soldiers and, in the later pages, saw my oldest sister beneath the same soldiers. I saw myself sitting in the river, and I saw myself walking and sleeping, walking and sleeping, until I died.

Page -70-


At this point my mother closed the book. When I asked her why I could not see the rest of the book, the oldest spirit, whom I knew to be my great-grandmother, said, If you read the final chapters, you would know the universe. You would be dead.

Page -70-


My skin felt waxy, as Induk's had the day after the soldiers killed her, the day after she reclaimed her name and I became the new Akiko. When the other camp women and I went to the river to bathe, we found her skewered body, abandoned alongside the path. We wanted to take her to the river with us to prepare her body for the separation of its spirit. Someone she loved should have cleansed her skin with her favorite scented oil. Someone who loved her should have laid her body out, with her head to the south, and prepared a feast to feed her soul for its next and longest journey.

Page -72-


The woman shuffled closer, then knelt to peer into my face. You aren't a tiger spirit, are you? She held her hands out, palms down. If so, I am ready to go. I've tended the mounds, burned the incense for the spirits whose families have been lost or run away. I've seen and I've remembered which son was taken by the Japanese, which son was killed by bandits, and which went to Shanghai as a freedom fighter. I've . . .

Page -72-


The old woman stopped talking, blinked, then touched my hair. I've seen the tiger spirit haunt the graves before, she said, but only at night. You are just a little girl.

Page -72-


When she called me a little girl, I remember I wanted to cry. I wanted to curl into a ball, cover my head, and call, Mother! Mother! as I did when I was very young and feeling alone, as I did from the rooftop of our home the night my mother died and I tried to catch her fleeing spirit. But I didn't, because I knew no one would ever again hold me in tenderness. Instead I stood up and looked around.

Page -72-


Here, Manshin Ahjima said, handing me my clothes. I don't suppose a tiger spirit would need these rags to keep warm. And I don't suppose a tiger spirit would have such messy hair. Tiger spirits are really rather prissy, you know.

Page -73-


Olppajin-saram, the mouth suddenly said. And again, louder, as if breaking a spell or casting one: Olppajin-saram. You've lost your soul. That is why you came to the graveyard. You were trying to steal someone else's spirit, a wandering spirit, maybe, one that was confused about where it belonged.

Page -74-


To pass the days, Manshin Ahjima would tell me of the spirits who continued to talk with her. Sinjang-nim, the General, is the most powerful spirit, a giant-fighter, she said. And very sexy. He comes to me even now, waving his sword, demanding that I acknowledge him. It takes everything in my heart to call on Jesus Christ, Manshin Ahjima said, and even then, I can still hear the General whispering, whispering, planning his strategy.

Page -75-


Find the place of darkness within yourself, Manshin Ahjima explained, and imagine what you have lost. Then picture yourself in the last place you saw the object and spiral up and away, as if you were flying circles around that spot. Your spirit finds the object, so the better you can re-create the lost thing in your mind and in the spirit world, the more likely that you will find it in your hands again.

Page -94-


My mother said she forced the Birth Grandmother to call upon her sisters, the Seven Stars—each of them named Soon- something, which my mother said meant "pure"—to come protect me. "I didn't want to be rude," she said, "but really, if your spirit guardian can't protect you on her own, she should call for help, don't you think? I mean, I'm your mother, but I still ask her to help me watch you." My mother huffed as if disgusted and insulted by her spirit guardian's overbearing pride and lack of common sense. "Finally, I had to get rough with her.

Page -95-


" 'Induk,' I said, using her personal name to show how upset I was, 'this Red Death is too much for an old lady spirit like you!'

Page -95-


"When the Birth Grandmother did not answer, I knew I had been too blunt, but I could not waste time massaging the ego of a fickle spirit. 'Call on the Seven Stars, or I will find a new Birth Grandmother and you will be just another lost ghost,' I told her. 'My daughter is dying.' "

Page -96-


I took the jar from her, interested in something I could touch from the spirit world, something tangible from the place where my mother lived half her life. I looked into the jar, then shook the contents onto my palm.

Page -101-


I aimed the light into myself, feeling for the poisoned arrowheads implanted in my body in order to kill mv own pain. I fed the light with more spirit food, until it grew largo than myself [Tie biggertKelight within me became, the smaller my body got, until I_seemed to shrink into myself, becoming as elemental as the food offered to and consumed by the gods.

Page -118-


Leaving Pyongyang, we hiked to the Taedong River, which was full and rushing because of the early fall rains. I wore a thin white gown that one of the missionary ladies had given me, because, she said, I was going to be reborn in the Spirit and because I was to be married. Two of the greatest events in a Christian woman's life.

Page -127-


When we entered the mother's apartment, her ghost rushed out at us. She enveloped us with a heavy stickiness that sucked us into the room. A fat spirit, she demanded in death the space she had never had in her life as a thin, sickly woman. She pushed us up against each other, the furniture, the knickknacks and mementos that filled shelves and counters and floor spaces.

Page -128-


For a long while after that first day, I could not live with the dead woman and her possessions. I could not touch her things, even the carpet that I walked on, without feeling her spirit trying to squeeze me out.

Page -129-


Finally, perhaps by way of my dreams, Induk slipped into the mother's apartment. After she rolled me out of bed, she slid her hands over the mother's desk, over the pictures, over the wooden animals and ceramic figurines, until her fingers were coated with dust. With the dust of all the mother's possessions cupped in her hands, Induk lured the ghost mother into her palms, where she pressed and pushed until the fat spirit became as small as a speck of dust. Then, bringing her fingers to my mouth, Induk told me to suck, to taste, to make this—the apartment, the city, the state, and America—home my own.

