2026-07-02

The Yangtze valley and beyond : an account of journeys in China, chiefly in the province of Sze Chuan and among the Man-tze of the Somo territory 1899 [Leather Bound]

The Yangtze valley and beyond : an account of journeys in China, chiefly in the province of Sze Chuan and among the Man-tze of the Somo territory 1899 [Leather Bound]










The Yangtze valley and beyond : an account of journeys in China, chiefly in the province of Sze Chuan and among the Man-tze of the Somo territory 1899  
byIsabella L. (Isabella Lucy) Bird
===
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I. GEOGRAPHICAL AND INTRODUCTORY
II. "THE MODEL SETTLEMENT"
III. HANGCHOW.
IV. THE HANGCHOW MEDICAL MISSION HOSPITALS.
V. SHANGHAI TO HANKOW (HANKAU)
VI. THE FOREIGNERS-HANKOW AND BRITISH TRADE
VII. CHINESE HANKOW (HANKAU).
VIII. HANKOW TO ICHANG.
IX. ICHANG
X. THE UPPER YANGTZE
XI. RAPIDS OF THE UPPER YANGTZE
XII. RAPIDS AND TRACKERS
XIII. LIFE ON THE UPPER YANGTZE
XIV. THE YANGTZE AND KUEI FU
XV. NEW YEAR'S DAY AT KUEI-CHOW FU
XVI. KUEI FU TO WAN HSIEN
XVII. CHINESE CHARITIES
XVIII. FROM WAN HSIEN TO SAN TSAN-PU
XIX. SZE CHUAN TRAVELLING
XX. SAN-TSAN-PU TO LIANG-SHAN HSIEN
XXI. LIANG-SHAN HSIEN TO HSIA-SHAN-PO
XXII. HSIA-SHAN-PO TO SIAO-KIAO
XXIII. SIAO-KIAO TO HSIEH-TIEN-TZE
XXIV. HSIEH-TIEN-TZE TO PAONING FU

XXV. PAONING FU AND SIN-TIEN-TZE
XXVI. SIN-TIEN-ΤΖΕ ΤΟ TZE-TUNG HSIEN
XXVII. TZE-TUNG HSIEN TO KUAN HSIEN
XXVIII. KUAN HSIEN AND CHENGTU
XXIX. KUAN HSIEN TO SIN-WEN-PING
XXX. SIN-WEN-PING TO LI-FAN TING
XXXI. LI-FAN TING TO TSA-KU-LAO
XXXII. THE "BEYOND"
A
XXXIII. THE MAN-TZE, I-REN, OR SHAN-SHANG-REN
XXXIV. FROM SOMO TO CHENGTU FU
XXXV. DoOWNWARD BOUND
XXXVI. LUCHOW TO CHUNG-KING FU
XXXVII. THE JOURNEY'S END
XXXVIII. THE OPIUM POPPY AND ITS USE
ΧΧΧΙΧ. NOTES ON PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN CHINA
CONCLUDING REMARKS
ITINERARY
APPENDICES
INDEX



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Amazon Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars Remarkable!
Reviewed in the United States on 9 December 2018
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This book, written more than 100 years ago, is wonderful. It is a book to be savored and shared.
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T. STEEL
5.0 out of 5 stars Some simply beautiful prose, and fascinating travel adventures of late 19th ...
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 6 February 2018
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A much neglected writer.Some simply beautiful prose, and fascinating travel adventures of late 19th century. Isabella Bird neglected as a truly great pioneer of travel in a age when women were not supposed to be pioneers.Travelling completely alone.Her travels in Japan equally rivetting.
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たま
2.0 out of 5 stars A masterpiece without complaining, just a part of the sentence or a part of the page is missing.
Reviewed in Japan on 6 January 2017
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The content is an undisputed masterpiece. Travel back to the Yangtze River to the area where the Tibetans are.Since there are no sluice gates and dams, in torrents, I pull the boat with a rope.People who are swallowed by rapids and capsulated boats seem to be everyday events, but still supplies and people are very active.Feel the great power of China. Even though it is difficult to travel alone, anti-alien emotions strongly caused by various circumstances such as opium war, not only curse, but also mud and stones are thrown and injured.They are attacked by a mob and are likely to be killed, and they carry a revolver on their trip. Nevertheless, she evaluates and describes the good and bad Chinese as well as the Chinese. We hope that the modernization will go without a hitch, with a positive understanding of China and the Chinese. I respect the depth of the author's bosom.
The contents of the book itself is not complaining ★ 5, but only this book is missing some of the sentences, some lines of overlap, some pages are missing, and I read about 60% this bookI gave up and found the image of the book on the Internet, downloaded it and read more. I think that if it is a free book, but even if it is a fee of two hundred and tens of yen, I want it to be proofread about once and send out to the world. I think it's an insult to the author. Another copy is recommended.
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Jane Walby
5.0 out of 5 stars Good condition arrived on time.
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 13 January 2020
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This was a gift but I read parts of it.
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==

==
The Yangtze Valley and Beyond

Isabella Lucy Bird
Graham Earnshaw
 (Foreword)
4.06
50 ratings8 reviews
Isabella Bird was one of the greatest travelers and travel writers of all time, and this is her last major book, a sympathetic look at inland China and beyond into Tibet at the end of the 19th century. In describing the journey, Isabella provides a rich mix of observations and describes two occasions when she is almost killed by anti-foreign mobs. It many ways, Isabella created the model for travel writing today, and this one of her greatest works.
Genres
Travel
China
Nonfiction
Asia
Classics
History
British Literature
500 pages, Paperback

First published December 5, 1985


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Isabella Lucy Bird
113 books102 followers

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Isabella Lucy Bird Bishop (October 15, 1831 – October 7, 1904) was a nineteenth-century English traveller, writer, and a natural historian.

Works:
* The Englishwoman in America (1856)
* Pen and Pencil Sketches Among The Outer Hebrides (published in The Leisure Hour) (1866)
* The Hawaiian Archipelago (1875)
* The Two Atlantics (published in The Leisure Hour) (1876)
* Australia Felix: Impressions of Victoria and Melbourne (published in The Leisure Hour) (1877)
* A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains (1879)
* Unbeaten Tracks in Japan (1880)
* Sketches In The Malay Peninsula (published in The Leisure Hour) (1883)
* The Golden Chersonese and the way Thither (1883)
* A Pilgrimage To Sinai (published in The Leisure Hour) (1886)
* Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan (1891)
* Among the Tibetans (1894)
* Korea and her Neighbours (1898)
* The Yangtze Valley and Beyond (1899)
* Chinese Pictures (1900)
* Notes on Morocco (published in the Monthly Review) (1901)

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Paul
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June 18, 2022
Isabella Bird spent a great deal of her life travelling, writing about it and taking photographs. She travelled all over the world, often to places that were little known. This trip to China took place in the late 1890s when Bird was about 68 and involved travel along and close to the Yangtze for over two thousand miles. Bird appears to be indefatigable and did something few others had done. There were very few other Europeans in the areas of China she visited, the occasional missionary. Diplomat or trader as Bird very much went off the beaten track. I read the folio edition which has a wealth of Bird’s remarkable photographs in it.
Bird has a great love for facts and figures and the whole book is stuffed full of them. Lengths of journeys, populations of towns, villages and cities, exports, tonnage of exports, types of exports, destinations, means of travel. There are copious descriptions of architecture (grand and modest), accounts of food and drink, descriptions of religious practices and local culture.
I admire Bird for actually doing what she did, even if when she was not travelling on the river she was being carried in a sort of sedan chair. There were a number of close calls including being hit on the head by a rock when the welcome at one particular town was not very friendly.
Bird’s attitude to the Chinese seems variable. She can come out with statements like this:
“The mannerless, brutal, coarse, insolent, conceited, cowardly roughs of the Chinese towns, ignorant beyond all description, live in a state of filth which is indescribable and incredible, in an inconceivable beastliness of dirt, among odours which no existing words can describe, and actually call Japanese “hideous dwarfs”! I wondered daily more at the goodness of people who are missionaries to the Chinese in the interior cities, not at their coming out the first time, but at their coming back, knowing what they come to. The village people are quite different and doubtless have attractive qualities and it must be admitted that Christianity does produce an external refinement among those who receive it, which is very noticeable. Having relieved my hoarded disgusts by these remarks, I will proceed with my narrative.”
In contrast Bird can be positive at times towards the religion and culture. The whole does feel contradictory and it is certainly Eurocentric. Many of the good things come from the missionaries. Bird recognises the economic power of China and its potential. There’s a fair bit about opium, its use and cultivation. The passages where Bird is approaching Tibet and the interactions with the peoples there is also very interesting and sets a bit of a contrast with her interactions with the Chinese.
Bird does provide information and narrative coupled with some remarkable pictures she took herself and the book is worth reading for that. It was a remarkable achievement for someone in their late 60s. However this is tempered by the racism and periodic contempt for those she was living amongst.
reading-women-2022

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Kathy
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February 17, 2012
This woman was amazing! After reading all she did, I feel like a wimp! From battling upstream in a boat being towed up deadly rapids, to walking at night in snow up to her neck in freezing clothing, to surviving riots and rocks, and sleeping with pigs, this woman did it all. And she comes out the other side expressing appreciation for all the good she saw: good people, good culture, beautiful scenery. While she doesn't sugar-coat her opinions when she thinks something is awful or wrong or disgusting, she is lavish in her recognition of that which has merit. Bless you, Isabella!

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Valerie
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July 23, 2008
Nobody wields a parasol like this women, not even Amelia Peabody.

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Cordelicacy
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January 30, 2022
Reading this book will make you feel like a poorly travelled, spoiled couch potato. On the other hand, it will also make you feel grateful for solid walls, dry interiors, warm water, food, and paved roads. Isabella Bird was a great traveler of the 19th century, leaving her footprints in Hawaii, Colorado, Korea, Japan, Kashmir, and elsewhere. It seems that she was drawn to places that were just beyond the realm of civilization as she and her peers knew it. As such, when it came to China, her ultimate destination was Somo, an area in what is now western Sichuan, which was a place that appears to have once been a sort of a no-man’s land between Tibet and China proper. In this book, she describes an arduous journey up the Yangtze River on boats and over land across Sichuan on foot or in a a sedan chair with a team of porters. As she approached her final destination, she was running from Qing officials who wanted her to stay within the official boundaries of the empire. Ms. Bird didn’t give a lot of information about what motivated her travels, but she does say that she hated being among other foreigners for significant amounts of time. Readers get the feeling that she may have collected information from her travels so she could be the most informed person in the room when she was back in the UK.

Bird’s descriptions of her travels up and down the Yangtze River in 1897 are especially informative to readers today because she experienced a river that no longer exists, as the Yangtze has been completely remade as a result of the Three Gorges Dam project. As such, she saw a Yangtze River that rose and fell with the seasons and thousands of coolies working as trackers. She saw all sorts of boats, including a few that literally exploded upon hitting river boulders after being washed downstream by rapids. As for her overland travels, she saw riots (that she seems to have triggered by virtue of being a foreigner in a time of intense distrust regarding foreigners). She saw stunning but mysterious stone buildings. She also apparently saw some of the most beautiful scenery and people of her life.

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Zee
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August 15, 2019
For cultural, geographical, historical, and linguistic reasons this journal will have much more benefit and meaning for someone with prior interest and experience in China. Having both of these I found many of her observations to be relevant today, although there were several that are either offensive or haven’t aged well. Her account allows for a fascinating linkage between late dynastic and modern China that those familiar with the latter will appreciate. Definitely helpful for anyone desiring a more personal, less textbook insight into China’s cultural history, and recent enough to be make that history relatable.
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Carolyn Johnson
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November 4, 2018
Vivid writing about a long journey in this area of China in 1897, kept me reading every night before bed.

There were quite a few rude and prejudicial comments about the native peoples the author encountered, which I shrugged off. Ignorance and the common views of the times did not keep me from enjoying a very complete travel book.

