2026-05-06

폴리마켓 - 위키백과 Polymarket

폴리마켓 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

폴리마켓

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
폴리마켓
Polymarket
창립2020년(6년 전)
창립자셰인 코플란
산업 분야예측 시장
본사 소재지
 미국 
미국 뉴욕주 뉴욕 맨해튼 렉싱턴 애비뉴 1280[1]
사업 지역
전 세계
핵심 인물
셰인 코플란 (CEO)
웹사이트polymarket.com 위키데이터에서 편집하기

폴리마켓(영어: Polymarket)은 미국 뉴욕 맨해튼에 본사를 둔 글로벌 암호화폐 기반 예측 시장이다. 2020년에 출범한 이 플랫폼은 개인이 스포츠 경기, 경제 지표, 기상 패턴, 시상식, 정치 및 입법 결과, 군사 분쟁 등 미래의 결과에 베팅할 수 있는 기능을 제공한다. 참가자는 폴리곤 블록체인 네트워크를 통해 USD 코인 암호화폐를 입금하고 특정 미래 결과의 가능성을 나타내는 주식을 거래할 수 있다.

회사가 제공하는 베팅 시장의 논란의 여지가 있는 특성과 내부 정보를 가진 개인이 결과에 베팅할 수 있는 기능은 월스트리트 저널에 의해 법적, 윤리적 회색 지대로 묘사되었다.[2] 폴리마켓에서는 수많은 의심스러운 거래 사례가 관찰되었으며,[3] 도박꾼들이 결과를 조작하고 언론인에게 보도 내용을 변경하도록 압력을 가하는 시도도 있었다.[4][5]

폴리마켓은 프랑스와 같은 여러 관할권의 정부에 의해 금지되었다.[6] 이 플랫폼은 규제 당국의 조사 속에 초기에 미국에서 차단되었으나, 제2기 도널드 트럼프 행정부는 폴리마켓에 대한 규제 환경을 완화했다.[6][7] 이와 동시에 폴리마켓은 도널드 트럼프 주니어의 회사인 1789 캐피탈이 폴리마켓에 투자한 후 그를 고문으로 영입했다.[6][7]

회사는 자사의 시장이 실시간 정서를 반영한다고 광고하지만,[8] 학자들은 플랫폼이 결과에 대한 정보를 효율적이고 정확하게 집계하는지에 대해 이의를 제기했다.[9][10] 뉴욕 타임스가 폴리마켓의 소셜 미디어 게시물을 검토한 결과, 플랫폼이 수백 개의 허위 및 오해의 소지가 있는 게시물을 올린 것으로 나타났다.[11]

역사

2020년 셰인 코플란이 설립한 폴리마켓은 사용자가 세계적 사건의 결과에 따라 이익이나 손실을 얻을 수 있는 예측 시장이다.[12][13] 2022년 1월, 폴리마켓은 미국 상품선물거래위원회(CFTC)로부터 140만 달러의 벌금을 부과받았으며, 스왑 실행 시설(SEF)로 등록하지 않은 것을 포함한 규제 위반으로 정지 명령을 받았다.[14][15] CFTC에 따르면, 폴리마켓은 조사 과정 전반에 걸쳐 상당한 협조를 제공했으며, 이로 인해 더 낮은 벌금을 부과받았다.[12]

2022년 5월, 폴리마켓은 전 CFTC 위원장인 크리스토퍼 잔카를로를 자문 위원회 의장으로 임명했다.[16] 2024년 5월, 이 회사는 두 차례의 자금 조달 라운드를 통해 7천만 달러를 모금했다고 발표했다.[17] 이 라운드에는 이더리움의 공동 창립자인 비탈릭 부테린과 피터 틸이 설립한 벤처 캐피탈 회사인 파운더스 펀드의 투자가 포함되었다.[12]

2023년 6월, 마더 존스는 타이탄 잠수정의 결과에 대한 트윗이 화제가 된 후 회사에 대한 관심이 증가했다고 보도했다.[18] 베팅의 전제는 탑승객의 운명이 아니라 특정 날짜까지 잠수정이 발견될지 여부였다.[18][19] 잠수정 베팅 당시 폴리마켓은 과테말라 대통령 선거 결과, 트위터가 메타를 고소할 가능성, 러시아가 핵무기를 사용할 가능성 등 60개 이상의 시장을 제공하고 있었다.[19]

폴리마켓은 등록되지 않은 파생상품 거래 플랫폼을 운영했다는 혐의를 제기한 상품선물거래위원회와의 합의에 따라 2022년부터 2025년 12월 2일까지 미국 고객의 접속을 차단했다.[20] 제2기 도널드 트럼프 행정부는 폴리마켓에 대한 규제 환경을 완화했다.[7] 이와 동시에 폴리마켓은 도널드 트럼프 주니어를 고문으로 영입했으며, 그의 회사인 1789 캐피탈 역시 회사에 투자했다.[21]

2025년 10월, 폴리마켓은 인터콘티넨탈 익스체인지(ICE)로부터 최대 20억 달러의 투자를 유치하여 기업 가치를 80억 달러로 평가받았다.[22] 2026년 2월까지 회사의 가치는 90억 달러로 평가되었다.[6]

회사는 자사의 시장이 실시간 정서를 반영한다고 광고하지만,[8] 학자들은 플랫폼이 결과에 대한 정보를 효율적이고 정확하게 집계하는지에 대해 이의를 제기했다.[9] 뉴욕 타임스의 폴리마켓 소셜 미디어 게시물 검토에 따르면, 플랫폼은 수백 개의 허위 및 오해의 소지가 있는 게시물을 발행했다.[11]

2026년 3월, 폴리마켓은 사용자를 위한 블록체인 인프라를 단순화하기 위해 암호화폐 및 탈중앙화 금융(DeFi) 인프라 스타트업인 브라흐마를 인수했다.[23]

2026년 미국의 베네수엘라 공격

2026년 1월, 새로 생성된 폴리마켓 계정은 1월 31일 이전에 니콜라스 마두로가 공직에서 축출되고 미국이 베네수엘라에 군사 행동을 취할 것이라는 포지션을 보유하여 40만 달러 이상의 수익을 올렸다. 이러한 베팅은 2026년 미국의 베네수엘라 개입이 공개적으로 발표되기 전에 이루어졌기 때문에 잠재적인 내부자 거래로 소셜 미디어에서 조사를 받았다.[24][25][26]