Page -133-


I wonder if my own mother ever dreamed dreams so filled with yang that they could only mean sons, and I wonder whether she was happy or disappointed when yet another daughter emerged from between her legs. Did she feel betrayed by her night visions, by the signs, by Samshin Halmoni, the grandmother spirit who takes care of babies and mothers? I know my mother and father would have made the appropriate offerings in hopes of a male infant.

Page -141-


Later, after my mother tried to drown herself the second time, I realized that our roles had reversed. Even at ten, I knew that I had become the guardian of her life and she the tenuous sleeper. I trained myself to wake at abrupt snorts, unusual breathing patterns. Part of me was aware of each time she turned over in bed, dreaming dreams like mini-trances where she traveled into worlds and times I could not follow to protect her. The most I could do was wait, holding the thin blue thread of her life while her spirit tunneled into the darkness of the earth to swim the dark red river toward hell. Each night, I went to bed praying that I would not let go in my own sleep. And in the morning, before I even opened my eyes, I'd jerk my still clenched, aching hand to my chest, yanking my mother back to me.

Page -150-


My mother waved the knife and shaved strips of air away from my body. "It's me, it's me," she mimicked, and I knew then she could not really hear me. "You cannot use my daughter as your puppet, Saja! Evil spirit, the stink of pus and men's waste!" She jabbed at my head and then lowered her hand until the point of the knife touched my crotch.

Page -166-


I'd sit cross-legged on the floor and wait for my mother to lie down and slip her head into my lap. I'd stroke her forehead, the sides of her face, the top of her head where the spirit escapes at night. When she'd begin to tell her story, I'd part her hair into sections, using my nails to find and pluck the white strands. As she talked, I'd stick the oily roots onto a sheet of one of the underground newspapers— Daedong Kongbo or Haecho Shinmun—that found their way even into our village. And after the story, after my mother fell asleep, I'd crumple the paper into a ball and burn it in the underground flues that warmed our floorboards. As I drifted off to sleep, breathing in the scent of hair and smoke, I'd imagine that words wrapped in my mother's hair drifted into our dreams and spiraled up to heaven.

Page -173-


"Unless you forget about the Heavenly Toad," she said. "When I die, you must prepare my body and protect my spirit before the Heavenly Toad angel grabs me and jumps to heaven."

Page -178-


Everything that my mother had taught me about protecting the dead, preparing the body and spirit for the final transition, I forgot when I saw her body. "Remember the Heavenly Toad," she had said, and I did, but it only made me afraid without telling me how to save her. I knelt beside her bed and draped an arm around her waist. "I'm sorry," I said, half apologetic, half accusing. "You said you would remind me what to do when the time came, Mommy. But you didn't, and I don't know what to do."

Page -181-


My mother quickly stuffed my untied hair down the back of my shirt, then stepped between me and the Walker. "Go, Chudang Kaeguri" she said. "Stink Toad Spirit, go! You cannot claim us. Go!"

Page -185-


I performed the actions of my mother, caring for the spirits of the house, in order to feel my mother once again. I wanted to be able to feel her next to me, to sense her spirit—for if there really are such things, I knew she would come to me, feeling my need for her, in death as she rarely did in life.

Page -188-


We listened to my mother's cries and moans, to the heartbeat of the drum, until the tape wound down. I knew that as a fortuneteller and spirit medium, she was paid to console or cajole the dead. Sometimes customers, mostly the new immigrants from Korea, paid her to perform ceremonies for lost family members and the dead that had been left behind. They would record my mother's chants to send to relatives and neighbors back home.

Page -197-


My mother touched her hands to my lips, then sighed, a long, tired exhalation, as if to shush me, but I knew from the way her eyes closed, lashes sealed against her blue-tinged skin. I put a blanket over her, as if she were only asleep. In Korea, whenever someone died, the oldest son took the dead person's coat up to the roof and invited the spirit to return to the house to feast and prepare for the long journey to heaven. Instead of getting her coat, I, her youngest daughter, went to her special box and pulled out her red-and-blue wedding dress.

Page -197-


I climbed onto the roof, sliding across thatching made slick with ice, and stayed there most of the night, holding her dress open to the wind until my body ached from the weight of the silk and from the cold bite of the stars. I waited on the roof, holding my omoni's dress in the bitter night air, calling for her spirit to come back, calling, Come back, Mother, come back, until finally, after a sudden blast of wind almost knocked me from my perch, I folded the arms of her dress into myself and knew I held nothing.

Page -198-


Now, as her cries subside into soft hiccuping chirps, I wrap my daughter into a towel, tie her onto my back, and prepare to introduce her to her grandmother. I pour the scorched rice tea and, bowing twice, present it to Induk's spirit in gratitude, to my oldest sister's spirit—wherever she is—in forgiveness, and finally to my mother's spirit in love.

Page -201-


According to my mother, the rituals that accompanied the major transitions in a woman's life—birth, puberty, childbirth, and death—involved the flow of blood and the freeing of the spirit. Slipping out of the body along pathways forged by blood, the spirit traveled and roamed free, giving the body permission to transform itself. Necessary but dangerous, these were times when the spirit could spin away forever, lost and aimless, severed from the body.

Page -201-


"This is the blood of a lost spirit," my mother told me when I first noticed the bloodied pad she unfolded from her panties each month. "Every once in a while a woman opens her mouth and a wandering spirit tries to take her body. I'm just spitting it out."

Page -201-


"When women are forced to bleed, we have to take care to bind our spirits to us, or they will get confused and wander away. Ejected from our bodies, the spirit flows out on the river of blood, losing its name and its place. Sometimes that yongson spirit will try to invade another woman's body—maybe one that reminds them of the body they Left behind. Sometimes they will catch a seed in a woman's body and be born again, but most times they will die. See? Like this one." My mother ripped the iticky pad from her panties, rolled it into a wad of toilet paper, and dropped it in the trash.