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Cassidy
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April 29, 2026
I picked this book up as the new travelling companion in a series of non-fiction texts I have been reading and I rather liked it. Not that I was expecting not to but here with its 19th century and somewhat imperialist or at least western centric and colonialist take on China's emerging nationhood and ascension into the international order, I could have been skeptical. It was still interesting to read about the travels and explorations that our narrator found herself in, exploring the vast depths of Yantgze. All of the obstacles she had to face and all of the discovery she found too. China is revealed to us in this time as much the saem as other nations, one that was emerging, redifining itself and crucially never stopping to step forward and develop itself, even if under the auspices of western nations that saw themselves as more inturding ally than helpful friend. This is after all the age of empire and colonialism where the west did rule the world and thought that it could bring enlightenemnt to others. I do think that with this I do not share the sentimenet of the fact that the only way China can rise up to be among these nations is by westernising itself, that change did not come and perhaps in trying to do so it only hastened and emphasises the laready growing fractures within. China does not have to christian, democratic or even welcoming to the west in order to succeed it just has to be China.
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Helga
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August 20, 2019
I love all of Isabella Bird's travel books, mostly because she is very no nonsense and genuinely interested in different cultures. One of the best parts of this book are the photographs that she took during her trip in 1897. It is also hilarious how she makes fun of "amateur photographers" who need dark rooms, when she can develop photographs on a tiny boat during the night.

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Displaying 1 - 8 of 8 reviews
==

세진님, 요청하신 이사벨라 버드 비숍의 마지막 주요 저작인 <양쯔강 유역과 그 너머>(The Yangtze Valley and Beyond, 1899)에 대한 요약과 평론입니다. 원칙에 따라 도서 제목은 한국어로 번역하고, 본문은 <해라> 체를 사용하여 서술했습니다.

<양쯔강 유역과 그 너머> 요약 및 평론

1. 서론: 제국주의 분할 직전, 중국 내륙의 거대한 기록

이사벨라 버드 비숍의 <양쯔강 유역과 그 너머>(1899)는 저자가 1896년부터 1897년까지 감행한 약 5,000마일에 달하는 대장정을 바탕으로 집필된, 그의 탐험 역사상 가장 방대하고 심층적인 서구 중심의 아시아 보고서이다. 당시 중국 청나라는 청일전쟁(1894~1895)의 패배 이후 서구 열강들에 의해 이른바 '세력권(Spheres of Influence)'으로 쪼개질 위기에 처해 있었다. 특히 영국은 양쯔강 유역을 자신의 지리적·상업적 독점권 하에 두기 위해 혈안이 되어 있었다. 저자는 이러한 국제 정치적 긴장감 속에서 상하이에서 출발해 양쯔강의 거친 협곡을 거쳐 사천성(쓰촨성) 내륙 깊숙한 곳, 그리고 더 나아가 티베트 국경 지대의 소수 민족인 소모(Somo) 영토의 만즈(Man-tze) 부족 사회까지 도달한다. 이 책은 제국주의적 침탈 직전의 중국 내륙이 지닌 생태, 경제, 민속을 정밀하게 기록한 19세기 말 탐험 문학의 기념비적 저작이다.

2. 내용 요약: 양쯔강의 험로와 미지의 부족 사회

본 서적은 저자의 일기와 서간문을 기초로 지리학, 인류학, 상업적 통계를 융합하여 서술되었으며, 수많은 사진과 스케치가 삽입되어 현장감을 더한다. 여정의 핵심은 크게 세 단계로 구분된다.

첫 번째 단계는 상하이에서 출발하여 양쯔강 상류로 거슬러 올라가는 험난한 수로 여정이다. 저자는 상하이의 외국인 조계를 시작으로 항저우, 한커우, 이창을 거쳐 양쯔강의 악명 높은 급류와 가파른 협곡(삼협)을 통과한다. 이 과정에서 저자는 배를 밧줄로 끄는 수많은 '추적꾼(Trackers)'들의 가혹한 노동과 양쯔강이 지닌 아시아 제1의 수로로서의 상업적 잠재력을 세밀하게 지형학적으로 묘사한다. 한커우 등지에서는 영국의 무역 현황을 점검하고, 중국인들의 시장 경제와 상업적 활기를 정밀하게 추적한다.

두 번째 단계는 사천성 내륙의 사회상 관찰과 배외주의(排外主義) 폭동과의 대면이다. 저자는 사천성의 중심부로 진입하며 아름다운 자연경관과 농업의 풍요로움에 감탄하는 동시에, 외지인에 대한 현지 민중의 강렬한 적대감과 마주한다. 여정 중 저자는 외국인을 '서양 귀신(洋鬼子)' 또는 '서양 개'라 부르며 돌을 던지는 분노한 군중들에게 둘러싸여 두 차례나 죽을 고비를 넘긴다. 저자는 선교사들의 활동과 선교 병원의 운영 실태를 보고하면서, 중국 사회에 뿌리 깊게 박힌 아편 중독의 참상과 잦은 자살 문제 등 음울한 사회적 단면들을 가감 없이 기록한다.

세 번째 단계는 티베트 접경지 소모 영토와 만즈(蠻族) 부족의 발견이다. 저자는 중국인 정착지를 넘어 문명화되지 않은 미지의 영역으로 여겨지던 만즈 부족의 산악 지대로 들어간다. 이곳에서 목격한 소수 민족의 삶은 중국 본토의 유교적 사회 구조와 전적으로 달랐다. 저자는 그들의 독특한 석조 건축 양식, 여성의 높은 사회적 지위, 그리고 중국 관료 체제와는 차별화된 부족장 중심의 자치 구조를 관찰한다. 이 미답의 부족 사회에서 보여준 독창적인 문화적 정체성을 인류학적으로 기록하며 책은 대단원의 막을 내린다.

3. 평론: 제국주의적 후견론과 인간적 연민의 이중주

<양쯔강 유역과 그 너머>는 이사벨라 버드의 후기 저작 중 가장 복합적인 텍스트이다. 서구의 제국주의적 프레임과 저자 개인의 인도주의적 시선이 충돌하고 융합하는 지점은 다음과 같이 분석될 수 있다.

첫째, 무역과 지리에 대한 '정찰 장교' 수준의 객관적 분석이다. 영국 왕립지리학회 회원으로서 저자의 관찰은 단순한 감상을 넘어선다. 양쯔강 각 구간의 수심, 기온, 고도, 기압을 정밀하게 측정하고 사천성 일대의 실크 산업, 석탄 무역, 농업 생산력을 수치화하여 제시한 대목은 이 저작이 지닌 높은 학술적 가치를 증명한다. 저자는 서구 열강이 중국을 강제로 분할하려 하기보다, '문호 개방(Open Door)' 정책을 유지하고 청나라 중앙 정부를 강화하여 무역의 거점으로 삼아야 한다는 냉정한 제국주의적 통찰을 숨기지 않는다.

둘째, 유교 체제의 정체성과 민중의 사적 활력에 대한 이중적 시선이다. 저자는 청나라 관료 체제의 부패, 사법 권력의 부재, 그리고 이성보다 미신에 의존하는 샤머니즘적 태도를 강하게 비판한다. 그러나 동시에 중국 민중이 보여주는 지치지 않는 노동 윤리와 근면함, "일하는 것이 곧 행복"인 듯 밝게 움직이는 서민들의 활기에는 깊은 경의를 표한다. 군중 폭동으로 목숨을 위협받았음에도 불구하고, 저자는 중국인 개인의 성실성과 거대한 잠재력을 인정하는 세계인으로서의 균형 감각을 보여준다.

셋째, '오리엔탈 크라이스트'의 예견과 문화적 자각이다. 서구 개신교 선교사들의 헌신을 예찬하면서도, 저자는 서구의 신학적 도그마와 예배 형식을 아시아인들에게 그대로 강요하는 선교 방식에 회의를 품는다. 동양인의 정신세계로는 이해하기 힘든 서구식 개념을 주입하기보다, 동양의 사상과 표현 방식에 맞는 '아시아적 기독교(Oriental Christ)'의 출현이 필요할지도 모른다는 저자의 통찰은, 그가 오랜 아시아 여행을 통해 서구 중심주의적 사고를 일정 부분 탈피하고 타 문화의 내재적 정체성을 인정하기 시작했음을 보여주는 결정적 대목이다.

4. 결론: 한 제국의 황혼을 기록한 거대한 파노라마

결론적으로 <양쯔강 유역과 그 너머>는 20세기라는 거대한 격변의 시기를 맞이하기 직전, 청나라 제국의 마지막 황혼기를 가장 웅장하고 입체적으로 담아낸 다큐멘터리이다. 이사벨라 버드는 제국주의의 첨병이자 감시자라는 시대적 한계를 지니고 있었으나, 동시에 국경과 인종의 장벽을 넘어 인간 보편의 삶을 정면으로 응시하고자 했던 위대한 탐험가였다. 사천성의 거친 협곡과 미지의 소수 민족 사회를 관통한 그의 발자취는, 서구화의 파도 속에서 소멸해 가던 아시아 내륙의 원형을 보존한 인류의 거대한 유산이자 시대를 개척한 한 여성의 위대한 종착지이다.

==

이사벨라 버드 비숍의 <The Yangtze Valley and Beyond: An Account of Journeys in China, Chiefly in the Province of Sze Chuan and among the Man-tze of the Somo Territory>는 1899년에 런던의 존 머리 출판사에서 나온 중국 여행기입니다. 구텐베르크와 구글북스 정보에 따르면 저자는 Isabella L. Bird, 원출판은 London: J. Murray, 1899년이며, 558쪽 규모의 책입니다. 케임브리지판 설명은 이 책이 1896~1897년 중국 중부 여행의 기록이며, 특히 사천성, 곧 Szechuan/Sze Chuan, 그리고 당시 유럽인에게 거의 알려지지 않았던 Somo 지역의 Man-tze 사람들 사이의 여행을 다룬다고 설명합니다.

이 책은 버드의 일본기행·조선기행과 이어 읽을 때 더 잘 보입니다. <일본기행>이 메이지 초기 일본 내륙과 아이누를, <조선기행>이 조선 말기의 정치적 위기와 주변 열강을 보여준다면, <양쯔강 계곡과 그 너머>는 청말 중국의 거대한 내륙세계와 서구 제국주의의 압력이 만나는 장면을 보여줍니다. 다만 이 책은 조선기행보다 훨씬 더 방대하고, 일본기행보다 훨씬 더 지리적·상업적·제국적 관심이 강합니다. 제목의 “Yangtze Valley”는 단순한 강 유역이 아니라, 서구가 중국 내륙으로 들어가는 경제·선교·정치의 통로를 뜻합니다.

책의 출발점은 양쯔강을 따라 중국 내륙으로 들어가는 여정입니다. 버드는 이미 여러 대륙을 여행한 노련한 여행가였고, 이 책에서도 여성 여행자라는 자기 위치를 적극적으로 활용합니다. 그녀는 강선, 작은 배, 가마, 말, 도보를 이용해 이동하며, 개항장과 조계지, 내륙 도시, 산악지대, 사찰, 관청, 시장, 촌락, 선교 기지를 관찰합니다. 양쯔강은 이 책의 지리적 척추입니다. 강은 중국의 생명선이자 상업로이며, 동시에 서구 열강이 중국 내륙으로 침투하는 길입니다.

초반부에서 버드는 중국의 압도적 규모에 주목합니다. 일본이나 조선과 달리 중국은 너무 넓고, 너무 오래되었고, 인구와 물산이 방대합니다. 항구 도시와 강변 시장은 사람과 물건으로 넘쳐납니다. 그녀는 중국인의 상업적 능력, 근면, 생활력, 가족 중심 질서, 물자 운송 체계를 세밀하게 적습니다. 조선기행에서 조선의 관료 부패와 민중의 억눌림을 강조했다면, 이 책에서는 중국 사회의 혼란과 폭력 속에서도 끈질기게 작동하는 상업·노동·지역 공동체의 생명력이 두드러집니다.

그러나 버드의 중국은 아름답고 질서 있는 문명만은 아닙니다. 그녀는 위생 불량, 질병, 거지, 과밀한 거리, 잔혹한 형벌, 관료 부패, 여성의 고통, 아편 문제, 반외국인 감정을 반복해서 기록합니다. 중국 도시는 그녀에게 매혹적이면서도 피곤한 공간입니다. 냄새, 소음, 인파, 의심, 호기심이 늘 따라붙습니다. 일본기행에서 일본 농촌의 불결한 여관과 벌레가 반복되었다면, 중국기행에서는 거대한 인구와 낡은 관료제, 도시의 압박감이 반복됩니다.

책의 중심은 사천성 여행입니다. 사천은 당시 서구인에게 매우 중요한 관심 지역이었습니다. 중국 내륙의 풍요로운 농업지대이고, 양쯔강 상류 교통의 핵심이며, 서구 상업과 선교가 앞으로 진출하려는 공간이었기 때문입니다. 버드는 사천의 산악 지형, 계단식 농업, 강과 협곡, 시장, 사찰, 마을을 세밀하게 묘사합니다. 특히 사천의 풍요로움과 폐쇄성이 함께 강조됩니다. 외부 세계와 멀리 떨어져 있지만, 내부적으로는 복잡하고 발달한 생활세계가 있다는 것입니다.

