The Story of Civilization
PART ONE ■ OUR ORIENTAL HERITAGE
I. Our Oriental Heritage
Behjg a history of ehtiliizathn m Egypt imd the !^ear East
to the death of Alexander, and in India, China and Japan
from the beginning to onr own day; with an hitrodttenon
on the nature and foundatiom of civiliTiation
By Will Durant
NEW YORK : 1935
========
Preface
I HA\Tl tried in this book to accomplish the first part of a pleasant
assignment which I rashly laid upon myself some nventy years ago: to
write a historj^ of civilization^ I wish to tell as much as I can, in as liede
space as 1 can, of the contributions that genius and labor have made to the
cultural heritage of mankind—to chronicle and contemplate, in their causes,
character and effects, the advances of invention, the varieties of econoinic
organization, the experiments in government, the aspirations of religion,
the mutations of morals and manners, the masterpieces of Iiterarure, the de¬
velopment of science, chc wisdom of philosophy, and the achievements of
art* I do not need to be told fiow absurd this enterprise is, nor how im¬
modest is its very conception; for many years of effort have brought it to
but a fifth of its completion, and have made it cleat that no one mind, and
no single lifetime, can adequately compass this task. Nevertheless 1 have
dreamed that despite the many errors inevitable in this undertakinE?, it may
be of some use to those upon whom the passion for philosophy has laid the
compulsion to try to see things whole, to pursue perspective, unity and
understanding through history in time, as well as to seek them through
science in space.
I have long felt that our usual method of writing history in separate
longitudinal sections—economic history, political historjq religious history,
the history of philosophy, the lustory' of literature, the history of science,
chc history of music, the history of art—does injustice to the unity of
human life; chat history should be written collaterally as well as lineally,
synthetically as well as analytically; and that the ideal historiography
would seek to portray in each period the total complex of a nation’s culture,
ii^itutions, adventures and ways. Eut the accumulation of knosvledge has
divided history, like science, into a thousand isolated specialties; and pru¬
dent schoki^ have refrained from attempting’any view of the whole—
whether of chc material universe, or of the living past of our race* For the
probability of error increases with chc scope of the undertaking, and any
man who sells his soul to synthesis will be a tragic target for a myriad
merry darts of specialist critique. “Consider,” said Ptah-hotep five thousand
years ago, “how^ thou mayest be opposed by an expert in council* It is
foolish to speat on ^v^ry kind of work.”* A history'' of civilization shares
the presumpnioiisness of cvcrj" philosophical enterprise: it offers the ridicu¬
lous spectacle of a fragment expounding the whole. Like philosophy^ such
a venture has no rational excuse^ and is at best but a brave stupidity; but lee
us hope that^ hke philosophy, it will always lure some rash spirits into its
fatal depths.
The plan of the series is to narrate the history of civilization in £ve inde¬
pendent parts:
I. OjtT Oriejital Heritage: a historj^ of civilization in Egypt and the
Near East to the death of Alexander, and in India, China and Japan
to the present day; udeh an introduction on the nature and elements
of chilizacion.
IL Our Classical Heritage: a history of civilization in Greece and
Rome, and of civilization in the Near East under Greek and Roman
domination.
III. Our Medieval Heritage: Catholic and feudal Europe, Byzantine
civilization, Mohammedan and Judaic culture in Asia, Africa and
Spain, and the Italian Renaissance.
rV, 0//r European Heritage: the cultural history of the European states
from the Protestant Reformation to the French Revolution.
V, Our Moderji Heritage: the history of European invention and states¬
manship, science and philosophy, religion and morals, literature and
art from the accession of Napoleon to our own times.
Our stoiy' begins with the Orient, not merely because Asia was the scene
of the oldest civilizations known to us, but because those civilizations
formed the background and basis of that Greek and Roman culture which
Sir Henry Maine mistakenly supposed to be the whole source of the mod¬
em mind. AVe shall be surprised to learn how much of our most indis¬
pensable inventions, our economic and political organization, onr science
and our literature, our philosophy and our religion, goes back to Egypt
and the Orient. t At this historic moment—when the ascendancy of Europe
is so rapidly coming to an end, w hen Asia is swelling with resurrected life,
and the theme of the twentieth century' seems destined to be an all-cmbnic-
■ Cf. p. i^ij beloiv.
t The connibuiions of riic Orient tu fwr cultural heritage are sunirned up in the con-
duding pages of this volume.
\'iii
PREFACE
ing conflict between the East and the West—the provindalisni of our tra¬
ditional histories, which began with Greece and summed up x\sla in a line,
has become no merely academic error, but a possibly fatal failure of per¬
spective and intelligence. The future faces into the Pacific, and under¬
standing must follow it there.