Page -202-


"Will that ever happen to me?" I asked, unsure if I was referring to losing my spirit or bleeding out a stray.

Page -204-


"I swallowed a spirit, Mom," I said, half laughing.

Page -204-


"No," my mother said. "It's your own spirit fighting to get out, wanting to travel. We must make the way safe for it to go and then come back."

Page -204-


"I was only joking," I said. "I'm not a baby anymore that you can fool me with this stuff, you know." And then I groaned as a spirit raked its nails against my womb.

Page -206-


"She has crossed the dangerous stream in search of the spirit," my mother called out into the moist air.

Page -206-


"Dance," she said to me. "Free your spirit, Beccah-chan, let it loose." She leaped into the air, twirling and pivoting in a space of her own, dancing and singing a song with no words.

Page -207-


When I dipped my hand into the shallow water of the stream, my mother yelled, "Spirit, fly with the river, then follow it back home." She tapped me on the shoulder. "Okay," she said to me. "Now drink it."

Page -207-


"Now you share the river's body," my mother said. "Its blood is your blood, and when you are ready to let your spirit fly, it will always follow the water back to its source."

Page -224-


"I remember," I sang without knowing the words. "Omoni, I remember the care. Of the living and the dead." I gathered the strands pulled free from her scalp, then packed them into a small drawstring pouch once used to hold jewelry. "I will care for your body as your spirit crosses the river. I will stand guard. I will send you on your way."

Page -225-


"I will massage your arms with perfumed water blessed by the running river. I will massage your legs until they are strong enough to swim you to heaven." I cleaned and cut her nails and placed the cuttings in the drawstring bag. I pushed the bag under her, let her weight settle over my hand before I eased away. "See?" I said. "Your spirit can travel without worrying about what is left behind."

Page -225-


After I washed her, I shook out the damp strips of cloth and, one by one, draped them over the length of her body, wrapped her arms and legs. Her words, coiled tightly in my script, tied her spirit to her body and bound her to this life. When they burned, they would travel with her across the waters, tree.

Page -228-


About to sprinkle my mother's ashes in the garden behind our house, I heard the song of the river. The music had always seemed faint to me, but now it drummed in my ears. I carried my mother through the break in the fence and traveled the path we took the year she blessed my wandering spirit.

Page -228-


I opened my mother's box, sprinkling her ashes over the water. I held my fingers under the slow fall of ash, sifting, letting it coat my hand. I touched my fingers to my lips. "Your body in mine," I told my mother, "so you will always be with me, even when your spirit finds its way home. To Korea. To Sulsulham. And across the river of heaven to the Seven Sisters."

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Search inside (28 results)  soldiers

Page -27-


I was twelve when I was murdered, fourteen when I looked into the Yalu River and, finding no face looking back at me, knew that I was dead. I wanted to let the Yalu's currents carry my body to where it might find my spirit again, but the Japanese soldiers hurried me across the bridge before I could jump.

Page -27-


I did not let them get too close. I knew they would see the name and number stenciled across my jacket and send me back to the camps, where they think nothing of using a dead girl's body. When the guards started to step toward me, I knew enough to walk on, to wave them back to their post, where they would watch for other Koreans with that "special look" in their eyes. Before the Japanese government posted the soldiers—"for the good of the Koreans"—the bridge over the Yalu had been a popular suicide spot.

Page -32-


She is like the wild child raised by tigers, I heard them say to each other. Physically human but able to speak only in the language of animals. They were kind and praised me when I responded to the simple commands they issued in Japanese: sit, eat, sleep. Had they asked, I would also have responded to "close mouth" and "open legs." At the camps where the Japanese called us Jungun Ianfu, military comfort women, we were taught only whatever was necessary to service the soldiers. Other than that, we were not expected to understand and were forbidden to speak, any language at all.

Page -32-


But we were fast learners and creative. Listening as we gathered the soldiers' clothes for washing or cooked their meals, we were able to surmise when troops were coming in and how many we were expected to serve. We taught ourselves to communicate through eye movements, body posture, tilts of the head, or—when we could not see each other—through rhythmic rustlings between our stalls; in this way we could speak, in this way we kept our sanity.

Page -35-


Still, I cried. She hugged me, then pinched me. Grow up now, she said. No mother, no father. We all have to make our lives. She didn't look at my face when the soldiers came, didn't watch as they herded me onto their truck. I heard them asking her if she wanted to come along; your sister is still so young, not good for much, they said. But you. You are grown and pretty. You could do well.

Page -36-


To this day, I do not think Induk—the woman who was the Akiko before me—cracked. Most of the other women thought she did because she would not shut up. One night she talked loud and nonstop. In Korean and in Japanese, she denounced the soldiers, yelling at them to stop their invasion of her country and her body. Even as they mounted her, she shouted: I am Korea, I am a woman, I am alive. I am seventeen, I had a family just like you do, I am a daughter, I am a sister.

Page -37-


Although I might have imagined the frogs. That was my first night as the new Akiko. I was given her clothes, which were too big and made the soldiers laugh. The new P won't be wearing them much anyway, they jeered. Fresh poji.

Page -37-


That is how I know Induk didn't go crazy. She was going sane. She was planning her escape. The corpse the soldiers brought back from the woods wasn't Induk.

Page -51-


I was strapped down when my daughter was born too. My hands cuffed to the bed, flat on my back with my knees up, I heard the low keening of a wounded animal in the etherized darkness. Surrounded by doctors, unable to move, I felt my mind slip back into the camps. You're a doctor, I screamed, help me, help me get home. But he only laughed and pushed himself on top of me, using my body as the other soldiers had done. Afterward, as he wiped himself on my shift, he opened the screen partition and let others watch him examine me. This one is still good, he called over his shoulder. He pried the lips of my vagina open with his fingers. See? he said. Still firm and moist.