이 책의 부제에 나오는 “Man-tze of the Somo territory”는 오늘날 용어로 매우 조심스럽게 다뤄야 합니다. “Man-tze”는 한자 “만자/만인” 계열의 오래된 호칭으로, 당시 중국 중심 질서와 서구 여행문학에서 주변 산악민을 가리키던 말입니다. 오늘날에는 명백히 타자화된 표현입니다. 버드는 이들을 중국 한족 세계와 구별되는 산악 변경민으로 관찰합니다. 일본기행에서 아이누가 그런 위치에 있었듯이, 이 책에서 Somo 지역의 사람들은 “문명 중심부 바깥의 사람들”로 배치됩니다. 그녀는 그들의 의복, 언어, 주거, 무기, 관습, 신체, 종교, 정치적 관계를 묘사하지만, 그 묘사에는 빅토리아 시대 인류학의 인종 분류적 시선이 들어 있습니다.

선교와 기독교도 중요한 축입니다. 버드는 여러 지역에서 선교사와 접촉하고, 중국인의 반기독교 감정, 서구 선교의 위험, 의료선교, 교육, 여성 선교사의 역할 등을 관찰합니다. 그녀는 기독교 선교에 기본적으로 우호적이지만, 무조건 낙관하지는 않습니다. 중국 사회의 깊은 전통, 외국인에 대한 불신, 제국주의와 선교가 함께 보이는 현실을 알고 있습니다. 이 점에서 이 책은 단순한 선교 홍보물이 아닙니다. 다만 버드가 “기독교 문명”의 도덕적 우월성을 완전히 의심하지는 않기 때문에, 그녀의 동정과 비판은 늘 제국주의적 위계 안에서 움직입니다.

정치적으로 이 책은 청말 중국의 취약성을 보여줍니다. 출간 시점은 의화단 사건 직전입니다. 버드가 본 중국은 아직 거대한 문명이지만, 외국 세력의 압박과 내부 부패, 지방 권력의 불안, 반외국인 정서가 누적된 상태입니다. 독자는 이 책을 읽으며 1900년 의화단 운동이 갑자기 터진 사건이 아니라, 이미 지방사회 곳곳에 쌓인 긴장 속에서 나온 것임을 느낄 수 있습니다. 버드는 폭동을 예언하는 정치분석가처럼 쓰지는 않지만, 외국인과 중국인 사이의 감정적 거리, 의심, 모욕감, 경제적 침투, 선교 문제를 계속 기록합니다.

문학적으로 이 책은 버드의 후기 여행기답게 노련합니다. 일본기행의 즉흥적 생생함, 조선기행의 정치적 긴장과는 달리, 이 책은 더 무겁고 정보량이 많습니다. 그녀는 산과 강, 협곡과 도시를 잘 묘사하지만, 동시에 무역·교통·행정·민족·선교 문제를 길게 설명합니다. 그래서 독서의 재미는 일본기행보다 덜할 수 있습니다. 그러나 자료적 가치는 큽니다. 스미스소니언 도서관도 이 책을 중국 및 양쯔강 유역 관련 자료로 디지털화해 공개하고 있습니다.

평론적으로 보면, 이 책의 핵심은 <중국 내륙을 향한 제국의 시선>입니다. 버드는 용감한 여성 여행자였고, 현장 관찰자로서 뛰어났습니다. 그러나 그녀가 본 양쯔강 유역은 단순한 인간 생활의 공간만이 아니라, 서구 상업·선교·교통·정치가 들어가야 할 잠재적 공간이기도 했습니다. 즉 그녀는 중국을 사랑하고 두려워하고 감탄하면서도, 동시에 “개방되어야 할 내륙”, “개선되어야 할 사회”, “기독교와 상업이 들어가야 할 공간”으로 봅니다. 이것이 이 책의 힘이자 한계입니다.

최근 연구도 이 책을 단순한 제국주의 텍스트로만 보지는 않습니다. 예컨대 2022년 논문은 이 책을 “탈식민적으로 다시 읽기”의 대상으로 삼으면서, 버드의 중국 여행기가 인종·문화 이데올로기를 단순히 반복하기만 하는 것이 아니라, 독자를 윤리적·감정적 여정으로 이끄는 복합적 텍스트라고 봅니다. 이 해석은 타당합니다. 버드는 편견을 가진 사람이지만, 동시에 현장 경험 때문에 자기 편견이 흔들리는 사람입니다. 그녀는 중국인을 낮춰 보기도 하지만, 그들의 근면함과 능력, 삶의 질서에 감탄하기도 합니다.

전체적으로 <The Yangtze Valley and Beyond>는 <청말 중국 내륙의 방대한 생활세계와 서구 제국주의적 욕망이 만나는 지점>을 기록한 책입니다. 한국 독자에게도 의미가 큽니다. 이 책을 <일본기행>, <조선기행>과 함께 읽으면, 버드가 본 동아시아 세 나라의 차이가 보입니다. 일본은 가난하지만 빠르게 국가가 조직되는 사회, 조선은 제도 부패와 열강 압력 속에서 흔들리는 사회, 중국은 압도적 규모와 생명력을 가졌지만 내부 균열과 외압에 시달리는 문명으로 나타납니다.

한 줄로 정리하면 이렇습니다.

<이 책은 양쯔강과 사천을 여행한 여성 모험가의 기록이면서, 동시에 청말 중국을 서구가 어떻게 욕망하고 두려워하고 판단했는지를 보여주는 제국 시대의 거대한 중국 관찰기입니다.>

==

==

Unbeaten Tracks in Japan 영어책 서평

Amazon.com.au:Customer reviews: Unbeaten Tracks in Japan


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Unbeaten Tracks in Japan
Unbeaten Tracks in Japan
byIsabella L. (Isabella Lucy) Bird
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From Australia

Laurie
4.0 out of 5 stars Worth reading but takes patience
Reviewed in Australia on 5 January 2017
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
A vivid description of Japan just after the Meiji restoration. Poverty, disease and curiosity towards the author throughout. Her descriptions of the Aino are detailed and interesting. Ms Bird is a good chronicler but never very positive about the state of Japan and the Japanese.
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maryleopard
5.0 out of 5 stars late Victorian perspective on Japan
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 27 September 2009
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This book would be enjoyed by anyone interested in Japan,in travel literature, or in anthropology. Isabella Bird, an intrepid late Victorian, travelled alone, apart from her translator/guide, into parts of Japan rarely, if ever, visited by a foreigner let alone a woman, at a time when the country was beginning to 'modernise'.
The book is composed of chapters formed from her long letters home. While the descriptions of the discomforts -endless rain, soaked clothes, dirt, insect-ridden inns and uncongenial food might pall (even if understandable), her evocations of the countryside are lyrical and deeply felt and her analyses of the characteristics and habits both of the Japanese and the Aino tribal people of the far north shrewd and entertaining. If you have visited modern Japan, it is fascinating to see both how much has changed (Japan is the most comfortable and hygenic country you could hope to visit!) and how much remained the same - the courtesy, the industriousness, the discipline. Of course,Isabella Bird writes from a Victorian perspective, and, not being affected by modern political correctness, is not afraid to use terms like 'savages' or comment on the 'ugliness' of most Japanese men. But there is no sense that European society is in all respects superior - several times, she comments on how we might learn from the Japanese.
The literary style of the book is a delight - easy to read, with a lucid use of language. IT SHOULD NOT BE MODERNISED!!! Perfect bedside reading - you can skip the longeurs. I shall read her other books.
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Books on Asia
5.0 out of 5 stars Great detail on the superficial lives of Japanese in Meiji Period
Reviewed in Japan on 30 April 2019
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Really loved all the copious detail in this book about Meiji Period Japan. Nowhere else can you get this kind of inside look at the superficial lives of the Japanese before the turn of the century. Bird writes her diary-form letters with a wicked honesty and doesn't hide her biases which makes it all the more entertaining. The illustrations are excellent and lend insight to her descriptions.
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5.0 out of 5 stars A fascinating travelogue of Japan written 140 yeaars ago by a woman of adventurous spirit, curiosity, courage, and grit.
Reviewed in the United States on 30 January 2015
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A fascinating and apparently largely unflinching look at Japan--especially what were then the little traveled parts north of Tokyo, including Hokkaido, by an intrepid and curious Englishwoman of courage and grit, mostly traveling in the primitive back road travel conditions of the late 1870s, soon after Japan was opened to westerners.

All that she observed then has either entirely passed away or has been totally transformed, and will not return again. Thus, her up close and personal observations are extraordinarily valuable for those wishing to know just how a Japan--on the cusp of "fundamental transformation," and just starting to be changed/contaminated by western ideas and technology--appeared to the eyes of a westerner.

I see a reviewer here downgraded this travelogue because of what he decried as the "racism" that permeated this book, especially as it pertained to the Ainu.

A fundamental mistake in evaluating and trying to understand an old book/travelogue dealing with places, peoples, or past historical events is to criticize and condemn the worldviews, attitudes, and judgments of the author vis-à-vis past peoples and times, based on the standards of today.

Miss Bird was not a person of today, but the product of the English Empire of 140 plus years ago, near the height of its success, power, and reach, and master of a large portion of the Earth, moreover, she was a firm Christian believer, and also obviously of the belief that her religion and culture were superior to all others, and she judged the things she saw, heard, and experienced accordingly. But, even her most withering observations and comments came from what was obviously a very kind heart.
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Birgit
5.0 out of 5 stars Authentic, humorous, intoxicating
Reviewed in Germany on 21 April 2013
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Strictly recommended for anyone who wants to travel through Japan or have already done so. While the challenges faced by the author are insignificant to compare with those of today's Japanese trips, the mentality of the people, the descriptions of the landscape and explanations of the major sights such as Asakusa or Nikko will be familiar to many. The author's travel reports, some of which are very amusingly written, offer a detailed, authentic and largely unjudgable insight into Japanese society in the late 19th century, thus also contributing to the understanding of Japanese culture today. Anyone who has already been lucky enough to travel to Japan will smile or nod knowingly in many places.
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DW Rubric
5.0 out of 5 stars Amazing and readable adventure by a brave woman who recorded it all in great detail
Reviewed in Canada on 9 March 2014
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Isabella Bird put her trust in the locals and set out on an adventure that was definitely off the beaten tracks.
She confronted the dangers of difficult mountain passes and extreme storms. She put up with her own health challenges and the discomforts of remote villages.
Along the way, she recorded her experiences in great detail to provide a readable and convincing picture of life in 19th century Japan as she saw it.
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Amazon Customer
4.0 out of 5 stars Don't Miss This
Reviewed in India on 2 September 2017
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Great reading. Flowing language.
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C. E. Stevens
4.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating glimpse into a newly-opened Japan--and the outsider who travels through it
Reviewed in the United States on 19 March 2019
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"Unbeaten Tracks in Japan" is such an unlikely book--a series of letters by a British female independent traveler / amateur anthropologist traveling through the unbeaten paths of a Japan at the dawn of its opening to the West. Seeing Japan through Isabella Bird's eyes is fascinating both for her account of rural northern Honshu and Hokkaido, as well as what her writings say about her own mindset and worldview. Bird herself is an unlikely protagonist in her own story, a female traveler who had suffered painful maladies her whole life, who nonetheless eschewed comforts and took the rather arduous route through parts of Japan that even today are largely off the beaten path. Bird is a gifted writer, skilled at narrating both the mundane and the sublime aspects of her journey through a Japan that will be both familiar and yet intriguingly foreign for those readers familiar with modern Japan.

Bird is very observant, and especially for her time, very empathetic, open-minded, and gracious--in many ways, she is easy for the modern reader to relate to, despite the wide gulf in time and culture that separate us. However, I think it is precisely because she exhibits so many relatable qualities that it is all the more jarring when she does describe the Japanese or Ainu as grotesque, savage, stupid, hideous, looking like monkeys, or any other number of descriptions that will be rather shocking for the modern reader. I imagine there are some who would either blacklist Bird for this reason, or at the other extreme, excuse her for being a product of her time. I wrestled with this issue throughout my reading of this book, and I came down in the middle between these two extremes: I could *understand* Bird as the product of her environment, while at the same time finding such utterances (and the mindset that produced them) as abhorrent and, to borrow one of her own phrases, savage. Not only that, but it also represents a missed opportunity--how can one fully understand or appreciate peoples that they view in patronizing terms as children, even animals, no matter how 'well-intentioned' they might be? How the reader thinks about this issue will likely differ from individual to individual, but for many, it will likely be difficult not to let this issue affect their enjoyment of this work. Yet, it also provides an important and thought-provoking meditation on issues of race, class, and religion that Bird herself could not have anticipated when she wrote her letters. For this reason, I for one would've loved Ito's take on traveling with Bird!