핵전쟁 베팅

2026년 3월, 2026년 이란 전쟁 발발 이후 사용자들이 핵폭발에 대해 약 85만 달러를 베팅하면서 폴리마켓은 조사를 받았다. 이 베팅은 2025년 11월에 처음 등록되었다.[27] 폴리마켓은 대부분의 베팅이 이루어진 직후 베팅 항목을 삭제했다.[28][29]

12일 전쟁 및 2026년 이란 전쟁

2026년 3월, 이란 미사일 공습과 관련하여 폴리마켓에 대규모 베팅을 한 사용자들이 타임스 오브 이스라엘의 이스라엘 언론인 에마뉘엘 파비안을 괴롭히고 위협하여 보도 내용을 수정하고 시장 결과에 영향을 미치려 했다는 주장이 제기되었다. 파비안은 이를 거부하고 경찰에 위협을 신고했으며, 이후 폴리마켓은 이러한 행동을 규탄하고 관련자들을 추방했다. 이는 윤리적 위험과 현실 세계 사건에 결부된 인센티브에 대한 예측 시장에 대한 광범위한 비판을 불러일으켰다.[30][31] 이 사건은 국경없는기자회(RSF)의 규탄을 받았으며, 언론인의 안전은 타협할 수 없는 사안이고 모든 행위자는 언론의 자유와 정보에 대한 권리를 존중해야 한다고 거듭 강조했다.[32] 이는 마이크 레빈 하원의원을 비롯한 의원들이 전쟁 관련 사건에 대한 베팅에 대해 유사한 우려를 표명하며 이러한 시장을 제한하거나 금지하는 법안을 추진하는 등 미국 내에서 정치적 조사가 재개되는 시점과 맞물렸다. 그들은 이러한 시장이 폭력으로부터의 부당 이득 취득과 민감한 정보의 오용을 조장할 수 있다고 주장했다.[33]

여러 이스라엘 공군 요원들이 12일 전쟁 중 이란에 대한 이스라엘과 미국의 공격 시기에 관한 폴리마켓 베팅과 관련하여 심문을 받거나 기소되었다.[34] 한 공군 장교는 2025년 공습에 대한 정보를 동료에게 제공했으며 이 두 사람은 244,000달러를 벌어들인 것으로 알려졌다.[35] 그들은 예멘 공습과 이스라엘이 1월 말까지 이란을 공격할 것인가? 및 이스라엘이 2026년 3월 말까지 이란을 공격할 것인가? 라는 질문에 베팅을 계속했으며, 결국 기밀 정보 유출 혐의로 기소되었다.[35] 12일 전쟁에 베팅하여 46,000달러를 벌어들인 것으로 알려진 다른 승무원도 심문을 받았다.[34] 그는 심문 중에 비행대대 전체가 폴리마켓을 하고 있으며, 공군 전체가 베팅을 하고 있다고 진술했다.[34]

법적 및 규제 문제

폴리마켓은 법적 문제에 직면해 있으며 여러 국가에서 차단되었다. 2024년 9월 기준으로, 미국 내 운영이 CFTC의 규제를 받기 때문에 폴리마켓은 선거 예측 운영을 역외에서 운영하고 있다.[36]

회사가 제공하는 베팅 시장과 내부 정보를 가진 개인이 결과에 베팅할 수 있는 기능은 법적, 윤리적 회색 지대로 묘사되었다.[2] 내부 정보를 가진 개인이 결과에 베팅할 수 있는 기능은 미국 하원의원 리치 토레스에 의해 법적 회색 지대로 묘사되었다.[37] 폴리마켓 베팅에 내부 정보가 사용되었음을 시사하는 의심스러운 활동들이 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁,[38] 2026년 미국의 베네수엘라 공습,[26] 이스라엘의 군사 작전,[39] 2026년 이스라엘-미국의 이란 공습,[40] 그리고 오픈AI와 관련하여 관찰되었다.[41]

2024년 11월 13일, 연방수사국(FBI)은 코플란의 집을 급습하여 그의 전화를 압수했다. 블룸버그 뉴스에 따르면, 법무부는 폴리마켓이 미국 기반 사용자들이 웹사이트에서 베팅을 할 수 있도록 허용한 혐의로 회사를 조사하고 있었다.[42][43][44][45]

각국의 금지 조치

폴리마켓은 도박 및 스포츠 베팅을 규제하는 프랑스, 이탈리아, 싱가포르, 스위스, 폴란드, 루마니아,[46] 호주,[47] 미국 등 여러 국가에서 어느 시점에 금지된 바 있다.

아시아 및 유럽

2024년 11월 26일, 스위스 도박 감독청은 예측 시장의 논란이 되는 요소들이 도박 및 스포츠 베팅 규정을 위반한다는 이유로 폴리마켓을 차단 도메인 목록에 추가했다.[48][49] 3일 후, 프랑스 국립 게임 당국은 폴리마켓의 게임 제공이 프랑스 법률을 위반했을 가능성이 있어 조사했다고 발표했다.[50] 이 회사는 프랑스에서 지리적 차단을 실행하는 데 동의했다.[51][52]

폴리마켓 사이트는 해당 국가들의 도박법을 위반했다는 이유로 2025년 1월 8일과 1월 12일에 각각 폴란드 재무부와 싱가포르 도박 규제 당국의 인터넷 도박 블랙리스트에 추가되었다.[53][54] 2025년 2월 3일, 벨기에 게임 위원회는 벨기에에서 플랫폼을 금지했으며, 접속하려는 사용자에게 벨기에 내에서의 플랫폼 사용이 불법임을 경고했다.[55][56]

2026년 2월 2일, 불가리아 소피아 지방 법원은 폴리마켓이 국가 내에서 유효한 도박 라이선스를 보유하지 않았다는 이유로 인터넷 제공업체들에게 폴리마켓 차단을 요구했다.[57] 2026년 3월 17일, 포르투갈 게임 정책 및 규제 서비스(SRIJ)는 폴리마켓에 대한 전국적인 금지령을 내리고, 도박 및 스포츠 베팅 운영을 위한 적절한 라이선스가 없다는 이유로 현지 인터넷 서비스 제공업체에 플랫폼 접속 차단을 명령했다.[58]