Page -70-


As my mother flipped through the book, I saw myself and my sisters as children, hanging on to our mother as she moved through our barley field and tended to our garden. And 1 saw us holding on to her body as we cried the death cries for her spirit. I saw myself underneath the pumping bodies of Japanese soldiers and, in the later pages, saw my oldest sister beneath the same soldiers. I saw myself sitting in the river, and I saw myself walking and sleeping, walking and sleeping, until I died.

Page -70-


My skin felt waxy, as Induk's had the day after the soldiers killed her, the day after she reclaimed her name and I became the new Akiko. When the other camp women and I went to the river to bathe, we found her skewered body, abandoned alongside the path. We wanted to take her to the river with us to prepare her body for the separation of its spirit. Someone she loved should have cleansed her skin with her favorite scented oil. Someone who loved her should have laid her body out, with her head to the south, and prepared a feast to feed her soul for its next and longest journey.

Page -70-


The women from the camp wanted to do these things for her, but in the end we left her, just as the soldiers had, mounted on the pole, her nakedness only half concealed by the forest's undergrowth, her eyes dry and open and staring toward the river.

Page -84-


Even in the camps, where the soldiers banged in and out of the comfort cubicles, in and out of our women's bodies, what was left of our minds we guarded, kept private and separate.

Page -86-


When the congregation stood, opening and riffling through their black books, I heard the shrieking of bullets ricocheting at the feet of women the soldiers were momentarily bored with.

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And in that song I heard things that I had almost forgotten: the enduring whisper of women who continued to pass messages under the ears of the soldiers; a defiant Induk bellowing the Korean national anthem even after the soldiers had knocked her teeth out; the symphony of ten thousand frogs; the lullabies my mother hummed as she put her daughters to sleep; the song the river sings when she finds her freedom in the ocean.

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I felt as if he had slapped me with the name the soldiers had assigned to me. I wanted to shout, No! That is not my name! but I said nothing, knowing that after what had happened to me, I had no right to use the name I was born with. That girl was dead.

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Induk, I panted, I had to do what the soldiers told us to.

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Unable to reconcile that thin, watery voice, the voice of a broken old man, with the Descendant of Heaven who had the power to sacrifice thousands like me, I did not trust the announcement. Still, I let myself be pulled along by the cheers. Mansei, Mansei, the missionaries and their charges yelled out the windows. Koreans ran into the streets, unfurling the blue-and-red Taeguk-ki into the wind that carried their shouts and cheers. Everyone became silent, though, when they saw that Japanese soldiers still lounged in the streets as if nothing had changed, as if they had not heard the news.

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The war was over, but the search for traitorous foreign sympathizers continued, with pressures and demands from the various People's Committees that struggled for political control. Day after day, as the Japanese were disarmed and replaced by Russian soldiers who stripped factories and farms, accusations and condemnations seeped through the walls of the Heaven and Earth Mentholatum and Matches building. Some of our neighbors—who had changed their names to Yamada or Ichida or Sakamaki during the war and were once again Kim or Pak or Yi and members of either the newly formed Nationalists' North Korean Five Province Administrative Bureau or the Independence League—threw rocks and shouts at our doors and windows. Outsiders go home, they yelled at us over and over, until the day the missionaries started to pack their belongings.

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Near Kaesong and Panmunjom, we passed roadblocks set up by the military. I thought of the soldiers at the Yalu River and tried to run away, but the minister husband pulled me alongside him. As we moved toward them, I could feel their eyes studying me—my face, breasts, hips, and poji—judging my worth as a niku-ichi P, and I knew they would pull me aside, question me, ask me how I had escaped, and then send me south to hell, to Japan. But when we moved past them, I saw that they were not even Japanese. Bored, the guards did not look at me at all, or at any of the faces moving past them, but stared instead at a point above the human river, toward the mountains in the north.

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And then the soldiers, rifles crossed against their chests, waved us through the barricade, and we were on the other side. It still seems strange to me to think of Korea in terms of north and south, to realize that a line we couldn't see or feel, a line we crossed with two steps, cut the body of my country in two. In dreams I will always see the thousands of people, the living and the dead, forming long queues that spiral out from the head and feet of Korea, not knowing that when they reach the navel they will have to turn back. Not knowing that they will never be able to return home. Not knowing they are forever lost.

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Because of me, my oldest sister always reminded me, our family could not participate in what was to be the last full-moon celebration in our village; before the year was out, the Japanese soldiers arrived to enforce the Emperor's edict banning Korean holidays.

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After the night Induk came to me, opening my body to her song, I saw the soldiers' fear of death and disease in my husband's eyes. His fear that instead of saving me, he had damned himself. That he could not pass the test his God devised for him. And I knew then that he would not use me again like that. I knew then that he could not.

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At the camps, both the women and the doctors always talked about the monsters born from the Japanese soldiers' mixing their blood with ours. When I became pregnant, I could not help worrying about what my baby would look like, wondering if she would be a monster or a human. Korean or Other. Me or not me.

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Then, over the agreements of Yes, yes, more students, someone and then another someone yelled, Soldiers! but the crowd continued to surge forward.

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My mother said that when the people recognized the troops of Japanese soldiers in their Western uniforms, armed and mounted on sleek horses as if ready to charge into battle, a cry went up from the multitude. But instead of sounding angry or fearful, the cry was strangely happy, like one that lovers might utter after a chance meeting in the street.

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In unison, as if from some invisible command, the troops, sabers flashing, fell forward, sinking into the crowd. Amidst wordless screams, my mother heard people shouting, Stand! Stand! and for a moment the marchers stood and the soldiers stood, unable to force their way through the compact press of humanity. Then somebody up ahead threw a curse, and somebody else threw a rock or maybe a shoe, and somebody who was close enough cracked a flag stick against a slashing sword.