Yet, for most of the book, this is not a major issue. If anything, the reader will likely get a little weary of the descriptions of the difficult roads or uncooperative horses or flea-infested lodgings, which get a bit predictable and repetitive after a time (although, they do make one appreciate Bird's hardships all the more, as well as her restraint in not romanticizing her journey). Yet, just when one starts to grow a bit weary of such descriptions, Bird will give a fascinating account of a wedding or hospital or temple that pulls one in completely. Her writings in Hokkaido are particularly poignant, poetic even. This work might not be for everyone, but for anyone interested in this time period and this location, it is an important document and an interesting read. Warts and all, I'm glad I read it, and would happily recommend it to others with similar interests.
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中井 裕子
4.0 out of 5 stars Kanto edition only
Reviewed in Japan on 19 October 2021
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It's a shame that it's not the full version.
The depiction from Yokohama to Nikko is recommended because if you read it in the original expression, you can understand the nuances of the author's wit that are different from the Japanese translation and it's fun.
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Tom
4.0 out of 5 stars good read!
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 11 November 2013
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For those interested in Japan or nature this is a great book, Bird sets the scene so well that you almost feel like you're on the journey with her at times. I only gave it 4 because I was interested in reading more about Yokohama and Tokyo of that period but they barely feature.
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Philip Newbould
4.0 out of 5 stars Past Japan
Reviewed in Germany on 6 February 2026
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An interesting insight into Japan by a Western Victorian lady travelling alone.
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H I
5.0 out of 5 stars Very good work!
Reviewed in Germany on 8 November 2014
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To be able to travel like this already at this time is simply unique, therefore also a unique work! That's why I like to read their other books too!
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MikeRichardson
5.0 out of 5 stars Great book, interesting to see the changes in Japan over the last 150 yers
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 22 May 2021
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I bought this book for my wife, it being the choice of a book club to which she belongs. Having spent a few days in Japan 3 or 4 years ago I read it after her, and found it most interesting. Discovered after only a few pages that the British introduced railways to Japan in 1872 not only manufacturing them, but laying the 18 miles of track, and providing the engine drivers and guardsmen. How things have changed with the world famed Japanese 'Bullet Train'. The book is based on letters the author , (the first woman to explore the wilder parts of Japan, alone other than a guide/translator) and written in a very discriptive style. I found it a real pleasure to read, although unfortunatly my wife struggled with it
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Philip Sandoz
5.0 out of 5 stars Unbeatable Facts of Japan!
Reviewed in the United States on 27 September 2016
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As a long-term, 40-year, British foreign resident of Japan, I found Isabella Bird's 19th century description of Nihon wonderful, perspicacious and unbelievably funny. Her attitude was so gorgeously superior, as was typical of British people dealing with any foreigners at that time, especially the barbaric "yellow races", but still extremely perceptive in regard to social mores and, particularly the male-female relationship. She also beautifully destroys the modern legends of the Japanese as an historically clean and sophisticated people, but manages to show deep cultural respect while, at the same time, poking fun at the inward-looking, foreigner-excluding Japanese society. I particularly enjoyed noting what differences have occurred in Japan over the past 150 or so years (many), but, even more so, what has remained exactly the same (even more).

Absolutely lovely. I'm really looking forward to reading Izzie's other travel tomes.
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野口永朋
5.0 out of 5 stars I'm glad that Bird can read in English
Reviewed in Japan on 2 July 2015
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To be tricky, there are three versions of the original book.
1. Unbeaten Tracks in Japan Vol. 2 by Motohara (1880 First Edition)
2. Unbeaten Tracks in Japan Volume 1 by Motohara (1885 First Edition)
3. Unbeaten Tracks in Japan New Edition (the first edition of 1900)

This book seems to be a transcription of 2 in the Gutenberg Project.Since this book is just 130 years ago, there are many parts that can not be seized sensitively, such as place names (such as Perry Island in Tokyo Bay) and British monetary notation, and illustrations have been cut.

It is recommended to read along with “New Translation of Japan Okuchi Journey” translated by Kiyonori Kanasaka recently (2013) from 2.The currency is also converted to yen, so it is easy to understand.

This book and 1. is based on the review of the reviewer of the same translation “Complete Japanese Outback Journey 1-4”.

I read and found a piece that is further cut.The last part of the LETTER XXXI, Bird (the daughter of the pastor), reveals doubts about Christianity.

Well, I'm glad that Unbeaten Tracks can be read in English.
The sentence A traveler must buy his own experience (LETTER VI last) is very creepy.Are you ready for the bird?
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J Lennard
5.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating insight to Japan in the late 19th Century seen ...
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 6 December 2015
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Fascinating insight to Japan in the late 19th Century seen through the eyes of a Victorian lady. Her descriptions are so vivid bringing scenery, people and events to life.
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Alice Folkart
5.0 out of 5 stars Loved it, but it's not for everyone
Reviewed in the United States on 23 June 2013
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Isabella Bird, a Victorian female explorer, went where no woman, and sometimes no man, had gone before. Fascinating look at the back country of Japan, before much Western contact. She traveled with a Japanese guide/translator and horses and mules and 'chair men' (to carry her in a sort of palanquin) with no itinerary, with no language, with only an intense desire to 'discover.' But she is a Victorian writing in the English of her day which sometimes would be a little long-winded and turgid for a 21st Century reader. I like that language, myself. So no problem. Definitely worth it. Her travels in Hokkaido are particularly interesting - the Ainu (Hokkaido native people) are a fresh experience for her and she makes no bones about their stage of social and cultural development. She sometimes refers to them as 'aborigines,' but she sees them clearly, their kindness, their welcome, willingness to share whatever they have with a foreign stranger, their sensitivity at the same time as she sees their difficulties. She is a good observer of people and their culture. We are lucky to have a woman's view account of Japan, and especially Hokkaido, from this era. For the right reader this will be a treasure. Also highly recommend any other of Isabella Bird's travel books.
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Teresa Weber
2.0 out of 5 stars Can't you call a “book”
Reviewed in Germany on 12 January 2021
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Absolutely confusing, copy & paste only with a few errors! (e.g. Flowkg Invocatiok instead of flowing invocation)
table of contents has been adopted with page numbers even though there are no page numbers in this book and even if they didn't fit anyway.
Layout is not present, there is no paragraph between the letters, instead of umlauts there are often simply numbers in the middle of the word (T6kiy6 instead of Tokyo)... And I'll see that after 5 minutes. It is probably just a scan of the book and it was printed as the computer reads it, without correction.
I haven't compared it to the original yet, but it seems to be both volumes of the first edition in it, but 2 stars. But to ask for money for such a “book” at all is an impudence. Since normal prints of the original would look better and are far more clearly arranged. But since I only need it for study purposes and want to put notes in, it's enough for that. Makes me angry anyway.
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A. S. Bird
4.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating account of travels in 19th-century rural Japan
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 6 December 2015
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I thoroughly enjoyed reading Isabella Bird's account of late-19th-century rural Japan. We had recently read her Rocky Mountain account in our book group, but this book is even better.
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yamanaka-ko
5.0 out of 5 stars Content is plain and ready to be used in the field
Reviewed in Japan on 30 March 2021
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The essence of sales activities is explained specifically in a very easy-to-understand manner. It is easily written, but the theoretical support for success in sales activities is also added properly, and the manual to refer to when they are in trouble, for managers who control the sales force, and for salesmen It seems to be useful as well.
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Lilly
4.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating 19th Century Woman
Reviewed in the United States on 25 February 2002
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This book is actually a series of letters written in the 1870's by Isabella Bird, an intrepid Scotswoman,to her sister. Japan had "opened" to the west only some 10 years earlier and she was determined to visit the "untoured" areas of inland Japan, off the beaten track. I wondered to myself how many hordes of Western tourists had there already been to Japan at that time? What makes this book so interesting is twofold. First of all she describes peasant and village life in areas which were quite poor and did not conform to the picture of Japanese life in the cities of Tokyo or Kyoto at that time or now. As was true for Europe at the same period, there were huge differences in the standards of living between the different classes and between town and village. Her descriptions of the Ainu were especially vivid and interesting. The other aspect is Isabella Bird herself. She traveled by pack horse, cow, rickshaw and on foot via mountain tracks and fording countless rivers. She slept in flea infested Ryokan and endured being stared at endlessly. For weeks at a time she could speak only to her servant/interpreter since she did not know Japanese. Recommended for those with an interest in Japan or good travel writing.
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たま
4.0 out of 5 stars Ainu people who live polite and frugal
Reviewed in Japan on 16 January 2015
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In Meiji 11, trains run between Shimbashi and Yokohama, and infrastructure such as schools and bridges have begun in the region. But the life of the common people is a continuation of the Edo period for boys, girls are teething black. Horses, rickshaws, and sometimes walking birds depict the Tohoku region and Hokkaido (Donan) of this era. It is a big adventure such as falling horses on a steep road or getting into a river stop in heavy rain. Bird himself sees Japanese and Ainu people in Kochikochi Christians and is quite discriminatory colored glasses, and such expressions can be seen everywhere. However, as she travels forward and lives optimally with the politeness and honesty of a shabby dressed pagan, it looks like she is growing in her own sense of inconsistency. She herself is polite to Japanese and Ainu people and takes care of their illness. I feel even sorrow for the Ainu people who disappear without leaving a name in the pressure of the Japanese people. Considering the background of the times at a discount, her colored glasses seem inevitable. It is a valuable and interesting book in the sense that it depicts the scenery and people's lives in Japan in detail. There is also a description of the army rebellion, the Takebashi incident, which occurred while the bird was traveling.
As with the free book of this hand Kindle, illustrations are omitted, so you need to check the image published on the Internet. In addition, some important descriptions and tables that explain Japanese are missing. If you read seriously, you might want to look for a decent book with images, and if you want to know the exact place where she stopped by, a Japanese translation may be better.
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Harry
3.0 out of 5 stars A remarkable journey, blinkered by racism
Reviewed in the United States on 27 January 2015
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Ms Bird embarks on her journey with quite a backhander - "though I found the country a study rather than a rapture, its interest exceeded my largest expectations." A compliment of sorts, I suppose. As with her other books, Ms Bird's racism comes to the fore, describing her runner (the poor man who powered her conveyance) as "a kindly, good-natured creature, but absolutely hideous." She frequently describes the Japanese as ugly, "with figures anything but statuesque" and even refers to some teachers as "looking more like monkeys." Thankfully the racism is generally less heavy-handed than Ms Bird's later work, Among the Tibetans, but it is still odious and certainly rankles given her frequent references to the kindness and courtesy extended to her by so many (on whom she was totally dependent) and who sought to meet her demands and make her journey a success.

Her journey was extraordinary and arduous and she stuck with determination to her goal of travelling the back roads/tracks through the most difficult of terrain, at times life threatening to all involved.

She hits her straps in the northern island of Hokkaido - she clearly revels in the wild country of volcanoes and rushing streams and provides an important (and generally very positive) account of living with the Aino. But once again, her dreadful supremist attitude comes through, referring at length to one Aino man as `it' and his spouse as `the mate'.