미국

2025년 7월 15일, CNBC는 미국 법무부와 상품선물거래위원회(CFTC)가 새로운 혐의를 제기하지 않고 폴리마켓에 대한 조사를 공식적으로 종료했다고 보도했다. 이러한 진전은 2022년 CFTC와의 합의 및 2024년의 법 집행 조치 이후 이어졌던 규제 당국의 조사가 해결되었음을 의미했다.[59] 조사가 종료된 후 폴리마켓은 CFTC 라이선스를 보유한 파생상품 거래소이자 청산소인 QCEX를 1억 1,200만 달러에 인수한다고 발표했다. 이 인수를 통해 폴리마켓은 규정을 준수하면서 미국 내에서 합법적으로 운영할 수 있게 되었다.[60]

같이 보기

각주

  1. Polymarket. CB Insights. 2024년 10월 21일에 확인함.
  2.  Osipovich, Jack Pitcher and Alexander (2026년 1월 8일). Traders Bet on the U.S.’s Next Airstrike Target (미국 영어). The Wall Street Journal.
  3. Prediction markets are rife with insider bettingThe Economist. 2026. ISSN 0013-0613.
  4. Ukrainian war-tracking project DeepState accuses crypto prediction platform Polymarket of using its battlefield data for real-time gambling (영어). Meduza. 2025년 12월 1일. 2025년 12월 2일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2025년 12월 21일에 확인함.
  5. A journalist reported a missile strike. Then came the death threats. (미국 영어). The Washington Post. 2026년 3월 17일. ISSN 0190-8286.
  6.  Ostroff, Alexander Osipovich and Caitlin (2026년 2월 2일). The Wild Markets Behind Polymarket’s ‘Truth Machine’ (미국 영어). The Wall Street Journal.
  7.  Trump’s Truth Social to allow trading on election resultsFinancial Times. 2025년 10월 28일. 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함.
  8.  Polymarket vs. Polling (영어). Polymarket Documentation. 2026년 2월 8일에 확인함.
  9.  Sides, John (2025년 12월 18일). The perils of election prediction markets (미국 영어). Good Authority. 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함.
  10. Johnston, Daisy (2026년 3월 23일). The Battlefield is the Next Betting Market (미국 영어). War on the Rocks.
  11.  Thompson, Stuart A.; Yaffe-Bellany, David; Isaac, Mike (2026년 3월 20일). Polymarket Says It Deals in Truth, but Its Social Feeds Are Filled With Falsehoods (미국 영어). The New York TimesISSN 0362-4331.
  12.  Folk, Zachary (2024년 5월 14일). Peter Thiel Invests In Polymarket Political Betting Platform—But The Future Of Gambling On Elections Remains UnclearForbes. 2024년 9월 6일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2024년 6월 19일에 확인함.
  13. A resurgent online betting market is boosted by crypto and current events (영어). NBC News. 2023년 7월 10일. 2024년 9월 6일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 12월 13일에 확인함.
  14. CFTC Fines Polymarket and Issues a Cease and Desist (미국 영어). FXEmpire. 2022년 1월 4일. 2023년 12월 13일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 12월 13일에 확인함  Yahoo Finance 경유.
  15. Event-Betting Platform Polymarket to Pay $1.4 Million U.S. Fine (영어). Bloomberg.com. 2022년 1월 3일. 2022년 1월 15일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 12월 13일에 확인함.
  16. Crypto Betting Service Polymarket Taps Ex-CFTC Head as Chair After Agency Probe (영어). Bloomberg. 2022년 5월 19일. 2024년 10월 20일에 확인함.
  17. Natarajan, Sridhar; Pan, David (2024년 5월 14일). Peter Thiel's VC Firm Backs Election Betting With Polymarket InvestmentBloomberg. 2024년 9월 6일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2024년 6월 19일에 확인함Polymarket has raised $70 million across two rounds, with the most recent raise led by Founders Fund...
  18.  Breland, Ali (2023년 6월 23일). Meet the Internet Gamblers Who Won Big Betting on the Submarine's FateMother Jones. 2024년 4월 24일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2024년 2월 29일에 확인함.
  19.  A resurgent online betting market is boosted by crypto and current events (영어). NBC News. 2023년 7월 10일. 2023년 12월 13일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 12월 13일에 확인함.
  20. CFTC Orders Event-Based Binary Options Markets Operator to Pay $1.4 Million Penalty. 2022년 1월 3일. 2024년 11월 16일에 확인함.
  21. Saini, Manya (2025년 8월 26일). Polymarket secures investment from Trump Jr-backed 1789 CapitalReuters. 2026년 4월 5일에 확인함.
  22. Alexander Osipovich; Lauren Thomas (2025년 10월 7일). NYSE Owner to Invest Up to $2 Billion in Polymarket (미국 영어). The Wall Street Journal. 2025년 10월 7일에 확인함.
  23. Garcia, Carlos (2026년 3월 18일). Exclusive: Polymarket acquires the startup Brahma, in effort to scale its crypto and DeFi infrastructureFortune. 2026년 3월 23일에 확인함.
  24. Suspicious bets on Maduro’s removal raise eyebrows as user nets over US$400,000 (영어). South China Morning Post. 2026년 1월 4일. 2026년 1월 4일에 확인함.
  25. Was Someone Insider Trading Right Before Trump’s Attack on Venezuela?The New RepublicISSN 0028-6583. 2026년 1월 4일에 확인함.
  26.  Alexander Osipovich; Jack Pitcher (2026년 1월 8일). Traders Bet on the U.S.’s Next Airstrike Target (미국 영어). The Wall Street Journal.
  27. Polymarket quietly pulls nuclear detonation prediction market after it draws nearly $850K in bets (미국 영어). Yahoo News. 2026년 3월 4일. 2026년 3월 6일에 확인함.