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The soldiers charged for a second time, their weapons hacking a path through the street. In front of her, my mother could see people she knew being sliced and gutted, bleeding and screaming and falling as they tried to turn away. But what was worse, she said, was that behind her, people still did not know what was happening and continued to laugh and shout Korea! Korea! and push forward in their happiness.

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Search inside (3 results)   chongshindae

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Wishing I could turn up the volume even more, I added my own voice, an echo until I stumbled over a term I did not recognize: Chongshindae. I fit the words into my mouth, syllable by syllable, and flipped through my Korean-English dictionary, sounding out a rough, possible translation: Battalion slave.

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Chongshindae: Our brothers and fathers conscripted. The women left to be picked over like fruit to be tasted, consumed, the pits spit out as Chongshindae, where we rotted under the body of orders from the Emperor of Japan. Under the Emperor's orders, we were beaten and starved. Under Emperors orders, the holes of our bodies were used to bury their excrement. Under Emperors orders, we were bled again and again until we were thrown into a pit and burned, the ash from our thrashing arms dusting the surface of the river in which we had sometimes been allowed to bathe. Under Emperors orders, we could not prepare those in the river for the journey out of hell.

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I rewound the tape where my mother spoke of the Chongshindae, listening to her accounts of crimes made against each woman she could remember, so many crimes and so many names that my stomach cramped. Without reference, unable to recognize any of the names, I did not know how to place my mother, who sounded like an avenging angel recounting the crimes of men.


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Search inside (106 results)  comfort

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Comfort woman / Nora Okja Keller.

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What stays with me, though, is the color of his eyes. While his face, his body, sit in shadows behind the black of the Bible he always carried with him, the blue of his eyes sharpen on me. At night before I fell asleep, I would try to imagine my father as an angel coming to comfort me. I gave him the face and voice of Mr. Rogers and waited for him to wrap me in that cardigan sweater, which would smell of mothballs and mint and Daddy. He would spirit me away, to a home on the Mainland complete with plush carpet and a cocker spaniel pup. My daddy, I knew, would save my mother and me, burning with his blue eyes the Korean ghosts and demons that fed off our lives.

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She is like the wild child raised by tigers, I heard them say to each other. Physically human but able to speak only in the language of animals. They were kind and praised me when I responded to the simple commands they issued in Japanese: sit, eat, sleep. Had they asked, I would also have responded to "close mouth" and "open legs." At the camps where the Japanese called us Jungun Ianfu, military comfort women, we were taught only whatever was necessary to service the soldiers. Other than that, we were not expected to understand and were forbidden to speak, any language at all.

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When my husband brings home toys for our newly born daughter, I pick out the dolls with the plastic skin and the unyielding, staring blue eyes and put them in the linen closet. Their skin feels like day- after-death skin, cold and hard though still faintly pliant. I feel sick thinking of my baby lying next to, gaining comfort from, the artificial dead. After I bury the dolls under the sheets and towels, I pick up my child, placing her against my chest. My body feels cold against her sleep-flushed warmth, yet she still snuggles, roots against me. As she nurses, her heat invades me and becomes mine, her heart beats against mine, becoming mine, becoming me, and gives me life.



As I swept, washed dishes, pasted labels, followed gestures and pointing fingers, instead of hearing the broom or the water or the fat sucking noise of glue on paper, my ears were filled with memories of the comfort camps.

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Invading my daily routine at the mission house, shattering the gaps between movement and silence, were the gruntings of soldier after soldier and the sounds of flesh slapping against flesh. Whenever I stopped for a beat, for a breath, I heard men laughing and betting on how many men one comfort woman could service before she split open. The men laughed and chanted niku-ichi—twenty-nine- to-one, one of the names they called us—but I heard the counting reach one hundred twenty-four before I could not bear to hear one more number.



Even in the camps, where the soldiers banged in and out of the comfort cubicles, in and out of our women's bodies, what was left of our minds we guarded, kept private and separate.

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They are silly songs that my husband sings to comfort our child, but I hate them and I hate him.

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After one of the missionaries' communal dinners, the person who came to take the chopsticks from my hand was the minister the girls always followed. By then most of the people there had stopped speaking to or looking at me, unnerved by the silence by which I was surrounded. But when this man took the chotkarak away from me, he held my chin and looked into my eyes. He looked until I was forced to stop listening to the women crying in the comfort camps, until I looked back and saw him. And then he smiled, rubbed a napkin over my lips, and helped me stand. He took my hand and led me down the basement stairs, where the world turned on its side once again.

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Even as words continued to spill from his mouth, the minister backed away, but not before I discovered his secret, the one he won't admit even now, even to himself, after twenty years of marriage. It was a secret I learned about in the comfort camps, one I recognized in his hooded eyes, in his breathing, sharp and fast, and in the way his hands fluttered about his sides as if they wanted to fly up against my half-starved girl's body with its narrow hips and new breasts.

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When my daughter cries in her sleep, caught in a dream of sorrow, I wonder what she has experienced in her short life to make her so unhappy, so afraid. I try to fold her into the comfort of my body, but she pushes away from me, startled into wakefulness. She watches me, her eyelids dropping solemnly until they shut her into sleep once again, taking her somewhere I cannot follow. Does she dream about her birth, about her expulsion from her first home? Or does she cry dreaming that she is there, trapped, once again?

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His attempt at comfort only made me howl louder. "No!" I managed to sputter before I rolled to the floor, unable to explain that a yongson is the ghost of a person who traveled far from home and died a stranger.