Bur how shall an Occidental mind ever understand the Orient? Eight
years of study and travel have only made this, too, more evident—that not
even a lifetime of devoted scholarship would suffice to initiate a Western
student into the subtle character and secret lore of the East. Every chap¬
ter, every paragraph in this book will olfend or amuse some patriotic or
esoteric soul: the orthodox jew will need all his ancient patience to forgive
the passes on Yahvehj the metaphysical Hindu will mourn this su|i£rficial
scratching of Indian philosophyj and the Chinese or Japanese sage will
smile indulgently at these brief and inadequate selections from the wealth
of Far Eastern literature and thought. Some of the errors in the chapter on
Judea have been corrected by Professor 1 larry Wolfson of I laniard; Dr.
Ananda Coomaraswamy of the Boston Institute of Fine i\jts has given the
section on India a most painstaking revision, but must not be held responsi¬
ble for the conclusions 1 have reached or the errors that remain^ Professor
H. H. Go wen, the learned Orientalist of the University of Wosfungton,
and Upton Close, whose knowledge of the Orient seems inexhaustible^
have checked the more flagrant mistakes in the chapters on China and
Japan' and Air* George Sokolsky has given to the pages on contemporary
affairs in the Far East the benefit of his first-hand information* Should the
public be indulgent enough to call for a second edition of this book, the
opportuniry will be taken to incorporate whatever further corrections may
be suggested by critics, specialists and readers. Meanwhile a xveary author
may sympathize u'ith Tai T'^ung, who in the thirteenth century^ issued his
tiist&ry of Chmese IVrithj^ with these words' “'AVcrc 1 to await perfec¬
tion, my book would never be finished/’*
Since these ear-minded times are nor jiropitious for the popularity' of ex¬
pensive books on remote subjects of interest only to citizens of the world,
it mav be that the continuation of this series will be delayed by the prosaic
necessities of economic life. But if the reception of this adventure in syn¬
thesis makes possible an uninterrupted devotion to the undertaking, Part
Two should be ready by the fall of 1940 , and its successors should appear,
• Cifter, T. The ttK.eiiiion of Frmtmg m Cbina^ /m Spread New Yorli,
i9:^,p.xvIiL
IX
PREFACE
by the grace of health, at five-year intervals thereafter. Nothing would
make me happier than ro be freed, for this work, from every other literary
enterprise, I shall proceed as rapidly as time and circumstance will permit,
hoping chat a few of my contemporaries will care to grow old with me
while learning, and that these volumes may help some of our children to
understand and enjoy the rnfiiurc riches of their inheritance.
Great Neck, N. Y., March, 1935
Will Durant*
A NOTE ON THE USE OF THIS BOOK
To bring die volume into siruillcr compass certain technical passages, which
may prove difficult for the general reader, have been printed (Uke'^this para¬
graph) in reduced type. Despite much compression the book is still coo long,
and the font of reduced jype has not sufficed to indicate all the dull passages-
I trust that the reader will not acrempt more than a chapter at a time.
Indented passages in reduced type are quotations* Tlic raised numbers refer
to the Notes at die end of the volume; to facilitate reference to these Notes the
number of the chapter is given at the head of each page* An occasional hiatus
in the numbering of the Notes was caused by abbreviadng the printed text.
The books referred to in the Notes are more fully described in the Bibliog¬
raphy, whose starred titles may serv c as a guide to furchcr reading. The Gloss-
aiy defines all foreign words used in the text* Hie Index pronounces foreign
names, and gives biographical dates.
k shoulJ be added that this book has no relation to. and makes no use of.
a biographical Story of Civilhatton prepared for newspaper publication in
=========
Contents
INTRODUCTIOl^
THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF CIVILIZATION
Chapter !: the conditioxs of cmuzATiON*.,.... i
Deiiniiioa — GwUigical condiiions — Gtographical — Elconomic — Riciil — Psyclio-
logical — Causes of the decay of civduutiotts
Chapter II: the economic elements of civilization..,.,,,,. 5
L FROM HUNTING TO TILLAGE, 5
Priiiiidvc uiiptiividritce—Beginnings of proviston-Hunting and flshmg—Herding-.