  28. Polymarket Removes Betting Market on Nuclear Detonation (미국 영어). The Wall Street Journal. 2026년 3월 6일에 확인함.
  29. Landymore, Frank. Polymarket quietly takes down bet on nuclear detonationFuturism.
  30. Fabian, Emanuel (2026년 3월 16일). Gamblers trying to win a bet on Polymarket are vowing to kill me if I don't rewrite an Iran missile storyThe Times of Israel. 2026년 4월 1일에 확인함.
  31. A journalist reported a missile strike. Then came the death threats.The Washington Post. 2026년 3월 17일.
  32. RSF statement on journalist safety and press freedomX (formerly Twitter). Reporters Without Borders. 2026년 3월 17일.
  33. U.S. Democratic lawmakers introduce bill to crack down on prediction marketsReuters. 2026년 3월 17일.
  34.  Breiner, Josh (2026년 3월 29일). IDF Air Crew Member Suspected of Betting on Iran War in Polymarket: 'The Entire Air Force Is Betting'Haaretz. 2026년 3월 30일에 확인함.
  35.  Breiner, Josh (2026년 3월 28일). Israel Air Force Officer Charged With Leaking Iran Strike Date for Polymarket Bets, Court RevealsHaaretz. 2026년 3월 30일에 확인함.
  36. Schwartz, Lee (2024년 9월 9일). Polymarket likely to remain offshore for now despite ruling in favor of U.S. election bettingFortune. via Yahoo! Finance Canada.
  37. Rowe, Niamh (2026년 1월 30일). On Polymarket, ‘privileged’ users made millions betting on war strikes and diplomatic strategy. What did they know beforehand? (영국 영어). The GuardianISSN 0261-3077.
  38. Gault ·, Matthew (2025년 12월 1일). 'Unauthorized' Edit to Ukraine's Frontline Maps Point to Polymarket's War Betting (영어). 404 Media.
  39. Ostroff, Dov Lieber, Alexander Osipovich and Caitlin (2026년 2월 12일). Israeli Soldiers Accused of Using Polymarket to Bet on Strikes (미국 영어). The Wall Street Journal. 2026년 2월 28일에 확인함.
  40. Polymarket Iran Bets Hit $529 Million as New Wallets Draw NoticeBloomberg News. 2026.
  41. Knibbs, Kate. OpenAI Fires an Employee for Prediction Market Insider Trading (미국 영어). WiredISSN 1059-1028.
  42. Miller, Myles; Beyoud, Lydia (2024년 11월 13일). Polymarket Investigated by DOJ for Allegedly Letting US Users Bet on Platform (영어). Bloomberg.com. 2024년 11월 15일에 확인함.
  43. Osipovich, Alexander (2024년 11월 13일). FBI Seizes Polymarket Founder's Phone in Raid of HomeThe Wall Street Journal. 2024년 11월 13일에 확인함.
  44. Conlin, Michelle (2024년 11월 13일). FBI raids Polymarket CEO's home, seizing phone, electronicsReuters. 2024년 11월 15일에 확인함.
  45. Prentice, Chris (2024년 11월 14일). US criminal, civil authorities probing Polymarket, source saysReuters. 2024년 11월 16일에 확인함.
  46. Polymarket, interzis în România. Platforma permitea pariuri privind câștigătorii în alegeri. ONJN: Peste 600 de milioane de dolari în tranzacții la prezidențiale din România [Polymarket, outlawed in Romania. The platform permitted betting on winners in elections. ONJN: Over 600 million dollars in transactions on Romanian presidential elections]Hotnews. 2025년 10월 30일. 2026년 3월 8일에 확인함.
  47. https://cryptonews.com.au/news/australia-blocks-polymarket-after-regulator-targets-illegal-online-betting-130407/
  48. Access blocking — gespa (영어). Gespa - Swiss Gambling Supervisory Authority. 2025년 3월 5일에 확인함.
  49. Regulation — gespa (영어). Gespa - Swiss Gambling Supervisory Authority. 2025년 3월 12일에 확인함.
  50. French regulator probes Peter Thiel-backed betting platform (영국 영어). Politico. 2024년 11월 7일. 2025년 7월 8일에 확인함.
  51. Suite à l'intervention de l'ANJ, le site POLYMARKET ne propose plus ses services sur le territoire français (프랑스어). anj.fr. 2024년 11월 29일. 2025년 7월 8일에 확인함.
  52. French Regulator Blocks PolymarketGameongazette. 2024년 12월 2일.
  53. Rejestr Domen Służących do Oferowania Gier Hazardowych Niezgodnie z Ustawą (폴란드어). hazard.mf.gov.pl. 2025년 5월 7일에 확인함.
  54. Singapore, Thailand Move to Block Crypto Betting Site Polymarket (영어). Bloomberg.com. 2025년 1월 15일. 2025년 1월 16일에 확인함.
  55. La Belgique interdit Polymarket, un site pour parier sur l'actualité en cryptomonnaie (프랑스어). RTBF. 2025년 2월 3일. 2025년 7월 8일에 확인함.
  56. List of illegal gambling sitesBelgian Gaming Commission. 2025년 7월 8일에 확인함.
  57. република българия софийски районен съд (PDF) (불가리아어). nra.bg. 2026년 2월 4일. 2026년 4월 11일에 확인함.
  58. Correia, Ricardo. Portugal suspende acesso ao Polymarket por falta de licenciamentoPúblico. 2026년 3월 20일에 확인함.
  59. Polymarket escapes regulatory crackdown as DOJ, CFTC end investigations (영어). CNBC. 2025년 7월 15일. 2025년 7월 27일에 확인함.
  60. Bomey, Nathan (2025년 7월 21일). Polymarket to return to U.S. after acquisition (영어). Axios. 2026년 1월 16일에 확인함.