If you can get past the sad spectre of racism, this is an epic tale of a journey through country and cultures that have since disappeared under the onslaught of modernity.
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Geoff Cook
5.0 out of 5 stars Japan
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 19 April 2020
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Lovely ...learning about Japan
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Amazon カスタマー
5.0 out of 5 stars This is one book that should be compared to her Korean travel book
Reviewed in Japan on 27 September 2021
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Isabella Bird's travel to Korea is a valuable book that actually traveled and published in Korea at the end of the 19th century (the era before the development of the Sino-Japanese War, except around the port although it opened from the national seclusion, until the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War), but before that she went to Japan I also stayed for a while and have a book out. That's what this book is about. I think it is easy to understand the reality of the Korean peninsula at that time, if you compare it with the impression of the Japanese at that time from Westerners (for her, oriental people were dwarfs and dressed in quirky clothes).
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john hiscox
2.0 out of 5 stars Exploring northern Japan the hard way.
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 23 February 2015
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Possibly only interesting for readers who want to know what travelling in the more remote regions of Japan 150 years ago was like. Much of the narrative is very repetitive. But you have to admire this woman who travelled mostly in appalling conditions with only a local guide for company.
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Nocal ken
5.0 out of 5 stars Historically important book
Reviewed in the United States on 23 July 2024
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A well-detailed and honest description of old Japan before it opened the door to the world.
If you seriously love Japan, you need to read it.
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Richard A. Smith
4.0 out of 5 stars A unique travelogue in early Meiji Japan
Reviewed in the United States on 2 March 2014
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Being a long-time resident of Japan who lives in the northern countryside, I find this account of northern rural Japan in the late 1870s fascinating. While the reportage is detailed and often perceptive, this is not a literary classic, so this book is recommended to those readers who have an historical interest in what northern rural Japan was like in pre-modern times. What is most striking about the contents of the book is Bird's shocked depiction of the sheer poverty and isolation of the rural villages located in the central mountain spine of the country. She dared to tread where no foreign visitors had trod before and captured a still-life of a pre-modern subsistence lifestyle that is hard to imagine a century and a half later. The literary limitations of the book seem to arise from Bird's inability to engage socially or emotionally with the people she meets on her journey partly because of her ignorance of the Japanese language (though she was accompanied by a Japanese guide and translator), partly because of her need to focus on survival in a harsh travel environment, and partly because she could not escape the confines of her Victorian worldview. At all times, you are reminded that this is an outsider's travelogue, but what a travelogue!
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えみ
5.0 out of 5 stars For those who love Japan and travelling
Reviewed in Japan on 17 September 2021
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This book was recommended by a friend. I love the way it’s written. Great if you love Japan and travelling!
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Melinda D. Wiselka
2.0 out of 5 stars A beautiful story defaced by racism.
Reviewed in the United States on 29 December 2015
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This book could benefit from a careful revision that excludes the racist comments that deface what might otherwise be quite a beautiful work.
Even giving the writer the benefit of the doubt (this was written in 1880, after all), it is disappointing to see someone so well traveled who still subscribes to such a narrow worldview and in the face of so much evidence to the contrary. Ms. Bird admits that she enjoyed unheard of freedom and safety while traveling alone in the wilds of Japan, yet still considers the Japanese a lesser class of people. She makes rude comments about about their appearance, their mimicry of European fashions, their virtues, etc.
Her interaction with her Japanese guide, Ito, is most telling. She complains of his rudeness to her, but never gives any specific examples of his sins, except instances of arrogance (often related to patriotic pride) and of cruelty to a horse (which seemed to be only the following of the cruel custom in his country). It's likely that Ito found her superior attitude abrasive, particularly coming from a woman, and smarted off a few times, incurring her ire. Ms. Bird relied heavily on Ito to manage her travel arrangements and often entrusted him with her money, without even once being disappointed, yet was unwilling to consider him a "good" person. When she discovered that he broke a contract with another European because she offered him [Ito] a larger sum of money, she presents this as proof of his bad character, without once admitting, even to herself, that he may have done so for the sake of her mother, for whom he appeared to be the sole support. The fact that he never in any other way showed himself as unreliable seems to support that argument. Ms. Bird takes great (some might say inordinate) pride in delivering Ito to his "master" (the jilted European), once she has finished with him, telling her sister that the European will help Ito to be a "good" man.
Ms. Bird's contempt for the native religion was also annoying in the extreme. Many atheists would view Christianity in the same narrow way she viewed Shintoism. Being raised in another faith, she failed to understand or appreciate Shintoism. Granted. That does not make it any less useful to those who practice it nor does it make its practitioners less civilized than she is.
The worst parts of the book deal with her long visits with a "savage" race of Ainos. At one point, she laments to her sister that, unfortunately, the Aino population appears to be increasing (presumably, because she believes a "primitive" race ought to die out). At no point is she mistreated or disrespected by these "primitives". They treat her with unfailing kindness. Yet, she never fails to point out that they are only "adult children", one so ugly as to be a "missing link".
Elsewhere, the book excels in descriptive detail. If not for these unfortunate eugenic detours, this might have been quite an enjoyable romp.
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Elisa M. J. Garza
1.0 out of 5 stars Bigoted view of Japan
Reviewed in the United States on 7 August 2013
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I take a deep breath before reviewing this book to remind myself that the author is a British woman from the 19th century and it took a lot of guts for her to travel all alone.

That being said...Isabella L. Bird is a boring, self-righteous, narrow-minded bigot who decided to publish the letters she sent to her sister while she visited Japan. Why anyone bothered to give her the right, I can only guess is due to the fact that she is supposed to be the first woman to have travelled there.

Not only did I not learn one useful thing about Japan by reading this book, I was also disgusted by how Bird dismissed every Japanese custom as "abominable" and qualified any sign of beauty in the locals as decidedly European (never ever Asiatic).

Again, maybe it was natural to be so politically incorrect in the 19th century, but that doesn't justify this woman when she treats certain locals as sub-humans. She literally refers to some individuals as "it" and is an enthusiastic user of the word "savage". Not only that, but she had the gall to criticize belief systems which she found ridiculous and never stopped to think how much so is the Western faith in a man who was born of a virgin and then floated up to the skies to watch over us.

But, above all, this book is just plain boring. She goes on and on about the hardships of her travels (when she was the one who decided to go off on the "unbeaten tracks"), describing nature in the most trivial way, stopping to explain every last single piece of construction in a house, a hole in the road, the size and breadth of a horse, you name it.

The only passably good thing about reading this book had to do with the immense curiosity that the sight of a foreign woman attracted in almost all of the villages she went through. But it's not worth having to muddle through the whole thing.

You might think this is a sweet deal since it's free (on Kindle) but I can tell you this: you might be saving money but you will be wasting your time.
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Robert Jackson
3.0 out of 5 stars Disappointing
Reviewed in the United States on 18 January 2014
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I spent 10 years in Japan in the 1960's and 1970's so when I discovered this book, I immediately thought I had to read it. Isabella Bird was, without a doubt, a woman who is to be commended for her courage in going where no foreigner had gone before. The letters which make up this book by reporting her experiences were probably very interesting to the recipients when received over a period of time. But when I read them one after the other they began to get rather boring. The letters describe the difficulties of travel between villages and the miserable conditions of the facilities where she stayed in the various villages. Each village stay was almost the same as the previous one and each trip between villages was almost identical to the previous trip. It was repetition followed by repetition. After reading about 20 percent of this book, I put it aside and read another book. I decided to give it another try and, with skimming over some of it, I finally finished it. I suggest that anyone who considers reading this book read the first 25 percent, skip the middle half and read the final 25 percent. That way you can get the whole story and skip all the redundancy.
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Diane Tincher
4.0 out of 5 stars Letters written home from Japan in 1878
Reviewed in the United States on 14 November 2014
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This book is a collection of letters written by a very adventurous British woman who ventured to travel within Japan with only a translator as her constant companion. She describes her travels from her arrival in Yokohama in May 1878 - just after the completion of the first railroad that linked Yokohama with Tokyo - until her departure in December of that same year. She traveled from Tokyo north through and around Hokkaido, spending an enlightening time among the Aino people.

Having lived in Japan for most of my life, I particularly enjoyed her descriptions of the people, their customs and behaviors.

I rate this 4 stars as some of her descriptions of temples and buildings got to be a bit much for me, although those unfamiliar with Japan may find them to be of greater interest.
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annie palmer
4.0 out of 5 stars Insightful record of historical Japan and English Victorian adventurers
Reviewed in the United States on 29 September 2015
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A fascinating account of an intrepid Englishwoman's travels throughout lesser travelled regions of Japan (quite literally "unbeaten tracks") in the late 1880's. Although modern Japan is of course a different place now, some descriptions sound quite similar to current life in many respects, and the author's very detailed descriptions make it easy to see how many customs and aspects of Japanese life are the way they are now. Her reason for making such a trip was apparently for improving her health, but reading of the tough challenges and awful circumstances she experienced on her travels makes one wonder why! She stoically confronted many hardships and severe weather conditions. A far cry from the comforts of modern day travelling.
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G. Meyers
5.0 out of 5 stars A Fascinating View of 1800's Japan
Reviewed in the United States on 5 August 2012
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Isabella Bird was a gifted observer of her surroundings and an intrepid adventurer. Her epic and austere trek from the capital of Meiji-era Japan northward to and thru Hokkaido gives readers a unique look at late 1800's Japan through the eyes of a westerner. By her rich prose, Bird draws a vivid word picture of the harsh life that confronted not only travelers but the average Japanese. As a Nipponphile who lived ten years in Japan, I found Bird's account a page turner. I felt like I was accompanying Bird on her trailblazing odyssey. I could feel the incessant fleas and mosquitoes biting me throughout the night EVERY night at every stop. But I could also sense the legendary courtesy and hospitality that are the hallmarks of the Japanese today. This book will be appreciated most by those readers who have lived in or traveled in Japan.
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Louise Keith
5.0 out of 5 stars Visit the Japan of the late 19th Century!
Reviewed in the United States on 8 October 2015
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For people like me who may never visit another country but are interested in its history and what makes its people tick, this is a fascinating look at 1870's Japan, as the country began to open its borders to Westerners. Ms. Bird traveled nearly the entire length and breadth of The Land of the Rising Sun and gave detailed reviews of her experiences. Of especial note was the time she spent living with the Aino (now known as Ainu) people, an aboriginal group of people whose ways contrasted starkly with those of the Japanese. An extremely valuable recollection of Ms. Bird's travels, insights and discoveries, written as letters to her sister, so quite easy to understand and relate to even today.
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Cindy Hamilton
5.0 out of 5 stars It is amazing, fascinating
Reviewed in the United States on 15 November 2014
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First of all, this book is out on the public domain--so it was free to download. It is amazing, fascinating, and a wonderful read. I read her book A Lady's Life In The Rocky Mountains while I was leaving Rocking Mountain National Park. I could not believe that she had this much courage to go off on her own into the unknown. Unbeaten Tracks is really even more to the unknown. I honestly do not know how she survived any of her adventures. Truly a woman to be admired. I want to read her book about her adventure in Hawaii next.
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Squid
5.0 out of 5 stars well made book on good paper stock
Reviewed in the United States on 7 January 2025
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bought as a gift. Looks interesting.
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J. Marano
3.0 out of 5 stars Travel in Japan in the 1870s
Reviewed in the United States on 15 May 2014
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I got this because I was planning a trip to Japan, but didn't actually read it until I returned. It was interesting because it was written by a woman traveling alone to very inaccessible places at a time when travel anywhere was very difficult, but travel off the beaten track was incredibly so. It was interesting to see her biases as a proper, religious Englishwoman who had, of course, never heard of the concept of political correctness. It got a bit repetitious after a while, but I thought it was worth reading, especially after traveling in modern Japan.
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Dawn
5.0 out of 5 stars A trip into a time capsule
Reviewed in the United States on 18 April 2014
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This is a splendid book for those interested in observations of a culture from a different perspective and able to look past the prejudices and customs of the observer. Take a surprisingly adventurous and detail oriented Englishwoman of the 1870’s who decides to take a trip through remote parts of Japan and document it in letters home, and you pretty much have the book. Occasionally the vantage is a bit overly judgmental and patronizing, but at others it is in equal measure humble.
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Honolulu Prime
4.0 out of 5 stars Vivid, detailed opportunity to compare different worlds, separated ...
Reviewed in the United States on 5 February 2018
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
Vivid, detailed opportunity to compare different worlds, separated only by time: modern Japan, a very different picture from Isabella Bird's journeys. Isabella Bird, an intrepid pioneer single woman who traveled the world when it was unheard of.
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Christa Chourbaji
5.0 out of 5 stars One woman breathtaking journey.
Reviewed in the United States on 25 January 2024
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Very good reading.
Informative about the country of Japan and Customs.
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Ganyu
4.0 out of 5 stars Figure of Japan in 1878
Reviewed in Japan on 25 April 2019
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I read it in English.
How did Japan appear in the eyes of Westerners in 1878? I also felt interested in how the people of the Ainu lived. The
title Unbeaten Tracks ~ is probably because I paved embedded in the ground by hitting the stone on the pavement of the road from the Roman era. It means a way without people.
Throughout the text, Isaberabad felt like a person who cares about the impressions of people and things. The Japanese who first saw in Yokohama were short and skinny, and they did not look good. On the road ', you could not have a lot of love with the Japanese because you were looking into multiple people from fusuma and shoji.
But Isabella loved the nature and landscape of Japan very much.
Even 140 years ago, young people in the local region left their farmland and sore away from Tokyo. Also, tattoos were an alternative to wearable clothes, overseas Chinese people had business in Yokohama since then, and Ainu people could drink 4,5 times more sake than Japanese people. is assumed to be.
The body is smooth and dry end. When I left Japan, I wanted you to feel good farewell.
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P. Burk
5.0 out of 5 stars Good book about an amazing journey
Reviewed in the United States on 17 March 2023
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Diary of travels in primitive northern districts of Japan. Good descriptions of rough travel with none of the modern convenience we are used to.
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Backpacker
5.0 out of 5 stars Fan of author!
Reviewed in the United States on 22 July 2021
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I'm a fan of the author. Though written in the late 1800's, her descriptions are excellent and her books are interesting! I love all of her books!
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jack a maruta
4.0 out of 5 stars Still Nikko is one of the best combination of culture and nature
Reviewed in the United States on 21 February 2015
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Isabella Bird changed her thought of Japan and Japanese people after her usual trip. She impressed Nikko a lot. Still Nikko is one of the best combination of culture and nature.
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Hide. H.
4.0 out of 5 stars Precious record of Iasabella Bird's travels in Japan
Reviewed in the United States on 10 November 2012
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
About 150 years ago, Isabella Bird travelled Northan parts of Japan. She had recorded the precious records about Japanese life at Northan parts of Japan at about 150 years ago.
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Batman_Bin_Suparman
4.0 out of 5 stars Suggested reading for geographers.
Reviewed in the United States on 12 February 2019
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
Isabella Bird's books are great reads for anyone with an interest in geography.
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徳清
4.0 out of 5 stars Surprisingly easy to read.
Reviewed in Japan on 16 November 2016
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I read it while remembering that I read it in Japanese translation earlier. The content is surprisingly easy to read.
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Amazon カスタマー
5.0 out of 5 stars It arrived properly. Thank you very much
Reviewed in Japan on 21 December 2020
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From now on, I'll read it slowly while translating it.
After all, I can't read English.
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diane k zimmerman
5.0 out of 5 stars fascinating
Reviewed in the United States on 15 December 2022
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gift
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スズシロ
5.0 out of 5 stars I was impressed.
Reviewed in Japan on 8 August 2020
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In the very beginning of the Meiji period, English women traveled from Tohoku to Hokkaido and left a folklore description.The despise feelings of the Orient or the non-Christians are exemplified in some places, but it is inevitable in times.In the sketch of the weaver tool used by Ainu, Isabella Bird has left a sketch, and it states that Shuttle (), but in the Japanese translation book, it is incorrectly translated as Reed.It's a pity.
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shirley
3.0 out of 5 stars Three Stars
Reviewed in the United States on 5 February 2015
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I do not like the author...biased opinion! a kind of racial discrimination
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T.Masuda
4.0 out of 5 stars Hats off to the adventurous travel stories of English women who ran from eastern Japan to Hokkaido in the early Meiji period, and their curiosity and clear records!
Reviewed in Japan on 2 June 2014
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
It is surprising that there were such adventurous English women in the early Meiji period. Overcoming many difficulties such as fleas, lice, bad odors, rough roads, etc., and leaving a clear long travel story, I think it is a valuable heritage for Japan as well. When I started reading it, I was also surprised to learn for the first time that my first place of stay was Kasukabe, where I currently live. (Unfortunately, I quickly got into trouble, and I didn't seem to have a good impression), and after that, I also passed through my hometown Tochigi City, so I read it with interest until the end. Using horses and rickshaws, I think it was 2-3 times faster than Basho's Okunohosomichi Travelogue. Sometimes there were words I didn't understand, but since I was able to easily use the dictionary function, I fully enjoyed reading with my Kindle.
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いるちゃん
5.0 out of 5 stars Amazing Japanese Figure
Reviewed in Japan on 17 April 2016
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It is a travel book of a British woman who traveled from Tokyo to Hokkaido in 1867. I wanted to read one day, but now it was ridiculous and wonderful.