Tlifi domesticatiDn of animals—Agficultwre—Food—Cooking—Caxinibatism
[L THE FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRY, I I
Fire-Primitive Tools— Weaving and pottery-Building and transport—Trade and
finance
m, FXIONOMIC ORGANIZATION, 16
Priraitivc comtnunism-Causes of irs disappearance—Origins of privure property—
Slavery—Classes
Chapter III: THE political elements of ci^tlization.,. : i
I. THE ORIGINS OF GOVERNMENT, 1 J
The unsocial instinct—Primitive anarchism—The clan and the tribe—The king— War
IL THE STATE, 1 3
As the organization of force-The village commnnity—The psychological aides of
the state
HI. LAW, 15
Law 4 essness-Law and costom-RcvcrTge—Fines—Courrs-Drdeal—The dud—Punidi-
mcnt-Primicive freedom
rv, THE FAMILY, 29
Its function in civilizatton—The clan vs. the family—Growth of parental care—Un-
impurtance of the father—Separation of the sexes—^^Igthc^-^^ght—Status of woman
-Her occupations—Her economic achievements-The patriarchate—The aibjection
of woman
XI
CONT ENTS
Chapter IV: the mokki^ elements of civilization... 3^
U MARRIAGE^ 36
The meaning of marriagc-Its biological origins-Seinial communism-Trial mamage
-Group marriagc^Irtdividiial maniage-Pol>'gamy-lts eugenic vdue-Exogamy-
Marriage by sen-icc-By capture-By pufchase-Piimitivt love-Tbc cconocnic fune-
dor of marriage
IL SEXUAL MORALITY, 44
Premarital relarions — Prostimdon — Chastity — Vifgnuty ■“ The double srandar'd —
Modesty—The relarivity of morals-The biological role of modesty - Adultery-
Divorce—Abordon-Infandcide—Childhood—The individual
111, SOCIAL MORALITY, 5 1
The namre of virtue and vice—Greed—Dishonest^'—Violence—Homicide—Stride—
The sodalizadon of the individual-Altruism-Hospitality-iMannefs-Tribal limits of
morality—Primitive vi modem morals—Religion and morals
tv. RELIGION, 56
Primitive atlieists
1, THE SOURCES OF REUGIQN
Feitr—Wonder—Dceaitis—The soul—Arnmism
X, Tlffi OSJECFS OF REUtaON
The sun — The stars - The earth - Sei - Ammals — Totenusm — The transition to
human gods—Ghost-worship—Ancestor-worship
3. THE METIfODS OF EEUCEON
Magic — Vegetation rites — Festivals of lloensc—Mjiihs of the resnrrccted god —
Magic and supcrstition-Magic and scicncc-Pricsts
4. TtlE MORAL Fusenox OF RPLtCtDN
Religion and govcrnmcnt-Tabu-Sexual tabus—The lag of religion-Sccularijaoon
Chapter V: THE mental elements OF civilization...,. . 7-
I. LETTERS, 7J
tjmguage—Its animal background-Its human origins—Its dcvctopruenc—Its results—
Educadon-lniti adon-W riciug—Poetry
IL SCIENCE, 78
Origins—Mathematics—Astronomy—Medicine—Surgery
lU. ART, Sj
The meaning of beauty-Of art-The primitive sense of beauty-The painting of the
body — CosnKtics — Tattooing — Scaridcadon — Clothing — Ornaments — Pottery —
Painting — Sculpture — Architecture — The dance — Music — Summaxy^ of the
primhive preparation for civiliaarion
ChronolGgical Charts Types and Cuktircs of Prehistoric Man.9°
xii
CONTENTS
Chapter VI: the prehistoric beginnings of civilization. . 90
t. PALEOLITHIC CULTUKEj 9O
The puq 30 (se of prehIscor>'—The roiii:inccs of archeology
M£N OF THE OLD ACE
iTie geological background—Paleolldiic t^'^pcs
I. ARTS OF THE OLD STOSE
Tods-Firc—Painring—Sculpture
II. NEOLITHIC CULTURE, 98
The KJtchcn-Aliddens—The Lake-Oivelltrs—The coming of agricoltnrt-Thc tanking
of aclniflli—TccKnolog)'—Neolithic weaving-poaery—buildirig—transport—religion—
science—SunuTuT)' of the prehistoric preparadoa for civilization
HL THE TRANSmOX TO HISTORY, iOI
J, THE COAtlNTj OF METALS
Copper-Bronze—Iron
Z. WAITING
Its pusstfale cerarnic origins — The ’’^Mediterranean Signary^ — Hicroglyphks —
Alphabets
LOST CmUZATIDNa
Polynesia—“Atlanris”
4. CRADLES OF aVIUZATION
Central Asta-Anau—Lines of Dispersion
BOOK ONE
THE NEAR EAST
Chronological Tabic of Near Eastern History... [ ij