외부 링크


====

Polymarket

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Polymarket
IndustryPrediction market
Founded2020; 6 years ago
FounderShayne Coplan
Headquarters1280 Lexington Avenue
New YorkNY 10028
U.S.[1]
Key people
Shayne Coplan (CEO)
Websitepolymarket.com Edit this at Wikidata

Polymarket is an American cryptocurrency-based prediction market which offers a platform where individuals can place bets on future outcomes, including sports matches, economic indicators, weather patterns, awards, political and legislative outcomes, and military conflicts. Participants can deposit USDC cryptocurrency through the Polygon blockchain network and trade shares that represent the likelihood of specific future outcomes. The company is headquartered in New York City, and the platform was launched in 2020.

The controversial nature of the betting markets offered by the company (which allow gambling on military strikes and ongoing wars), as well as the ability of individuals with insider information to bet on outcomes, have been described by the Wall Street Journal as a "legal and ethical grey area."[2] Numerous instances of suspicious insider trading have been observed on Polymarket,[3][4][5][6] as well as attempts by gamblers to manipulate outcomes[7][8] and pressure journalists to change reporting.[9] 0.1% of accounts net 67% of the profits on Polymarket, while more than 70% of users are losing money.[10]

Polymarket has been banned by governments in multiple jurisdictions, such as France.[11] The platform was initially blocked in the United States amid regulatory scrutiny. The second Donald Trump administration eased the regulatory environment for Polymarket.[11][12] At the same time, Polymarket added Donald Trump Jr. as an advisor, after his firm 1789 Capital invested in Polymarket.[11][12]

The company advertises that its markets "reflect real-time sentiment",[13] however scholars have challenged that the platform efficiently and accurately aggregates information about outcomes.[14][15] A review by the New York Times of Polymarket's social media posts found that the platform has published hundreds of false and misleading posts.[16]

History

Founded in 2020 by Shayne Coplan,[17] Polymarket is a prediction market that allows users to gain/lose on the outcome of world events.[18] In January 2022, Polymarket was fined US$1.4 million by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), and received a cease and desist order for regulatory violations, including failure to register as a Swap Execution Facility.[19][20] According to the CFTC, Polymarket offered "substantial cooperation" throughout the investigation, which resulted in the company receiving a lower fine.[17]

In May 2022, Polymarket appointed J. Christopher Giancarlo, a former Commissioner of the CFTC, as chairman of its advisory board.[21] In May 2024, the company announced that it had raised $70 million across two funding rounds.[22] These rounds included investments from Vitalik Buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum, and Founders Fund, a venture capital firm founded by Peter Thiel.[17]

In June 2023, Mother Jones reported that interest around the company had increased after a tweet about the outcome of the Titan submersible went viral;[23] the premise of the bet was whether the submersible would be found by a certain date,[23] rather than a wager on the fate of the passengers.[24] Polymarket had over 60 markets available at the time of the submersible wager, including the outcome of the Guatemalan presidential election, the likelihood of Twitter suing Meta, and the likelihood that Russia would use nuclear force.[24]

Polymarket blocked access to United States customers from 2022 to December 2, 2025, following a settlement with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, which accused the company of running an unregistered derivatives-trading platform.[25] The second Donald Trump administration eased the regulatory environment for Polymarket.[12] At the same time, Polymarket added Donald Trump Jr. as an advisor, whose firm 1789 Capital also invested in the company.[26]

In October 2025, Polymarket secured up to a $2 billion investment from Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), which valued the company at $8 billion.[27] By February 2026, the company was valued at $9 billion.[11]

The company advertises that its markets "reflect real-time sentiment",[13] however scholars have challenged how efficiently and accurately it aggregates information about outcomes.[14] A review by the New York Times of Polymarket's social media posts found that the platform has published hundreds of false and misleading posts.[16]

In March 2026, Polymarket acquired Brahma, a crypto and DeFi infrastructure startup, to simplify its blockchain infrastructure for users.[28]

2024 United States elections

In 2024, the outcome of U.S. elections became the most active market on the platform,[22] with over $3.3 billion (as of November 5, 2024)[29] wagered on the presidential race between the Republican candidate Donald Trump and Democratic candidate Kamala Harris.[17] Nate Silver, founder of polling analysis firm FiveThirtyEight, became an advisor to Polymarket in 2024.[30]

A few days after the 2024 U.S. presidential debate held on June 27, 2024, Polymarket predicted a 70% chance that Democratic candidate Joe Biden would withdraw from the 2024 U.S. presidential election race (an increase from 20%), weeks before he officially announced his withdrawal.[31] By contrast, on August 5 Polymarket showed 68% odds Kamala Harris would pick Pennsylvania governor Josh Shapiro as her running mate, with Minnesota governor Tim Walz at 23% odds. Harris selected Walz the next day.[32]

On October 7, 2024, Polymarket showed a spike in the odds Donald Trump would win the 2024 election, to 53.3%, with a corresponding decline in Kamala Harris's odds, to 46.1%. Two Polymarket competitors continued to show Harris with better odds of winning, at about 51%; Polymarket also showed a slight edge for Harris throughout September. That day, the FiveThirtyEight simulation model found Harris had a 55% chance to win the election, while elections statistician Nate Silver said his model gave Harris 54.7% odds. Forbes reported on theories for the Polymarket divergence, including that one or more major wagers had been placed on Trump, possibly because Elon Musk had spoken at a Trump rally two days earlier, and had previously promoted Polymarket. On the day of the Trump spike, Musk reposted an X post that asserted "Kamala is collapsing before our eyes." However, due to Polymarket lacking a cap on individual investor amounts, large wagers by one or a few bettors may not reflect a material change in the election landscape. Silver, a Polymarket advisor, said the shift in Trump's favor was a "larger swing than is justified."[33] Polymarket competitor PredictIt had since shown Trump with better odds of winning after previously favoring Kamala Harris.[34]

The divergence continued into mid October 2024, showing Trump with 60% odds on October 18. The Wall Street Journal reported the market moves might be a mirage created by four bettors with about $30 million in Trump wagers, though the bets were not necessarily nefarious. The four bettors behaved in similar fashion, leading at least one blockchain analyst to conclude there was "strong reason to believe they are the same entity." Polymarket initiated an investigation of potential market manipulation for an influence campaign in favor of the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign.[35] The company confirmed on October 24 that the four accounts were controlled by one French trader with "extensive trading experience and a financial services background," finding no evidence of efforts at market manipulation.[36] The trader ultimately won $85 million upon Trump's victory.[37]

In October 2025, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) invested $2 billion in Polymarket, bringing the company's valuation to $9 billion.[38]

Relationship with Trump family

The second Donald Trump administration eased the regulatory environment for Polymarket.[12] In July 2025, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and Department of Justice ended a probe into Polymarket.[12] The CFTC under the Joe Biden administration had entered into a settlement with Polymarket whereby Polymarket agreed to wind down U.S. operations after being accused of running an illegal exchange.[12] Donald Trump Jr., a member of the Trump family, has taken on an advisory role at Polymarket.[12]

War bets

Polymarket allows bets on armed conflicts, which has led to members of armed forces placing bets on operations, impacts on war reporting, and bets about nuclear war. War bets may rely on classified military information.[3] According to the Anti-Corruption Data Collective, 52% of military action long-shot bets—defined as those worth $2,500 or more with odds at or below 35%—are successful, compared to 25% for politics bets and 14% of all bets.[3]