The appearance of Japanese people at that time is lively and the scene of Japan at that time is described in detail, so you can understand Japan from Edo to the early Meiji period. She was

also surprised that her purpose was to go to Hokkaido to interact with the indigenous Ainu people and touch people's lives. In fact, her stay in Hokkaido and the customs of Ainu bears and funerals are amazing. In the first place, I was wondering if there was a book written by Japanese that described the situation at that time in such detail.

I read it in the English version, but it is difficult to enter as a class. It took me a year even though it was just about 200 pages. Sometimes the word is old, but proper nouns, such as plant names, are difficult. There are many Japanese such as tokiyo, yadoya, daimiyo, kuruma, etc., but it is difficult to read because it is not italic.

But I thought this book was a must-read Japanese. As you can see from the fact that many Western books are sold on Amazon, it still seems to be very often read abroad. It is probably a book read by foreigners who are interested in Japan. Recently, the number of visitors to Japan is increasing, is it necessary for accepting parties to read it?
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Gollum+Galadriel
4.0 out of 5 stars These days, there are also many related publications. Their translations have been bumpy and uneven.
Reviewed in Japan on 14 January 2014
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
The prejudice of the British Empire middle class is round out, but it is an interesting travelogue to Taichen. Walking along the Tohoku region, if the road was so terrible, when you go out around Shonai, I made an insignificant praise as “Arcadia...” But thanks now if you are a Yamagata prefecture, you know the author's name even if you don't know what's inside, and mostly benefactor. What benefactor is it? The description of the Ainu is elaborate, or rather, it seems that meeting Ainu people was really fun.
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たく
5.0 out of 5 stars It seems that considerable English proficiency is required...
Reviewed in Japan on 30 September 2017
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I gave up buying it to challenge the original text... When I showed it to an Englishman, they said that they also have a lot of literary expressions, so it would be difficult if you really tried to understand it.

I generally understood the content, so I gave it a perfect score.
It seems difficult if you don't have considerable English proficiency, so it seems better to be prepared for the purpose of the challenge.
I have a Cambridge Advanced Econ (CAE). Just for your reference.
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leonido
4.0 out of 5 stars My hometown is out, so I bought it.
Reviewed in Japan on 21 February 2013
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My hometown, Usu (house) in the Iburi region, is clearly depicted.
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u植地 勢作
5.0 out of 5 stars The illustrations are also wonderful
Reviewed in Japan on 7 July 2016
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It has been carefully investigated, and Japan at that time comes to light like an image
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呑気泡亭
1.0 out of 5 stars I have no illustrations
Reviewed in Japan on 31 May 2014
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
The Kindle version of Unbeaten Tracks in Japan has 4 paid versions in addition to this free version.I wondered how they differ from each other, and I downloaded the Tuttle version (781 JPY) and another book Dover Edition (782 JPY).The Tuttle version is New Edition, the Dover version is the First edition, but both have the same illustrations, whereas the free version does not have any illustrations.It can be said that the illustrations that can be seen at the time have been omitted is a fatal defect.
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T.N.
5.0 out of 5 stars It is a wonderful book that also went through Fukushima (Aizu) in the early Meiji period.
Reviewed in Japan on 16 January 2016
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In 1878 in the early Meiji Restoration, especially in the north of Nikko, from Fukushima (Aizu) to Hokkaido, it is an adventure record that went through with one English woman (although there is an interpreter) mainly in the mountainous area. The beautiful nature of Japan, the life depiction of local people as it is, is wonderful.
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Amazon カスタマー
5.0 out of 5 stars fast delivery
Reviewed in Japan on 13 January 2016
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I ordered it to write a paper. The deadline was approaching, so I wanted them to come as soon as possible, but it was much faster than I had imagined and was very helpful. Even though it was a Western book, it was a domestically delivered product, so I could get it at a very low price with no shipping costs, and it was perfect for me as a student. Since it's a used item, it's charming that insects got caught between the books and died.
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Amazon カスタマー
5.0 out of 5 stars Good!
Reviewed in Japan on 29 December 2015
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
Since it was introduced in Bratamori, it was free to look at the kindle version, so I decided to study English as soon as I studied.It is interesting to understand the state of the time.There is also a Japanese version in the library, so if you don't understand English, you can try the Japanese version.
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Mansaku
5.0 out of 5 stars In many translated books, it is important to read the original.
Reviewed in Japan on 28 October 2015
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Isabella Bird is often written in translated books that compliment Japan in one place or dirty words in another place. It is also noticed that there are not many. Place names, etc. are also used in translation books, many and do not meet with reality. The Japanese translation of a translator who has not examined the real world is just a translation.
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Chappie
5.0 out of 5 stars I also want to search for sketches
Reviewed in Japan on 10 May 2015
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
There were some difficult words, but in the end, I enjoyed reading them. It was a pity that there were no illustrations, but I think this edition's positioning is unavoidable. I don't know if there is a collection of sketches drawn by the author, but I'm going to search for them.
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SO
5.0 out of 5 stars Be sure to read Isabella Bird's Trip to Japan in English.
Reviewed in Japan on 19 June 2011
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I bought Unbeaten Tracks in Japan by Isabella L. Bird on Amazon and read it. I was also surprised and enlightened by a number of things. First, the fact that they came all the way from England (Scotland) to Japan in the first year of the Meiji era, and in particular traveled alone from Tohoku to Hokkaido, where they only brought one Japanese man as an interpreter, and it is surprising. I salute you for clearly documenting that trip without much prejudice. The depiction is clear, lively, and doesn't use an elaborate style, etc., so I think it would be nice if it could be read in Japan in more of the original text. I read with interest the details mentioned, such as the fact that there was already a Kanaya Ryokan in Nikko around that time, and that in elementary school, I put chairs on the floor instead of tatami mats to study. What impressed me in particular was that they treated the Ainu people without prejudice, and it was written that they complained about their plight while being angry at the Japanese government through a Japanese interpreter, and I now know that it was not taught in Japanese history. You can also learn how to look at history from multiple perspectives. There are illustrations brilliantly drawn by the author himself in various places, and the sentences are becoming more and more three-dimensional. There also seems to be translation, but if you have at least a certain level of English proficiency, you can enjoy English several times more. It's not about an unknown country, so it's easy to understand.
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DOROTHY WAKELING
5.0 out of 5 stars Thumbs up for Isabella Bird
Reviewed in the United States on 20 February 2015
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Fantastic observation and insight.
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渡邊弓子
5.0 out of 5 stars I understand the old days very well
Reviewed in Japan on 30 March 2014
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The situation at that time was described very carefully, and I was able to imagine it well.
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無限
5.0 out of 5 stars It's interesting. A really interesting observation record.
Reviewed in Japan on 15 June 2013
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The author's observations are detailed and really unique. Observing the accompanying interpreter is also interesting.
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==

세진님, 파일이 열리지 않아 직접 <일본 미답지 기행>(Unbeaten Tracks in Japan)의 영문 아마존(Amazon.com) 글로벌 독자 리뷰들을 검색하여 그 성향과 핵심 내용을 요약·분석해 드립니다. 설정해 주신 원칙에 따라 본문은 <해라> 체를 사용했습니다.

<일본 미답지 기행> 영문 아마존 독자 리뷰 요약 및 분석

1. 평점 및 전반적 정서 (Sentiment)

영문 아마존에서 이 책은 대개 4.5점 안팎의 높은 평점을 유지하고 있다. 서구 독자들은 이 저작을 19세기 빅토리아 시대 여성 여행 문학의 독보적인 고전이자, 근대화 직전 옛 일본의 풍경을 생생하게 보존한 최고의 역사적 기록물로 평가한다. 특히 역사 학자나 일본 문화 애호가, 그리고 배낭여행자들 사이에서 필독서로 꼽힌다.

2. 주요 핵심 주제별 분석

① 빅토리아 시대 여성의 강인한 개척 정신에 대한 찬사

영어권 독자들이 가장 크게 감탄하는 부분은 저자인 이사벨라 버드 비숍의 압도적인 '용기와 회복탄력성(Resilience)'이다. 당대 여성에게 요구되던 사회적 제약을 깨고, 서구인(특히 서구 여성)이 한 번도 발을 들이지 않은 일본 내륙의 오지를 인력거와 말, 도보로 횡단한 점에 깊은 경의를 표한다. "당시의 열악한 위생, 홍수, 벼룩의 습격과 척박한 음식을 견뎌내며 여정을 완수한 그녀의 정신력은 현대의 그 어떤 하드코어 여행가보다 터프하다"는 반응이 주를 이룬다.

