한미상호방위조약
 | |
| 서명일 | 1953년 10월 1일 |
|---|---|
| 서명장소 | 워싱턴 D.C. |
| 서명자 | 대한민국 외무부장관 변영태 미국 국무부장관 존 포스터 덜레스 |
| 발효일 | 1954년 11월 18일 |
| 조약번호 | 제34호 |
관련된 원문이 있습니다.
대한민국과 미합중국간의 상호방위조약(Mutual Defense Treaty between the Republic of Korea and the United States of America, 약칭: 한미상호방위조약)은 1953년 10월 1일 체결되고 1954년 11월 18일 조약 제34호로 발효된 대한민국과 미국간의 상호방위조약이다.
체결 과정
[편집]배경
[편집]1953년 6월 17일 이승만 대통령은 미국 브릭스 대사와 회동을 하면서 한미상호방위조약의 필요성을 강조하였는데, 당시는 미국 주도로 휴전 협정이 진행되고 있던 터였다. 이승만 대통령은 휴전에 앞서 안정적인 국가 안보를 위해 미국에 상호 방위 조약을 요구했지만 이러한 이승만의 제안에 대해 미국의 반응은 시원치 않았다. 미국은 역사적으로 외교 및 안보 정책에 있어서 고립주의 전통이 강했기 때문이다. 당시만 해도 미국과 양자 상호방위조약을 맺었던 나라는 필리핀 밖에 없었으며, 오늘날에도 양자 차원의 방위조약을 체결한 국가는 대한민국 이외에 영국, 일본, 필리핀 밖에 없다. 영국의 경우 미국의 핵 기술을 제공하기 위한 조약이었고, 일본은 재무장 금지와 맞물려 있는 조약이다.[1] 필리핀의 경우, 필리핀 내 주둔하던 미군과 미군기지의 전략적인 가치 때문이었다.
미군 포로 송환에 비협조
[편집]당시 한국 전쟁에 대한 휴전 협상이 진행되고 있었고, 이승만은 휴전 없이 북진통일을 원하고 있었다. 미국은 이러한 이승만의 입장에 동조하지 않았으며, 휴전협정을 조속히 맺길 희망하고 있었다. 상호방위조약에 대한 진전이 극히 미미하자 이승만은 조약 체결에 대한 압박으로 6월 18일 약 2만 5천명의 반공 포로들을 석방시켰다.[2][3] 이러한 이승만의 급작스런 조치는 당시 진행되고 있었던 휴전협정 체결을 무산시킬 수도 있는 조치였는데 이는 한미상호방위조약을 강력히 요구하는 이승만 대통령의 승부수였다. 당시 아이젠하워 대통령은 이승만에게 '약속 파괴'라며 비판했고, 덜레스도 마찬가지 의도로 '이승만 제거'의 필요성을 검토하기도 했다.[4]
정전협정 체결 후 조약 체결
[편집]1953년 8월 3일부터 협상에 들어가 1953년 8월 8일 그 최종안을 서울에서 가조인하였다. 이에 대해 이승만은 크게 만족하여 "한미상호방위조약이 성립됨으로써 우리는 앞으로 여러 세대에 걸쳐 많은 혜택을 받게 될 것이다. 이 조약이 있기 때문에 우리는 앞으로 번영을 누릴 것이다. 한국과 미국의 이번 공동조치는 외부 침략으로부터 우리를 보호함으로써 우리의 안보를 확보해 줄 것이다."라는 성명서를 발표하였다.
1953년 10월 1일 워싱턴 D.C.에서 대한민국의 외무부장관 변영태와 미국의 국무장관 존 포스터 덜레스의 서명을 거쳤지만, 이후 비준서 교환은 여의치 않았다. 전문과 6개조로 이루어진 상호방위조약 가운데 제6조가 문제였다. 제6조는 "본 조약은 무기한으로 유효하다. 어느 당사국이든지 타 당사국에 통고한 후 1년 후에 본 조약을 종지시킬 수 있다"고 돼 있었다. 이승만은 이 조항이 불만이었다. 이승만은 '무한정'을 요구했고, 미국측은 미·필리핀상호방위조약에 유효기간을 정한 규정이 있음을 들어 반대 의견을 표시하여 비준이 지체되었으나,[5] 결국 제6조는 원안대로 1954년 11월 18일에 발효되었다.
결과
[편집]한미수호방위조약이 체결되면서 한미 관계는 동맹 수준으로 격상되었으며, 주한 미군이 한반도 이남에 주둔하게 된다. 주한 미군이 주둔하게 됨에 따라서 평시 작전통제권 및 전시 작전통제권이 미군에게 넘어가게 된다. 그리고 한국 전쟁이 휴전으로 끝나지 않으며 주한 미군 지위 협정이 체결되는 등 오늘날까지 지속되고 있다.