Russo-Ukrainian War

During the Russo-Ukrainian war the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) indicated on a map that Russian forces had advanced into downtown Myrnohrad on November 14, 2025, despite no evidence to support such an advance. After a bet that the city would be captured by Russia by November 15 was closed, the fictitious advance was removed from the map. The next day, a Polymarket user accused ISW of fraud because its maps did not reflect the actual extent of Russian advances. Ukrainian DeepState in turn accused Polymarket of improperly using its maps and data to fuel bets.[7]

2026 United States attack on Venezuela

A newly-created Polymarket account netted over $400,000 in January 2026 from positions held on Nicolás Maduro being ousted from office and U.S. military action against Venezuela before January 31. These bets came under scrutiny on social media for potential insider trading due to them being placed before the 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela was publicly announced.[39][40][2] A U.S. special forces soldier was later arrested and charged. He is alleged to have had access to classified information and been involved in the planning and execution of the raid.[41] Polymarket stated it had cooperated with the investigation.[42]

Nuclear war bets

Polymarket came under scrutiny after users placed nearly $850,000 in bets on nuclear detonations following the beginning of the 2026 Iran war. The bet had been first listed in November 2025.[43] Polymarket removed the bet shortly after the majority of bets were placed.[44][45]

Twelve-Day War and 2026 Iran War

There have been multiple cases of suspiciously timed trades related to the 2026 Iran war on Polymarket.[5]

Users who had placed large bets related to an Iranian missile strike in March 2026 are alleged to have harassed and threatened Israeli journalist Emanuel Fabian of The Times of Israel in an attempt to pressure him to alter his reporting and influence the market's outcome. Fabian refused, reported the threats to police, and Polymarket subsequently condemned the behavior and banned those involved, prompting broader criticism of prediction markets over ethical risks and incentives tied to real-world events.[46][47] The incident drew condemnation from Reporters Without Borders (RSF), which reiterated that the safety of journalists is "non-negotiable" and that all actors must respect press freedom and the right to information.[48] It also coincided with renewed political scrutiny in the United States, where lawmakers including Representative Mike Levin cited similar concerns about betting on war-related events while promoting legislation to restrict or ban such markets, arguing they could incentivize profiteering from violence and misuse of sensitive information.[49]

Multiple members of the Israeli Air Force have been interrogated or indicted regarding bets on the timing of Israeli and American strikes on Iran during the Twelve-Day War.[50] An air force officer gave information on the 2025 strikes to a colleague and the two allegedly earned $244,000.[51] They continued betting on strikes in Yemen and the questions "Will Israel strike Iran by the end of January?" and "Will Israel strike Iran by the end of March 2026?" and were eventually indicted for "delivering secret information".[51] A different crew member was interrogated for placing bets on the Twelve-Day War, allegedly earning $46,000.[50] He stated during his interrogation that "the entire squadron is on Polymarket, the entire air force is betting."[50]

Polymarket has faced legal issues and has been blocked in several countries. As of September 2024, Polymarket operates its election prediction operations offshore, as domestic operations would be regulated in the US by the CFTC.[52]

The betting markets offered by the company, as well as the ability of individuals with insider information to bet on outcomes, have been described as a "legal and ethical grey area."[2] The ability of individuals with insider information to bet on outcomes, has been described as a legal grey area by U.S. representative Ritchie Torres.[53] Suspicious activities, suggestive of insider information being used for Polymarket betting, have been observed in the Russo-Ukrainian war,[54] the 2026 United States strikes in Venezuela,[2] Israeli military operations,[55] the 2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran,[56] and OpenAI.[57]

On November 13, 2024, the FBI raided Coplan's home and seized his phone. According to Bloomberg News, the Department of Justice was investigating Polymarket for allegedly allowing U.S.-based users to make bets on the website.[58][59][60][61]

Regional lawsuits and bans

Polymarket has at some point been banned in a number of countries that regulate gambling and sports betting, including France, Italy, Singapore, Switzerland, Poland, Romania,[62] Australia[63] and the United States.

Asia and Europe

On November 26, 2024, the Swiss Gambling Supervisory Authority added Polymarket.com to its blocked domains list due to the controversial aspects of prediction markets in violation of the regulation on gambling and sports betting.[64][65] Three days later, the French National Gaming Authority announced that after having investigated Polymarket because its gaming offerings were likely in violation of French laws.[66] The company agreed to perform a geo-block in France.[67][68]

Polymarket.com was added to the internet gambling blacklists of Poland's Ministry of Finance and Singapore's Gambling Regulatory Authority on January 8[69] and January 12, 2025,[70] respectively, due to the site being in violation of those countries' gambling laws. On February 3, 2025, the Belgian Gaming Commission, Commission des Jeux de Hasard, banned the platform in Belgium, warning users trying to connect that use of the platform in Belgium is illegal.[71][72]

On February 2, 2026, Sofia Regional Court of Bulgaria issued a demand for internet providers to block Polymarket as it does not have a valid gambling license in the country. [73] On March 17, 2026, the Portuguese Gaming Policy and Regulation Service (SRIJ) issued a nationwide ban on Polymarket, ordering local internet service providers to block access to the platform due to a lack of proper licensing for gambling and sports betting operations.[74]

South America

Polymarket, along with other prediction markets, was banned in Brazil on April 26, 2026.[75]

United States

On July 15, 2025, CNBC reported that the U.S. Department of Justice and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) formally ended their investigations into Polymarket without bringing new charges. This development marked the resolution of regulatory scrutiny following the company's earlier settlement with the CFTC in 2022 and enforcement actions in 2024.[76] Following the end of the investigations, Polymarket announced the acquisition of QCEX, a CFTC-licensed derivatives exchange and clearinghouse, for $112 million. The acquisition allowed Polymarket to legally operate within the United States under regulatory compliance.[77]

The company received an Amended Order of Designation from the CFTC in November 2025 and began actively expanding in the United States market.[78] Some individual states soon thereafter opened court cases claiming Polymarket should be regulated as a gambling or gaming operator within their state. In January 2026, the Nevada Gaming Control Board filed a civil complaint against Polymarket seeking to prevent the platform from offering event contracts to Nevada residents without a state-issued gaming license. This action followed a preliminary injunction issued in the Massachusetts Superior Court case Commonwealth v. KalshiEX LLC, which found that similar prediction market contracts functioned as illegal sports wagering under state law.[79] Nevada regulators used the Massachusetts ruling as supplemental authority to argue that state jurisdiction over gambling remains intact despite federal oversight by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).[80] The conflicting rulings have led to ongoing litigation regarding whether the federal Commodity Exchange Act preempts state-level gambling enforcement against prediction markets.[81]