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When she was alive, she did not seem so impatient. But then I knew her only at the comfort stations, when she had to hide between layers of silence and secret movements. I want to say that I knew she would be the one who would join me after death. That there was something special about her even then, perhaps in the way she carried herself—walking more erect, with impudence, even—or in the way she gave the other women courage through the looks and smiles she offered us.

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my mother felt her life was over. She was so alone that she knew she could cry forever and never again would there be anyone to comfort her.

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I could not view my mother, whom I had always seen as weak and vulnerable, as one of the "comfort women" she Hesrrihed. Even though I heard her call out "Akiko,"the name she had answered ,to all my life, I could not imagine her surviving what she described, for I cannot imagine myself surviving. How could my mother have married, had a child, if she had been forced into the camps? And then, given new context, came the half-forgotten memory of the night my father was taken to the hospital.

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I clawed through memory and story, denying what I heard and thought I remembered, and tried to pinpoint my mother's birth date, her age during World War II. Flooding my mind with dates and numbers, I wanted to drown my mother's voice, wanted to reassure myself that these atrocities could not have been inflicted on her, that she was just a child when she claimed to be a comfort woman. I began to scratch dates on the bedsheet—1995, 1965, 1945, 1931-2-3— when the manager came back. I recognized his feeble knocking, but the voice that called my name from outside the door was Sanford's, whom I had listed on the rental agreement as the person to contact in case of emergency.

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keller /comfort mohan






2022-02-10

Comfort Woman by Nora Okja Keller Summary

Post: Edit


Akiko Bradley

Born Soon Hyo, Akiko is Becca's mother and a native-born Korean. She's a strong woman who has survived the horrors of her slavery during WWII in order to raise her daughter in a healthier life. After losing both parents at a young age, she was sold by her sister to the Japanese. They use her as a sex slave in one of their army recreation camps for the duration of the war. She barely survives the experience but manages to escape and make her own way in the world. She marries a man named Bradley in order to escape from Asia. He takes her to Hawaii where she discovers that she's pregnant from her time in the camp. Over the years she is a faithful wife to Bradley, but she doesn't love him. After her experiences she cannot bring herself to be emotionally intimate with anybody except her daughter and briefly at that. She adamantly believes that she can communicate with the spirit world and works as a medium at a local cafe on the Big Island. As an avid spiritualist, she often goes into trances and indulges in erratic behavior, doubtless to cope with her trauma. She cursed her husband, wishing him dead, and takes credit for his eventual passing.


Beccah Bradley

Beccah has grown up a pretty happy, normal kid in Hawaii. She's often resented her mother for behaving so strangely and professing spiritualism, blaming her for not supporting her emotionally. At her mother's deathbed, she learns the truth about Akiko's past and about her father's death. Of course she's stunned by the news, but she possesses her mother's fortitude to survive. She makes peace with Akiko, forgiving her for past wrongs. She decides to spread her mom's story in order to bring healing to other women who share her experiences and to shed light upon the travesties committed by the Japanese during the war. She's proud of her heritage and most importantly of her mother's bravery in surviving those experiences.


Mr. Bradley

He's an American who decides to take a wife back to Hawaii with him after the war. A cold, stern man, he receives Akiko's silence as demure submission. He's a harsh man to live with, often making Akiko regrets her decision to marry him. Although she is not his child, he raises Beccah like his daughter, but he's still a rather absent father.


The Minister

He and his family take in Akiko after she escapes from the camp. He's eager to place her in a home for adoption, but Akiko knows that the Japanese will likely enslave her as a house servant. When she objects, he suggests she marry this man, Bradley, to which she silently agrees.


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Comfort Woman Themes


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Spiritualism as an Outlet for Trauma

Akiko has experienced so much trauma in her life that it's a miracle she can still function. As Beccah recalls, she has often resented her mom for being emotionally unavailable during her childhood. Akiko found it impossible to be intimate and vulnerable after her time in the camp, having long ago abandoned her sense of personal identity and value. In order to cope with her trauma she often retreats into her spiritualist practices. They bring her peace and a sense of meaning. In fact she works as a psychic/medium at a local cafe, performing seances and trances for people. She finds comfort in her work, believing that all of her suffering has purchased for her a greater understanding and connection to the spirit world.
Abuse

Akiko's life has been one long train of abuse to which she never was given a choice. When she's just a child, she's sold into slavery to the Japanese by her older sister. She's too young to resist or even comprehend what's about to happen to her. Living in a Japanese military recreation camp, she is used as a prostitute for the duration of the war. Every day she services hundreds of filthy, vile men who infect her with diseases, rape her, and beat her. As the years go by, she gradually gives up. She claims that her spirit died in that camp and only her body lives on today. In order to escape Japan, she marries an American named Bradley. Broken in spirit, she refuses to talk to him most of the time. He uses her silence as an excuse to get whatever she wants from him. Eventually she wishes he was dead, and he does die. This long train of abuse has caused Akiko no end of trouble. Although she is a free woman in a safe place, she leads a solitary and painful life having kept her past a secret for so many years before her death.
Heritage

Beccah has grown up avidly listening to her mother talk about her native Korean culture. She's proud to be Asian American, often wishing she knew more about her heritage. When Akiko tells her daughter about her time during the war, she gives Beccah the final key to understanding her identity; Beccah is the product of her mother's time in the camp. She now understands how important these stories are, not just to her but to everyone. She's a part of something greater than herself. Keller does an excellent job portraying the significance of this moment shared between mother and daughter. While Akiko was powerless to help her situation, her daughter is now able to spread the truth and bring some semblance of justice to her. If nothing else, the two now better understand one another, and Beccah is given an opportunity to participate in her mother's legacy. All of this -- the good parts and the bad -- are a part of her heritage and of her identity.
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Quotes
These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. We are thankful for their contributions and encourage you to make your own.

Written by people who wish to remain anonymous

"My mother was like a cat who could never catch the tail of happiness because she never stopped chasing it."