대한민국의 반대로 인한 제한전과 소모전의 산물
[편집]
에버레디 계획 § 이승만과 미국의 입장 차 존재 문서를 참고하십시오.1953년 10월 1일 조인된 한미상호방위조약은 이승만 정권이 북진통일론을 통해 얻어낸 최대의 성과였다.[6][7][8]
같이 보기
[편집]각주
[편집]- ↑ 박성현, 〈일본을 벗기다 해설〉 《이승만의 일본을 벗기다》 (두두리, 2010년)
- ↑ 최미진 (2011년 11월). “반공포로의 석방과 국민형성의 딜레마 : 김광주의 『석방인(釋放人)』을 중심으로 :김광주의 『석방인(釋放人)』을 중심으로”. 《한국민족문화》 (41): 33–65. doi:10.15299/jk.2011.11.41.33. ISSN 1226-7562.
- ↑ 김보영 (2009). “한국전쟁 시기 이승만의 반공포로석방과 한미교섭”. 《이화사학연구》 (38): 183–206. ISSN 1229-4683.
- ↑ 차상철, 〈이승만과 1950년대의 한미동맹〉 《해방 전후사의 재인식》 2권(책세상, 2006년). 269~270쪽.
- ↑ 1953년 8월~지체되고 있었다.: 김창수,〈한미상호방위조약과 한미행정협정〉《역사비평》제54호(2001년 봄),430쪽; 한표욱,《이승만과 한미외교》(중앙일보사,1996)175쪽.
- ↑ “북진통일론 (北進統一論)”. 《한국민족문화대백과사전》. 한국학중앙연구원. 2024년 3월 1일.
- ↑ “이승만기념관 - 건국대통령 업적과 연구자료 제공”. 2024년 6월 2일에 확인함.
- ↑ 홍석률 (1994년 6월). “이승만 정권의 북진통일론과 냉전외교정책”. 《한국사연구》 (85): 137–180. ISSN 1226-296X.
외부 링크
[편집]- 조선일보 국군포로에 대한 무관심, 이게 나라냐? 2024-08-24
Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)
| Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of Korea 대한민국과 미합중국간의 상호방위조약 | |
|---|---|
 On August 8, 1953, Foreign Minister Byeon Yeong-tae and US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles shared a handshake after signing the treaty. Watched by President Syngman Rhee. | |
| Type | Military alliance |
| Signed | October 1, 1953 |
| Location | Washington D.C. |
| Effective | November 18, 1954 |
| Parties |  South Korea United States |
| Language | English, Korean |
The Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of Korea (Korean: 대한민국과 미합중국간의 상호방위조약) is a treaty between South Korea and the United States signed on October 1, 1953, two months after the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement which brought a halt to the fighting in the Korean War.[1] The agreement commits the two countries to provide mutual aid if either faces external armed attack and allows the United States to station military forces in South Korea in consultation with the South Korean government.[2]
Provisions of the treaty
[edit]| Article I Sets forth that diplomacy instead of force should be utilized in resolving conflicts between the two nations. | "The Parties undertake to settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations, or obligations assumed by any Party toward the United Nations."[2] |
| Article II Creates an agreement that both the United States and South Korea reserve the right to counsel with one another in the event that one party feels threatened by an outside force. This article also sets forth that both countries are obligated to develop their methods of deterrence via cooperation and also independently. | "The Parties will consult together whenever, in the opinion of either of them, the political independence or security of either of the Parties is threatened by external armed attack. Separately and jointly, by self help and mutual aid, the Parties will maintain and develop appropriate means to deter armed attack and will take suitable measures in consultation and agreement to implement this Treaty and to further its purposes."[2] |
| Article III Supports Article II and specifies attacks within the Pacific area. It also allows for the further expansion of a country to bring another country under its "administrative control." It is important to note that the United States clarifies that only in the event of an outside force attacking land lawfully obtained by South Korea, will it come to assist them. | "Each Party recognizes that an armed attack in the Pacific area on either of the Parties in territories now under their respective administrative control, or hereafter recognized by one of the Parties as lawfully brought under the administrative control of the other, would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional processes."[2] |
| Article IV Allows for the placement of American troops and military resources (land, air, and sea) in South Korea. | "The Republic of Korea grants, and the United States of America accepts, the right to dispose United States land, air and sea forces in and about the territory of the Republic of Korea as determined by mutual agreement."[2] |
| Article V This article is set to explain that the treaty is constitutional by both the American and Korean standards, and that it would be ratified in Washington. | "This Treaty shall be ratified by the United States of America and the Republic of Korea in accordance with their respective constitutional processes and will come into force when instruments of ratification thereof have been exchanged by them at Washington."[2] |
| Article VI It states that while the treaty will always be in place, either country can end it after giving advanced notice to the other party. | "This Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely. Either Party may terminate it one year after notice has been given to the other Party. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have signed this Treaty. DONE in duplicate at Washington, in the English and Korean languages, this first day of October 1953."[2] |
.jpg)
US - ROK relationships prior to the Mutual Defense Treaty