See also

References

  1.  "Polymarket". CB Insights. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  2.  Osipovich, Jack Pitcher and Alexander (January 8, 2026). "Traders Bet on the U.S.'s Next Airstrike Target"The Wall Street Journal.
  3.  Stacey, Stephanie; Cook, Chris; Shah, Jill R (April 30, 2026). "Half of 'long shot' Polymarket bets on military action are successful". Financial Times. Retrieved April 30, 2026.
  4.  "Prediction markets are rife with insider betting"The Economist. 2026. ISSN 0013-0613.
  5.  Aratani, Lauren (April 18, 2026). "Traders placed over $1bn in perfectly timed bets on the Iran war. What is going on?"The GuardianISSN 0261-3077.
  6.  "DOJ arrests soldier who made $400,000 betting on Maduro's removal: Sources"ABC News. 2026.
  7.  "Ukrainian war-tracking project DeepState accuses crypto prediction platform Polymarket of using its battlefield data for real-time gambling"Meduza. December 1, 2025. Archived from the original on December 2, 2025. Retrieved December 21, 2025.
  8.  Abboud, Leila; White, Sarah; Stacey, Stephanie; Georgiadis, Philip; Dubois, Laura (2026). "French weather service alerts police to tampering after suspicious Polymarket bets"Financial Times.
  9.  "A journalist reported a missile strike. Then came the death threats"The Washington Post. March 17, 2026. ISSN 0190-8286.
  10.  "Why Almost Everyone Loses—Except a Few Sharks—on Prediction Markets"The Wall Street Journal. May 4, 2026.
  11.  Osipovich, Alexander; Ostroff, Caitlin (February 2, 2026). "The Wild Markets Behind Polymarket's 'Truth Machine'"The Wall Street Journal.
  12.  Miller, Joe; Rogers, Alex (October 28, 2025). "Trump's Truth Social to allow trading on election results"Financial Times. Retrieved January 10, 2026.
  13.  "Polymarket vs. Polling"Polymarket Documentation. Retrieved February 8, 2026.
  14.  Sides, John (December 18, 2025). "The perils of election prediction markets"Good Authority. Retrieved January 10, 2026.
  15.  Johnston, Daisy (March 23, 2026). "The Battlefield is the Next Betting Market"War on the Rocks.
  16.  Thompson, Stuart A.; Yaffe-Bellany, David; Isaac, Mike (March 20, 2026). "Polymarket Says It Deals in Truth, but Its Social Feeds Are Filled With Falsehoods"The New York TimesISSN 0362-4331.
  17.  Folk, Zachary (May 14, 2024). "Peter Thiel Invests In Polymarket Political Betting Platform—But The Future Of Gambling On Elections Remains Unclear"ForbesArchived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  18.  "A resurgent online betting market is boosted by crypto and current events"NBC News. July 10, 2023. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
  19.  "CFTC Fines Polymarket and Issues a Cease and Desist"FXEmpire. January 4, 2022. Archived from the original on December 13, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023 – via Yahoo Finance.
  20.  "Event-Betting Platform Polymarket to Pay $1.4 Million U.S. Fine"Bloomberg.com. January 3, 2022. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
  21.  "Crypto Betting Service Polymarket Taps Ex-CFTC Head as Chair After Agency Probe"Bloomberg. May 19, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  22.  Natarajan, Sridhar; Pan, David (May 14, 2024). "Peter Thiel's VC Firm Backs Election Betting With Polymarket Investment"BloombergArchived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2024Polymarket has raised $70 million across two rounds, with the most recent raise led by Founders Fund...
  23.  Breland, Ali (June 23, 2023). "Meet the Internet Gamblers Who Won Big Betting on the Submarine's Fate"Mother JonesArchived from the original on April 24, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  24.  "A resurgent online betting market is boosted by crypto and current events"NBC News. July 10, 2023. Archived from the original on December 13, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
  25.  "CFTC Orders Event-Based Binary Options Markets Operator to Pay $1.4 Million Penalty". January 3, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
  26.  Saini, Manya (August 26, 2025). "Polymarket secures investment from Trump Jr-backed 1789 Capital"Reuters. Retrieved April 5, 2026.
  27.  Osipovich, Alexander; Thomas, Lauren (October 7, 2025). "NYSE Owner to Invest Up to $2 Billion in Polymarket"The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 7, 2025.
  28.  Garcia, Carlos (March 18, 2026). "Exclusive: Polymarket acquires the startup Brahma, in effort to scale its crypto and DeFi infrastructure"Fortune. Retrieved March 23, 2026.
  29.  "Presidential Election Winner 2024"Polymarket. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
  30.  Salmon, Felix (July 22, 2024). "Prediction markets notch an important win with Biden's drop out". Axios. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  31.  Tapscott, Alex. "Forget the pundits and polls—internet prediction markets anticipated Biden's withdrawal weeks ago"Fortune.
  32.  King, John; Zeleny, Jeff; Gangel, Jamie; Lee, MJ; Strauss, Daniel; Krieg, Gregory; Holmes, Kristen; Klein, Betsy (August 6, 2024). "Harris decides on Tim Walz as running mate". CNN.
  33.  Small, Derek (October 7, 2024). "Trump's Election Odds Spike On Polymarket As Musk Touts Betting Site"Forbes.
  34.  Sorkin, Andrew Ross (October 15, 2024). "Prediction Markets Tell a Different Story From the Polls"The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  35.  Osipovich, Alexander (October 18, 2024). "A Mystery $30 Million Wave of Pro-Trump Bets Has Moved a Popular Prediction Market"The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
  36.  Breuninger, Kevin (October 24, 2024). "French trader bet over $28 million on Trump election win using 4 Polymarket accounts". CNBC.
  37.  Osipovich, Alexander (November 13, 2024). "Trump Whale Scores $85 Million Windfall on Election"The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
  38.  Bhandari, Ateev (October 7, 2025). "NYSE owner takes $2 billion stake in Polymarket as prediction markets heat up"Reuters.
  39.  "Suspicious bets on Maduro's removal raise eyebrows as user nets over US$400,000"South China Morning Post. January 4, 2026. Retrieved January 4, 2026.
  40.  "Was Someone Insider Trading Right Before Trump's Attack on Venezuela?"The New RepublicISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved January 4, 2026.