Beccah
Beccah recalls how her mother behaved erratically throughout her childhood. Understanding that Akiko was unhappy, Beccah attributed it to her inability to remain satisfied for very long. In truth Akiko is suffering from acute PTSD from her past trauma. Comparing her to a cat, Beccah most likely is referring to how distant and nervous her mother behaved. Cats are known to be moody, reserved, and easily frightened, all of which are natural responses to trauma.

"I was twelve when I was murdered, fourteen when I looked into the Yalu River and, finding no face looking back at me, knew that I was dead. I wanted to let the Yalu's currents carry my body to where it might find my spirit again, but the Japanese soldiers hurried me across the bridge before I could jump.”

Akiko
Akiko recalls being sold to the Japanese when she's twelve. She considers that the day her soul died. From that point on, she was just a body to be used by other people. Longing for death, she took every opportunity to escape from the camp including attempting suicide, but she was kept under close supervision at all times.

"The baby I could keep came when I was already dead."

Akiko
When Akiko becomes pregnant in the camp, she is forcibly given an abortion. They won't allow her to keep a child in such an environment which would decrease her usefulness and attractiveness. After she's free, she finds out that she's pregnant again, this time with Beccah. She keeps the second baby, but she is not the same person as before. This time she feels like a walking body with no soul.


"I wanted to help my mother, shield her from the children's sharp-toothed barbs. . . And yet I didn't want to. Because for the first time as I watched and listened to the children taunting my mother, using their tongues to mangle what she said into what they heard, i saw and heard what they did. And I was ashamed."

Beccah
Beccah is embarrassed by her mother's spiritualism because she doesn't understand it. For the longest time, she thought her mom was weak and needed to be defended when she got it into her head to do something bizarre in the name of the spirits. This time, however, she believes the kids. She too thinks her mom is kind of crazy.



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Comfort Woman Symbols, Allegory and Motifs

The clairvoyant mother

At first the reader meets the mother of the novel and thinks, oh, this must be the Comfort Woman from the title, a reference no doubt to her role in Beccah's life. Beccah certainly suggests this interpretation in her own point of view, until the reader and Beccah simultaneously learn a difficult and life-changing secret about Beccah's mother Akiko. The title of the novel is not in fact a reference to motherhood; it is simultaneously a bitter pet name that Akiko was forced to wear during a season of intense sex slavery to the Japanese during WWII. By the end of the book, the mother's actively clairvoyant behavior is explained by the trauma she used spiritual psychology to manage. Often the trauma is unmanageable, which explains the mother's occasional fugue states.

Prostitution as a maternal symbol

Suddenly, the reader is asked to reinterpret Beccah's self in light of her ancestral news. What happens to her mother could have happened to her, she knows. This is the value of the symbolism as well; by forcing to make Beccah imagine her mother as a sex slave, her injustice is fully awakened. She now sees the human evil of sex trafficking and sex slavery with the empathy and love she feels toward her own mother. The symbolism also goes toward a more general point; the mother symbolizes all women who are the victims of sexual abuse.

Name change and symbolism

It is highly symbolic that Akiko kept her name, even though it was a dehumanizing way of reducing her sense of self. Why would Akiko not switch her name back to Soon Hyo? That symbolically points to the permanent ways that sexual abuse changed Akiko's sense of self and identity. The name change ends up being a convenient reminder of her grief and abuse. She identifies with the things that have happened with her more than she identifies to the feelings she had before. That makes Beccah understand her own self in a surprising light.


The forced abortion

The abuse has a symbolic center; Akiko is made to be pregnant by what was essentially rape, but then to make matters worse, the natural course of animal life is refused to Akiko. Against her will, she is aborted of the fetus in a medically heinous way that leaves her with a life of chronic health issues. She is physically damaged in a permanent way by the cruel role she was forced to play. They treated her like livestock whose main value was for sexual abuse. Beccah's mother's life was defined by difficulties with conception and motherhood, a horrific injustice.

The question of patricide

Beccah is radically transformed by the story of her mother. Now she is removed from the innocence of thinking her mother is just a loony clairvoyant type, and placed into the experienced understanding of her mother's suffering. In light of this, the original question of the novel becomes fascinating. The missing husband died, making both Beccah and Akiko pretty happy. The question is this: was Akiko able to summon enough magical power through her clairvoyance to entice "the gods" into killing her husband? She believes she is guilty, and that is good enough for some serious symbolic analysis.



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The taste of the food that had been left in the fridge

After returning home from school to find her mother dancing to some unknown music, Becca finds out that the food that had been left in the fridge was untouched. To prevent the food from going to waste, she eats it comparing its implicitly foul taste to sweat and hot air using a simile. The comparison enhances imagery: "The food tasted like sweat and hot air, but I ate because I was hungry and because I could not let it go to waste."

Reference to Akiko as a wild child raised by tigers

When the missionaries found Akiko, they try to speak to her in all manner of languages including Chinese, Japanese and even Korean to try and elicit a response from her. Realizing that she cannot speak to them, the missionaries compare her to a wild child raised by tigers with the ability to communicate with animals: "She is like the wild child raised by tigers, I heard them say to each other. Physically human but able to speak only in the language of animals."

Sold like one of the cows before and after me

The narrator uses a simile in which she compares herself to a cow in reference to the manner in which she was sold as dowry. This direct comparison sheds light on how the girl child was viewed in this society: "I was her dowry, sold like one of the cows before and after me."


Skewered from her vagina to her mouth

After the previous Akiko denounces the soldiers and asks them to stop invading her country as well as her body saying she is Korean, the soldiers take her before daybreak and bring her back later with her body stabbed and pricked. A simile is used to describe her appearance comparing it to a pig that is ready for roasting. This enhances imagery: "They brought her back skewered from her vagina to her mouth, like a pig ready for roasting."