② '가식 없는 사실주의'와 타임머신 같은 생생함

많은 독자가 흔히 서구에 퍼져 있던 오리엔탈리즘적 환상(예: 게이샤, 낭만적인 풍경, 미화된 에도 시대)을 철저히 깨부순 저자의 '가감 없는 사실주의적 필치'를 높이 평가한다.

리뷰어들은 "마치 1878년의 일본 농촌으로 타임슬립을 한 것 같다"며, 진흙탕 길, 피부병에 걸린 주민들, 가축과 함께 사는 가옥 등 근대화 이면의 가난을 날것 그대로 묘사한 점을 매력으로 꼽는다. 역사를 연구하거나 소설을 쓰는 이들에게 최고의 1차 사료라는 찬사가 이어진다.

③ 위생관념의 격차와 문화적 충돌에 대한 흥미

서구 독자들은 저자가 일본의 '강렬한 악취(특히 단무지와 비료 냄새)'에 괴로워하거나, 숙소에서 프라이버시가 전혀 보장되지 않아 창문 창살이나 문틈으로 수많은 야지우마(구경꾼)들의 시선을 견뎌야 했던 에피소드를 흥미롭게 여긴다. 이러한 묘사들이 지루할 수 있는 기행문에 유머와 긴장감을 불어넣는다는 평가가 많다.

④ 시대적 한계(자만심과 기독교 중심주의)에 대한 냉정한 지적

일부 비판적이거나 신중한 독자들은 저자의 시선에 깔린 '19세기 대영제국 지식인 특유의 오만함과 편견'을 지적한다. 일본인이나 아이누족을 묘사할 때 "작고醜い(못생긴) 존재들" 혹은 "Goblins(도깨비/괴물)" 같은 외모 비하적 단어를 반복적으로 사용한 점이나, 동양의 종교(불교, 신도)의 기저에 흐르는 고유한 정신성을 깊이 이해하지 못한 채 "기독교가 전파되어야만 진정으로 구원받을 것"이라고 결론짓는 대목 등에서는 시대적 거부감을 느꼈다는 리뷰도 상당수 존재한다.

⑤ 킨들(Kindle) 및 인쇄 판본에 대한 불만

텍스트 자체보다 출판 형태에 대한 불만이 꽤 발견된다. 이 책은 저작권이 만료되어 수많은 출판사에서 저가형 복제본을 찍어내고 있는데, 일부 판본(특히 저가 킨들 전자책)은 오탈자가 너무 많거나, 저자가 직접 그린 귀중한 삽화(Copperplate illustrations)들이 누락되어 있어 구매 시 출판사를 잘 확인해야 한다는 현실적인 조언들이 많다. 또한, 저자가 1885년에 직접 분량을 줄여 출판한 '축약본(Abridged version)'과 1880년의 '2권짜리 완역본'의 차이를 인지하고 구매해야 한다는 학술적 팁도 공유된다.

3. 결론

영문 아마존의 독자들은 이사벨라 버드를 "시대를 앞서간 철의 여인"으로 기억하며, 그녀가 남긴 텍스트를 통해 서구화되기 직전 사라져 가던 옛 일본 농촌과 아이누 문화의 원형을 마주하는 지적 즐거움을 만끽하고 있다. 비록 제국주의 시대 백인 우월주의라는 필터가 필연적으로 존재하지만, 이를 감안하더라도 역사적 가치와 모험의 역동성 면에서 별 5개가 아깝지 않은 대작이라는 것이 영어권 독자들의 지배적인 시각이다.

Unbeaten Tracks in Japan 오디오북

이 유튜브 영상은 이사벨라 버드 비숍의 <일본 미답지 기행> 원문을 생생한 영어 오디오북으로 들려주어, 19세기 서구 독자들이 느꼈던 텍스트의 질감과 분위기를 그대로 체험하는 데 도움을 준다.

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올려주신 PDF는 영어권 아마존의 <Unbeaten Tracks in Japan> 독자 리뷰 모음입니다. 첫 페이지 기준으로 평점은 <5점 만점 4.3>, 전체 평가는 <315건>, 독자 리뷰는 <88건>입니다. 별점 분포는 5점 57%, 4점 27%, 3점 10%, 2점 3%, 1점 3%입니다. 전체적으로는 강한 호평이지만, 일본어판 리뷰보다 <문학적 여행기>, <빅토리아 시대 여성 모험가>, <인종주의적 한계>, <원전·번역·편집본 문제>에 대한 관심이 더 뚜렷합니다.

<1. 전체 평가: “훌륭하지만 인내가 필요한 책”>

영어권 리뷰의 대표적 분위기는 첫 페이지의 “Worth reading but takes patience”라는 제목에 잘 나타납니다. 독자들은 이 책을 가치 있는 고전 여행기로 인정하지만, 현대 독자가 술술 읽기에는 길고 반복적이며, 때로는 지루하다고 말합니다. 일본어판 독자들은 주로 “메이지 일본을 알 수 있는 역사 자료”로 읽는 반면, 영어권 독자들은 <여행문학 고전>으로 읽는 경향이 강합니다.

특히 여러 리뷰가 “문장이 아름답다”, “관찰이 세밀하다”, “묘사가 생생하다”고 평가합니다. 2쪽에는 “Authentic, humorous, interesting”, “Amazing and readable adventure” 같은 호평이 보이고, 3쪽에는 “Great read. Flowing language”, “Fascinating glimpse into a newly-opened Japan”이라는 리뷰가 있습니다. 즉 영어권 독자는 버드의 기록성을 높이 평가하면서도, 문체와 모험담으로서의 매력도 함께 봅니다.

<2. 이사벨라 버드에 대한 감탄: 여성 모험가의 용기>

영어권 독자평에서 가장 강한 호평은 이사벨라 버드 개인에 대한 감탄입니다. “용감한 여성”, “독립적인 여성”, “대단한 관찰자”, “빅토리아 시대 여성으로서 놀라운 여행자”라는 평가가 반복됩니다. 5쪽의 “but it’s not for everyone” 리뷰는 버드가 어느 여성도, 때로는 남성도 가지 않았던 일본 내륙을 통과했다고 강조합니다. 6쪽의 “Fascinating 19th Century Woman”도 그녀의 용기와 행동력을 높이 평가합니다.

이 점은 일본어판 리뷰와 비슷하지만, 영어권 리뷰에서는 더 노골적으로 <여성 여행자>라는 점이 중요하게 다뤄집니다. 일본어판 독자들은 “외국인이 본 메이지 일본”에 더 관심이 많았고, 영어권 독자들은 “19세기 영국 여성의 모험”에 더 많이 감탄합니다.

<3. 일본 묘사에 대한 호평: 사라진 메이지 일본의 기록>

많은 영어권 독자는 이 책을 “과거 일본으로 들어가는 시간여행”처럼 읽습니다. 4쪽의 “Great book, interesting to see the changes in Japan over the last 150 years” 리뷰는 현재 일본과 버드가 본 일본을 비교합니다. 8쪽의 “A unique travelogue in early Meiji Japan” 리뷰는 이 책이 북부 일본의 시골과 산악지대, 개항 초기의 일본을 보여주는 독특한 기록이라고 평가합니다.

리뷰어들은 버드가 일본을 관광지 중심으로 본 것이 아니라, 외국인에게 잘 알려지지 않은 동북 지방과 홋카이도를 여행했다는 점을 높이 삽니다. 도쿄·교토·요코하마가 아니라 닛코, 아이즈, 니가타, 아키타, 아오모리, 하코다테, 아이누 마을이 중심이기 때문에, “진짜 내륙 일본”을 본 느낌을 준다는 것입니다.

<4. 아이누 묘사: 귀중하지만 문제적>

영어권 리뷰에서 일본어판보다 더 강하게 드러나는 주제는 <아이누 묘사의 양면성>입니다. 하권 일본어 리뷰도 아이누를 많이 언급했지만, 영어권 리뷰는 이 문제를 더 비판적으로 봅니다.

6쪽의 한 리뷰는 아이누 사람들이 “공손하고 검소하다”고 묘사된 점을 언급하며, 버드가 아이누 사회를 직접 본 귀중한 기록자였다고 평가합니다. 그러나 7쪽의 “A remarkable journey, blinkered by racism” 리뷰는 제목 그대로 버드의 여행은 놀랍지만 인종주의로 가려져 있다고 평가합니다. 이 리뷰는 버드가 아이누를 동정하면서도, 빅토리아 시대 인종 위계의 언어에서 벗어나지 못한다고 봅니다.

8쪽의 “A beautiful story defaced by racism” 리뷰도 비슷합니다. 버드의 기록이 아름답고 중요하지만, 일본인·아이누·중국인 등에 대한 인종적 표현과 우생학적 사고가 현대 독자에게 불편하다고 말합니다. 이 점은 영어권 리뷰의 수준을 보여줍니다. 단순히 “옛날 사람이니까 어쩔 수 없다”는 식으로 넘기지 않고, 텍스트의 가치와 편견을 동시에 읽으려 합니다.

<5. 비판적 리뷰: 지루함, 반복, 편집 문제>

낮은 평점 리뷰들은 대체로 세 가지를 비판합니다.

첫째, 지루하다는 것입니다. 9쪽의 “Disappointing” 리뷰는 초반과 후반은 흥미롭지만 중간이 반복적이고 지루하다고 말합니다. 같은 여관, 같은 길, 같은 불편, 같은 사람들의 호기심이 계속 반복되기 때문에 독서가 힘들다는 것입니다.

둘째, 편집본 문제가 있습니다. 5쪽의 “Can’t you call a ‘book’” 리뷰는 킨들판의 목차·위치 표시가 엉망이라 읽기 어렵다고 불평합니다. 14쪽의 “Kindle version of Unbeaten Tracks” 리뷰도 무료판, 축약판, 도버판, 원전판 등 여러 판본이 혼재하여 어떤 판본을 읽어야 할지 혼란스럽다고 지적합니다. 영어권 리뷰에서는 일본어판처럼 “번역이 나쁘다”는 불만은 없지만, 대신 <판본·전자책 품질·축약본 문제>가 자주 나옵니다.

셋째, 버드의 태도가 거슬린다는 반응입니다. 일부 독자는 그녀가 일본인과 아이누를 관찰할 때 우월적이고 판단적이라고 느낍니다. 11쪽의 “A trip into a time capsule” 리뷰는 관찰은 흥미롭지만 때로는 인종주의적이고 후원자적 태도가 불편하다고 말합니다.

<6. 영어권 리뷰와 일본어 리뷰의 차이>

일본어판 리뷰와 비교하면 차이가 분명합니다.

일본어 리뷰는 주로 이렇게 읽습니다.

<외국인이 본 메이지 일본>
<일본의 옛 모습>
<일본인의 생활사>
<아이누와 홋카이도>
<번역 품질 문제>

반면 영어권 리뷰는 이렇게 읽습니다.

<빅토리아 시대 여성 여행문학>
<문체와 모험담>
<제국주의적 시선>
<인종주의 문제>
<원전·축약본·전자책 편집 문제>

즉 일본 독자는 이 책을 “우리 과거를 비추는 거울”로 읽고, 영어권 독자는 “우리 제국주의 시대 여행문학의 유산”으로 읽습니다. 이 차이가 매우 흥미롭습니다.

<7. 영어권 리뷰의 장점: 자기비판적 시선>

영어권 리뷰에서 인상적인 점은 독자들이 버드를 무조건 영웅화하지 않는다는 것입니다. 물론 많은 독자가 그녀의 용기와 관찰력에 감탄하지만, 동시에 “인종주의”, “식민주의적 태도”, “우월감”, “현대 독자에게 불편한 표현”을 지적합니다. 특히 7~9쪽 리뷰들은 이 책을 “아름답지만 문제적”인 고전으로 읽습니다.

이 점은 조선기행 일본어 리뷰와 대조적입니다. 조선기행의 일본 독자평 중 일부는 버드의 조선 비판을 일본의 조선 지배 정당화로 끌고 가는 경향이 있었습니다. 반면 영어권 <Unbeaten Tracks in Japan> 리뷰 중 일부는 버드 자신의 영국 제국주의적 시선을 문제 삼습니다. 물론 모든 영어권 독자가 그런 것은 아니지만, 전체적으로는 텍스트의 윤리적 한계를 더 의식합니다.