  41.  Rabinowitz, Hannah; Scannell, Kara (April 23, 2026). "US special forces soldier arrested after allegedly winning $400,000 on Maduro raid"CNN. Retrieved April 24, 2026.
  42.  "U.S. soldier involved in Maduro raid charged with betting on the operation"NBC News. April 24, 2026. Retrieved April 24, 2026.
  43.  "Polymarket quietly pulls nuclear detonation prediction market after it draws nearly $850K in bets"Yahoo News. March 4, 2026. Retrieved March 6, 2026.
  44.  "Polymarket Removes Betting Market on Nuclear Detonation"The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 6, 2026.
  45.  Landymore, Frank. "Polymarket quietly takes down bet on nuclear detonation"Futurism.
  46.  Fabian, Emanuel (March 16, 2026). "Gamblers trying to win a bet on Polymarket are vowing to kill me if I don't rewrite an Iran missile story"The Times of Israel. Retrieved April 1, 2026.
  47.  "A journalist reported a missile strike. Then came the death threats"The Washington Post. March 17, 2026.
  48.  "RSF statement on journalist safety and press freedom"X (formerly Twitter). Reporters Without Borders. March 17, 2026.
  49.  "U.S. Democratic lawmakers introduce bill to crack down on prediction markets"Reuters. March 17, 2026.
  50.  Breiner, Josh (March 29, 2026). "IDF Air Crew Member Suspected of Betting on Iran War in Polymarket: 'The Entire Air Force Is Betting'"Haaretz. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  51.  Breiner, Josh (March 28, 2026). "Israel Air Force Officer Charged With Leaking Iran Strike Date for Polymarket Bets, Court Reveals"Haaretz. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  52.  Schwartz, Lee (September 9, 2024). "Polymarket likely to remain offshore for now despite ruling in favor of U.S. election betting"Fortune. via Yahoo! Finance Canada.
  53.  Rowe, Niamh (January 30, 2026). "On Polymarket, 'privileged' users made millions betting on war strikes and diplomatic strategy. What did they know beforehand?"The GuardianISSN 0261-3077.
  54.  Gault, Matthew (December 1, 2025). "'Unauthorized' Edit to Ukraine's Frontline Maps Point to Polymarket's War Betting"404 Media.
  55.  Lieber, Dov; Osipovich, Alexander; Ostroff, Caitlin (February 12, 2026). "Israeli Soldiers Accused of Using Polymarket to Bet on Strikes"The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 28, 2026.
  56.  "Polymarket Iran Bets Hit $529 Million as New Wallets Draw Notice"Bloomberg News. 2026.
  57.  Knibbs, Kate. "OpenAI Fires an Employee for Prediction Market Insider Trading"WiredISSN 1059-1028.
  58.  Miller, Myles; Beyoud, Lydia (November 13, 2024). "Polymarket Investigated by DOJ for Allegedly Letting US Users Bet on Platform"Bloomberg.com. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  59.  Osipovich, Alexander (November 13, 2024). "FBI Seizes Polymarket Founder's Phone in Raid of Home"The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  60.  Conlin, Michelle (November 13, 2024). "FBI raids Polymarket CEO's home, seizing phone, electronics"Reuters. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  61.  Prentice, Chris (November 14, 2024). "US criminal, civil authorities probing Polymarket, source says"Reuters. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
  62.  "Polymarket, interzis în România. Platforma permitea pariuri privind câștigătorii în alegeri. ONJN: Peste 600 de milioane de dolari în tranzacții la prezidențiale din România" [Polymarket, outlawed in Romania. The platform permitted betting on winners in elections. ONJN: Over 600 million dollars in transactions on Romanian presidential elections]. Hotnews. October 30, 2025. Retrieved March 8, 2026.
  63.  https://cryptonews.com.au/news/australia-blocks-polymarket-after-regulator-targets-illegal-online-betting-130407/
  64.  "Access blocking — gespa"Gespa - Swiss Gambling Supervisory Authority. Retrieved March 5, 2025.
  65.  "Regulation — gespa"Gespa - Swiss Gambling Supervisory Authority. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
  66.  "French regulator probes Peter Thiel-backed betting platform"Politico. November 7, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2025.
  67.  "Suite à l'intervention de l'ANJ, le site POLYMARKET ne propose plus ses services sur le territoire français"anj.fr (in French). November 29, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2025.
  68.  "French Regulator Blocks Polymarket"Gameongazette. December 2, 2024.
  69.  "Rejestr Domen Służących do Oferowania Gier Hazardowych Niezgodnie z Ustawą"hazard.mf.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved May 7, 2025.
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  71.  "La Belgique interdit Polymarket, un site pour parier sur l'actualité en cryptomonnaie"RTBF (in French). February 3, 2025. Retrieved July 8, 2025.
  72.  "List of illegal gambling sites"Belgian Gaming Commission. Retrieved July 8, 2025.
  73.  "република българия софийски районен съд" (PDF)nra.bg (in Bulgarian). February 4, 2026. Retrieved April 11, 2026.
  74.  Correia, Ricardo. "Portugal suspende acesso ao Polymarket por falta de licenciamento"Público. Retrieved March 20, 2026.
  75.  Reis, Beatriz; Beck, Martha; Carvalho, David (April 26, 2026). "Brazil blocks Polymarket, Kalshi Over 'Illegal Betting'". Bloomberg.
  76.  "Polymarket escapes regulatory crackdown as DOJ, CFTC end investigations"CNBC. July 15, 2025. Retrieved July 27, 2025.
  77.  Bomey, Nathan (July 21, 2025). "Polymarket to return to U.S. after acquisition"Axios. Retrieved January 16, 2026.
  78.  "Polymarket Receives CFTC Approval of Amended Order of Designation, Enabling Intermediated U.S. Market Access" (Press release). PR Newswire. November 2025. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
  79.  Harrison, Joe (January 2026). "Nevada cites Massachusetts Kalshi ruling, seeks to shut down Polymarket"Gambling Insider. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
  80.  Solomon, Shoshanna (January 20, 2026). "Kalshi, Polymarket and Crypto.com Prediction Markets Kicked Out of Another State Over Sports Betting"Finance Magnates. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
  81.  "AG Campbell Secures Court Order That Will Block Kalshi from Offering Unlawful Sports Wagers in Massachusetts". Office of Attorney General Andrea Joy Campbell. January 14, 2026. Retrieved January 31, 2026.

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