The laughing of the Toots and her Entourage like howling dogs

After Beccah sings excruciatingly poorly, as she slinks off the stage, the Entourage and the Toots are reported to laugh and howl like dogs. The use of this particular simile enhances imagery and a conceptual understanding of the hysterical nature of the laugh: "As I slunk off the stage, I heard Toots and her Entourage laughing and howling like dogs."


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Comfort Woman Irony

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Written by people who wish to remain anonymous

The Irony of Akiko's Older Sister
Older siblings usually feel an instinct to look out for and protect their younger siblings. In Akiko's case, however, her older sister sold her into slavery the moment their parents died. She wanted the money for her dowry in order to provide for her own safety during troubling times.

The Irony of the "Comfort Women"
The Japanese named their war prostitutes "Comfort Women." Such naming is a sick joke because these women have no comfort at all -- to give or to receive. They're used like objects instead of treated like people. The euphemism seems wildly inappropriate, but it's difficult to expect otherwise from such an atrocious institution as sex slaves.

The Irony of Beccah's Birth
Akiko's first child is forcibly aborted during her time in the camp. She never recovers from the procedure either physically or emotionally. When she finds out that she's pregnant the second time in Hawaii, she nearly laughs at the irony. Now she no longer has any sense of personal identity or meaning to her life, believing her soul died in the camp. She wishes she had been allowed to keep the first child back when she was still a person who could mother it well.


The Irony of Spiritualism
Spiritualism, along with most spiritual and religious practices, tends to make people uncomfortable. This is why all the kids at Beccah's school ridicule her mom for calling on the spirits. For Akiko, however, her spiritual practices provide her with a sense of peace amidst the traumatic memories floating around in her mind.

The Irony of Bradley's Death
When Akiko tells Beccah that she wished for her husband's death making it happen, she scares the girl. Beccah remembers all the times she had been angry with her mom and wished she would die. She's worried that she is somehow responsible for her mom's death now because of those moments of anger. It's a coincidence that Beccah's situation with her mom so closely parallels how Akiko dealt with her husband's abuse.

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Comfort Woman Imagery


Motherhood

Akiko is a portrait of motherhood, and for symbolic purposes, she is also the only experience of motherhood that Beccah ever knows. To Beccah, her mother's aspects are helpful pictures of life in the feminine mode. Beccah notices that Akiko is incredibly instinctual and urgent, and also a little bit on the wacky side, socially speaking. Beccah is forced to endure serious embarrassment, confusion, and terror whenever her mother slips into insane fugue states; she seems possessed by spirits from hell, but her story is an insightful demonstration of how she was made that way by injustice.

Magic and spiritual insight

As noticed above, Beccah's life is suspiciously near to witchcraft and clairvoyant behavior. One crucial detail to remember in regards to this imagery is that Akiko says that she has magically seduced fate into killing her abusive husband as a favor to her and Beccah. Beccah instantly fears that maybe she has also doomed her mother, because Beccah also seriously hates her mother. When she learns about Akiko's life, she realizes that the spiritualism and divining have helped her mother deal with unimaginable trauma, pain, hopelessness, and injustice.

War and sexual slavery

The story Akiko tells of her life is as a martyr of earth's most nightmarish era in the past hundred years. She was sold to Japan by her own family and forced into sex slavery for the Japanese army who hated her with prejudice. She was hated for her gender and for her ethnicity, as well as for her role in society as an involuntary prostitutes. To appreciate what that was like for Beccah's sense of her mother's imagery, imagine learning such news about one's own family. The sorrow is inherited by Beccah, because in order to properly judge her mother, she must remember the years of intense sexual and physical abuse.


Trauma and suffering

Now that Beccah has learned her mother's truth, it is time for her and the reader to reassess the fragile minded mother. Is she weak or strong? Beccah thought she was weak, but she is strong. Beccah's own life and existence is literally proof of this, because Akiko, whose name and identity are both changed by intense seasons of acute trauma and physical and emotional suffering, goes on from even a botched abortion to continue living. Her life is a martyrdom of warfare and human evil, and she is properly judged only as a survivor of one of the earth's most intimate and extreme suffering.
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Comfort Woman Literary Elements


Genre
Fiction

Setting and Context
The book is set in Hawaii.

Narrator and Point of View
Third-person narrative


Tone and Mood
Sad, overwhelming, gloomy, buoyant

Protagonist and Antagonist
Beccah Bradley is the protagonist of the story.

Major Conflict
The main conflict is that Beccah hates her mother, Akiko, because she believes that she is the cause of his death.

Climax
The climax comes when Akiko shares her life secrets about her past with her daughter, Beccah. At last, Beccah understands why her mother behaved in particular ways, and she made peace with her.

Foreshadowing
Akiko's death foreshadowed Beccah's decision to come to terms with reality.

Understatement
Akiko's hatred towards her husband is understated. Akiko did not marry her husband because of love, but because she did not want to get enslaved any longer. Therefore, she never loved her husband, and she always wished him dead.


Allusions
The story alludes to the challenges the Korean women went through in the concentration camps, which left them traumatized for the rest of her life.

Imagery
The imagery of the concentration camps is evident as described by Akiko. In the Camps, women are sexually abused, and they do have the power to protect themselves. Akiko was the victim of sex slavery in the camp, and that is where she conceived Beccah from.

Paradox
The main paradox is that Beccah lived most of her life thinking Bradley was her biological father, which was not the case. The harsh reality is that Beccah was a product of rape when her mother was serving as a sex slave in the camps.

Parallelism
The live-in concentration camps for women parallel ordinary marriage life.

Metonymy and Synecdoche
N/A

Personification
The concentration camps are personified as monsters that deprive women of their integrity and identity.