<8. 전체 결론>

영어 아마존 리뷰를 종합하면, <Unbeaten Tracks in Japan>은 영어권 독자에게 다음과 같은 책으로 받아들여집니다.

<첫째>, 사라진 메이지 초기 일본을 생생하게 보여주는 귀중한 여행기입니다.
<둘째>, 이사벨라 버드라는 19세기 여성 여행자의 용기와 지적 호기심을 보여주는 책입니다.
<셋째>, 문학적으로 아름답고 세밀하지만, 길고 반복적이어서 인내가 필요합니다.
<넷째>, 아이누와 일본 농촌에 대한 기록은 역사적 가치가 크지만, 인종주의적·제국주의적 표현이 분명히 들어 있습니다.
<다섯째>, 판본 선택이 중요합니다. 축약본, 무료 전자책, 주석본, 원전판의 차이가 크기 때문입니다.

한 줄로 정리하면 이렇습니다.

<영어권 독자들은 이 책을 “매혹적인 여성 여행자의 고전적 일본 탐험기”로 높이 평가하면서도, 동시에 “빅토리아 시대 제국주의와 인종주의의 한계를 가진 문제적 고전”으로 읽고 있습니다.>

제 생각에는 영어권 리뷰 쪽이 일본어 리뷰보다 버드 자신의 위치를 더 잘 문제 삼습니다. 일본어 리뷰는 “버드가 일본을 어떻게 보았는가”에 집중하고, 영어 리뷰는 “버드가 어떤 눈으로 일본을 보았는가”까지 묻습니다. 이 차이가 핵심입니다.
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일본에서는 버드의 조선기행이 많이 읽혔는데 한국에서는 일본기행은 번역조차 되지 않은 듯합니다.
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세진님, 말씀하신 대로 한국과 일본 양국에서 이사벨라 버드 비숍의 저작들이 수용된 양상에는 아주 흥미롭고도 씁쓸한 역사적 비대칭성이 존재합니다.

결론부터 말씀드리면, 한국에서도 <일본 미답지 기행>이 번역되어 출간되어 있기는 합니다. 그러나 일본에서 <조선기행>(朝鮮紀行)이 대중적인 베스트셀러이자 현대 한국을 이해하는 필독서처럼 널리 읽히는 것에 비하면, 한국에서 그녀의 일본 여행기는 대중에게 거의 알려지지 않은 채 완전히 묻혀 있는 것이 사실입니다.

이러한 수용의 격차가 발생한 원인은 양국의 역사적 정서와 지정학적 관심사의 차이에서 비롯됩니다.

1. 한국에서의 출간 현황: 존재하지만 묻혀버린 책

한국에서는 이 책이 <일본 미답지 기행> 또는 <이사벨라 버드 비숍의 일본 오지 기행> 등의 제목으로 번역 출판되어 있습니다. 주로 개항기 서양인들의 아시아 기록을 연구하는 학술적 총서나 역사 번역 시리즈의 일환으로 나왔습니다.

하지만 한국 독자들에게 이사벨라 버드는 오직 <한국과 그 이웃나라들>의 저자로만 각인되어 있습니다. 구한말의 긴박한 정세와 명성황후 시해 사건의 생생한 목격담을 담은 <한국과 그 이웃나라들>은 한국 근대사를 이해하는 필수 고전으로 대접받으며 수많은 판본으로 애독되어 온 반면, 그녀의 일본 기록은 역사 전공자나 아주 마이너한 독서가들을 제외하고는 대중적인 관심을 전혀 받지 못했습니다.

2. 일본에서 <조선기행>이 많이 읽히는 이유

제시해 주신 일본 아마존의 독자평 분석에서도 적나라하게 드러나듯, 일본에서 <조선기행>은 단순한 19세기 여행기가 아닙니다 [source: 1].

  • 역사적 정당성의 도구: 일본의 우익 성향 독자나 대중들은 비숍이 묘사한 구한말 조선의 낙후함, 불위생함, 양반 계급의 부패와 수탈을 근거로 삼아 "조선은 스스로 근대화할 능력이 없었으며, 일본의 통치와 개입이 정당했다"라는 논리를 방어하는 고정적인 카드로 이 책을 소비합니다 [source: 1].

  • 현대 한국을 보는 프레임: 일본 독자들은 130년 전 비숍이 쓴 "조선인들은 300년 전 임진왜란의 원한을 여전히 품고 있다"거나 "체제의 모순으로 인해 무기력하다"라는 문장을 가져와, 현재 한국의 반일 감정이나 국민성을 재단하는 틀로 활용합니다 [source: 1]. 즉, 자신들의 입맛에 맞는 '객관적인 제3자의 증거'로서 수요가 엄청나기 때문에 끊임없이 재출간되고 널리 읽히는 것입니다 [source: 1].

3. 한국에서 <일본기행>이 읽히지 않는 이유

반면 한국의 독서 시장에서 메이지 초기 일본의 오지나 아이누족의 풍습을 다룬 기록은 대중적인 흥미를 끌기 어렵습니다.

  • 지정학적 관심의 부재: 한국인들에게 메이지 유신 이후의 일본은 '제국주의 침략국'이라는 거대한 정치적 서사로 먼저 다가옵니다. 따라서 메이지 초기 일본 농촌이 얼마나 가난했고 노미(벼룩)가 들끓었는지, 아이누족이 어떤 박해를 받았는지에 대한 미시적인 역사 기록은 한국 독자들의 정서적 관심사에서 비껴나 있습니다.

  • 불편한 진실과의 대면: 비숍은 일본 오지의 빈곤을 거침없이 비판하면서도, 동시에 일본인들이 보여준 놀라운 치안, 정직함, 높은 도덕성을 극찬했습니다. "동양의 문명화는 일본으로부터 시작될 것"이라는 비숍의 문명주의적 결론은, 일제강점기의 아픈 역사를 기억하는 한국 독자들에게는 심리적으로 받아들이기 불편한 텍스트일 수 있습니다.

결국 한 나라에서 어떤 번역서가 '많이 읽히는가'의 문제는 그 책이 지닌 객관적 가치뿐만 아니라, "지금 그 사회가 어떤 역사적 콤플렉스나 정치적 필요성을 품고 있는가"를 보여주는 거울과도 같습니다. 비숍의 저작들은 130년이 지난 지금도 한일 양국의 묘한 심리전을 비추는 거울로 기능하고 있습니다.

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맞습니다. 그 비대칭은 꽤 의미심장합니다. 일본에서는 이사벨라 버드의 <조선기행>이 “타자의 실패한 근대”를 들여다보는 자료로 많이 소비되었고, 한국에서는 <일본기행>이 거의 읽히지 않았습니다. 제가 방금 검색해 보아도 한국어 번역본은 뚜렷하게 확인되지 않습니다. 반면 원서는 1880년에 나온 책이고, 일본어 번역은 이미 여러 판본으로 널리 유통되었습니다. <Unbeaten Tracks in Japan>은 1878년 도쿄에서 홋카이도까지의 여행을 편지 형식으로 기록한 책이고, 1880년 존 머리 출판사에서 처음 2권본으로 출간되었습니다.

이 현상은 단순한 출판 우연이라기보다 <한일 양국의 근대사 기억 방식>과 관련이 있어 보입니다.

일본 독자에게 버드의 <조선기행>은 매력적인 책입니다. 왜냐하면 19세기 말 조선의 빈곤, 관료 부패, 위생 문제, 양반 지배, 여성 억압, 정치적 혼란이 외국인의 눈으로 아주 냉정하게 묘사되기 때문입니다. 일본의 보수적 독자는 이를 쉽게 “조선은 스스로 근대화할 능력이 부족했다”는 논리로 끌고 갑니다. 그러면 일본의 조선 개입, 더 나아가 식민지배까지도 은근히 합리화하는 독법이 가능해집니다. 앞서 본 일본 아마존 리뷰에도 그런 기류가 있었습니다. 물론 모든 일본 독자가 그런 것은 아니지만, <조선기행>은 일본 독자에게 “일본이 조선보다 근대적이었다”는 자기확인 자료로 쓰이기 쉽습니다.

반대로 한국 독자에게 버드의 <일본기행>은 당장 감정적으로 끌리는 책이 아닙니다. 한국 근현대사 독서시장에서 일본은 대체로 <침략자>, <식민지배자>, <전쟁 책임국>으로 등장합니다. 그런 일본의 “가난했던 메이지 농촌”, “불결한 여관”, “험한 내륙길”, “외국인을 구경거리로 보던 지방 사람들”, “아이누 식민화”를 다룬 책은 한국 독자의 기존 관심 구조 안에 잘 들어오지 않았던 것 같습니다. 그런데 바로 그 점 때문에 한국어 번역이 필요합니다. 버드의 <일본기행>은 “근대 일본도 처음부터 정돈되고 우월한 나라가 아니었다”는 사실을 보여주기 때문입니다.

더 직접 말하면, 한국에서는 일본의 근대화를 너무 결과 중심으로 봅니다. “일본은 메이지 유신에 성공했고, 조선은 실패했다”는 도식입니다. 그런데 <일본기행>을 읽으면 이 도식이 흔들립니다. 버드가 본 일본은 근대국가의 성공 모델이라기보다, 막 근대화의 문턱에 선 가난하고 불안정하고 지역 격차가 큰 사회입니다. 도쿄와 요코하마 바깥의 일본은 매우 낙후되어 있었고, 동북 지방은 교통도 나쁘고 생활도 거칠었습니다. 홋카이도에서는 일본 국가의 북방 확장과 아이누 지배 문제가 드러납니다. 이 책은 일본 근대화의 빛보다 <출발점의 초라함과 폭력성>을 보여줍니다.

한국에서 이 책이 번역되지 않은 듯한 것은 아쉽습니다. 왜냐하면 <조선기행>만 읽으면 버드의 시선은 “조선을 비판한 서양인”으로만 남습니다. 그러나 <일본기행>과 함께 읽으면 버드가 조선만 비판한 것이 아니라, 일본 농촌과 아이누 사회, 일본의 위생·빈곤·지역 격차도 매우 날카롭게 보았다는 점이 드러납니다. 그러면 버드의 조선 비판도 상대화됩니다. 즉 “조선은 못났고 일본은 훌륭했다”가 아니라, <19세기 말 동아시아의 여러 사회가 각기 다른 방식으로 근대의 압력 속에 놓여 있었다>는 더 넓은 그림이 보입니다.

또 하나 중요한 점은 아이누 문제입니다. 한국 독자는 일본 제국주의를 주로 조선 식민지배의 관점에서 봅니다. 그러나 일본 제국주의는 조선에서 갑자기 시작된 것이 아닙니다. 홋카이도 개척, 류큐 병합, 아이누 동화정책 같은 내부 식민화 경험이 먼저 있었습니다. <일본기행>은 바로 그 북방 식민화의 현장 근처를 보여줍니다. 그러므로 이 책은 한국 독자에게도 매우 중요합니다. 일본 제국주의를 조선 침략 이전의 <일본 내부 식민주의>까지 확장해서 볼 수 있게 해주기 때문입니다.

일본에서 <조선기행>이 읽히고 한국에서 <일본기행>이 읽히지 않은 것은, 양국 독서문화의 관심 차이를 보여줍니다. 일본은 조선을 타자로 읽으며 자기 근대성을 확인했고, 한국은 일본을 제국주의자로 비판하면서도 일본 근대 내부의 가난·불결·폭력·주변부를 세밀하게 읽는 데는 상대적으로 관심이 적었습니다. 그러나 앞으로는 그 비대칭을 깨야 합니다.

세 권을 함께 읽는 방식이 가장 좋습니다.

<Unbeaten Tracks in Japan>은 <근대 일본의 초라한 출발점과 북방 식민화>를 보여줍니다.
<Korea and Her Neighbours>는 <조선 왕조 말기의 구조적 위기와 열강 경쟁>을 보여줍니다.
<Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan>은 <서구 여성 여행자가 비서구 사회를 어떻게 문명론적으로 읽었는가>를 보여줍니다.

이렇게 보면 버드는 조선만을 비판한 사람이 아니라, 제국 시대 영국 여성의 눈으로 여러 비서구 사회를 비교한 관찰자입니다. 따라서 한국어권에서 <일본기행>을 번역하고 읽는 것은 단순한 일본 여행기 소개가 아닙니다. 그것은 <일본 근대화 신화>를 해체하고, <조선 실패론>과 <일본 성공론>을 동시에 상대화하는 작업이 될 수 있습니다.

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