[edit]The first treaty ever established between the United States and Korea occurred in 1882 with the Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce, and Navigation. This treaty was between the US and the Joseon Dynasty [3] and a year later in 1883 the first American diplomat traveled to Korea and created a more permanent alliance which lasted until the Japanese colonialization in 1910.[3] In the aftermath of the defeat of the Axis, Korea was separated into two different sections and each of these halves was supported by one of the two major powers of the world. South Korea was created and was backed by the United States, while North Korea was founded and supported by the Soviet Union.[3] It was during this time in 1949 that the US once again forged a bond with Korea, and in 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea and began the Korean War.[3]
Effects of the treaty
[edit].jpg)
The Mutual Defense Treaty between South Korea and the United States had many lasting political, social, and economic effects. From weeks after the treaty was signed to present day, the Mutual Defense Treaty affected both South Korea and the United States in unexpected ways. In regards to South Korea, the signing of the Mutual Defense Treaty quickly ended the Korean War.[4] 28,500 American troops were stationed in South Korea.[4]
The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed only two months prior to the signing of the Mutual Defense Treaty.[5]
The Mutual Defense Treaty also had substantial effects on the economies of both The United States and South Korea. South Korea's economy dramatically increased as a result of this relationship.[4] In regards to other US alliances, there has not been a change as dramatic as the increase of South Korea's economic wealth.[4] From the time that the Mutual Defense Treaty was signed in 1953 to 2015, South Koreans went from being ten percent as wealthy as Americans to seventy percent as wealthy as Americans.[4]As a result of this sudden change, South Korea faced a change in expectations regarding their technology innovations.[4] South Korea has depended on the United States for their technology prior to the Mutual Defense Treaty, however, they have encountered a new pressure to develop their own defense technologies now that they have the economic power to do so as a result of the Mutual Defense Treaty.[4]
South Korean beliefs about the treaty
[edit]After the signing of the treaty there was tension between the Republic of Korea and the United States due to many people in South Korea believed that the United States would not hold up their side of the treaty. This belief was strengthened with the withdrawal of troops under the presidencies of Nixon and Carter.[6] Another point of contention was in 1980 and had to do with the belief that many of the U.S. troops stationed in Korea were supportive of Park Chung-hee, the leader of South Korea at that time.[6]
In 2009, under the Obama administration, the White House released a Joint Vision Statement in which it stated the goals of the two states going forward. The statement put forth that the Mutual Defense Treaty has acted as the foundation for the rest of the cooperation that has occurred between the Republic of Korea and the United States.[7] Going forward the two governments will not only focus on security, but also economic, political, and social issues and interactions.
With the advent of nuclear weapons, the Treaty soon became more about being protected from the threat of nuclear warfare. In a survey given in 2014 it was found that 52.2 per cent of South Koreans believed that the United States would retaliate with nuclear weapons if North Korea attacked them with nuclear warfare first.[8] While a little over half the citizens in South Korea think the United States would help, it was found that 61.3 per cent of citizens believe that the Republic of Korea needs to create their own arsenal of nuclear weapons.[8]
See also
[edit]- United Nations Command
- United States Forces Korea
- U.S.–South Korea Status of Forces Agreement
- Korean DMZ Conflict
References
[edit]- ^ https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/essays/us-korea-military-alliance
- ^ a b c d e f g "Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea; October 1, 1953". The Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^ a b c d "U.S. Relations With the Republic of Korea". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wesley., Michael (2017). Global allies : comparing US alliances in the 21st century. ANU Press. ISBN 978-1-76046-117-1. OCLC 980873471.
- ^ Lee, Steven (2013). "The Korean Armistice and the End of Peace: The US-UN Coalition and the Dynamics of War-Making in Korea, 1953–76". Journal of Korean Studies. 18 (2): 183–224. doi:10.1353/jks.2013.0018. ISSN 2158-1665.
- ^ a b "Excerpt: The US–South Korea Alliance". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
- ^ "Joint vision for the alliance of the United States of America and the Republic of Korea". whitehouse.gov. 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
- ^ a b Bong, Youngshik (2017-06-28), "Continuity Amidst Change: The Korea – United States Alliance", Global Allies: Comparing US Alliances in the 21st Century, ANU Press, pp. 45–57, doi:10.22459/ga.06.2017.04, ISBN 978-1-76046-118-8
External links
[edit]
No comments:
Post a Comment