Oritniation-Concributions of the Near East to Westem civlhzatioii
I. ELAM, 117
The culture of Susa—The poner's ivhcci—The wagon-wheel
H. THE SU^fEB]AN5, [ f8
1. THE EIISTOhK^Al, BACKGROUND
The exhuming of Sumerb—Geography-Racc-Appcarancc-Thc Sumerian Flood
—The kings-An ancient reformer—Saigon of Akkad—The Golden Age of Ur
2 . ECONOMIC UFE
The soil—Jndusiry—Trade—Oasses—Science
COVERN'MJtNt
The Lings—Waj'5 of war—The feudal barons—Law
4 . KEUCION AND AlORAXrrV
The Sunicrian Pantheon—The food af the gods—IMjthcilogy—Education—A Sume¬
rian praycr-Tcniple prostitutes-Thc rights of w'oman—Sumerian cosmetics
XUl
CONTENTS
j. LETTEKS AKD AKt3 *
Wriung — Litcrjiurc — Temples and palaces — Sciniary — Gtraiiiics — Jen'clfy—
Suimnxry of Sumerian clvilixation
Ill. PASSAGE TO ECYPT» JJ 4
Sunierian in£ucELCc in McSOpotimia — Ancient Arabia — Mesopotamian influence in
Egyp'
Chapter VIII: egyft........ 137
1. THE GIFT OF THE NILE, 157
1. IN THE DELTA
Aiesandria—Thc Nile—The Pj'ramids—The Sphinx
ufsniEAM
Memphis—The masicrpiccc of Queen HatshcpSiit—The ‘‘Colossi of Memnon —
Luxor and Kamal:—The grandeur of Egj-ptlan cJvili^tion
XL THE MASTER BUILDERS, 144
I . THE DlS<X>^'Eaif OF EGYPT
ChampaUion and the Rosecia Sione
a. PKEnuTTiaKic ccyfx
Paleolithic—Neolithic—The Badarians-Prcdynastic—Race
3. hte: old kingdom
The ‘‘oonies''—The first historic individual-“Obeops^-“'Chephrcn”-Thc pitfpose
of the Pj'ramids—Art of die tombs—Mummification
4. THE .MiDDtX XrSUliOM
The Feudal Age-Tbe Twelfth Dyiusty-Tlie Hyksos Dominaiion
J. THE EMJlXE
The great queeo-Thutmosc 111-The zenith of Egypt
HI. THE CIVILIZATION Of EGYPT, I56
1 . AC*ycuLTLTl£
In INOUSTUT
Miners — Manufactures — Workers — Engimeers — Transport ^ Postal sewice —
Gommciec and finance — Scribes
3 . GOVERNMENT
The bureaucrats—Law—The vizier-The pharaoh
4. MORALS
Rojral tneest-The haicm-Marriagc-Thc position of woman-The matriarehaie in
Egj'pt—Sexual morality
5. MANNERS
Character—Games—Appearance—Cosmetics—Costume-Jewelry
d. LETTERS
Educatioii—Schools of government—Paper and ink—Stages in the development of
writing—Forms of Egyptian writing
7 * LrrESATtJXE
Texts and libfarits—The Egyptian Sinbad—The Story of Siouhe—Fiction—An
amorous fragment—Love poems—History'—A literary' revolution
xiv
CONTENTS
8. SOENCS
Origins of Eg)'pcian science—Mathematics-Astronomy and the calendar—Anatomy
and ph)'siology-Medicine, surgery and hygiene
9. AKT
Architecture-Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, Empire and Saite scuIpture-Bas-
relief—Painting—Minor arts-Music—The artists
10. PinLOSOPHY
The Instructions of Ptab-botep—TYxe Admonitions of Iptrwcr^Thc Dialogue of a
Misantbrope—The Eg)’ptian Ecclesiastes
11. REUCION'
Sky gods—The sun god—Plant gods—Animal gods-Sex gods—Human gods—Osiris
—Isis and Horus—Minor deities—The priests—Immortality—The Book of tbe Dcad^
The “Negative Confession"—Magic—Corruption
r\'. THE HERETIC KING, 10 $
The character of Ikhnaton—The new religion—A hvTnn to the sun—Monotheism—The
new dogma-The new art—Reaction—Nofretete-Break-up of the Elmpire-Death of
Ikhnaton
V. DECLINE AND FALL, 213
Tutenkhamon—The bbors of Rameses II—The wealth of the clergy—The poverty of
the people—The conquest of Eg)’pt—Sununary of Egyptian contributions to civili¬
zation
Chapter IV: Babylonia . 218
I. P-ROM HA.MMURABI TO NEBUCHADREZZAR, 2 l 8
Babylonian contributions to modem civilization—The Land between the Rivers—
Hammurabi—His capital—The Kassite Domination—The Amama letters—The As-
s}'rian Conquest—Ncbuchadrezzar-Babylon in the days of its glory
11 . THE TOILFJIS, 226
Hunting — Tilbge — Food — Industry — Transport — The perib of commerce —
Money-lenders—^ves
HI. THE LAW, 230
The Code of Hammurabi—The powers of the king—Trial by ordeal—Lex Tdlionis—
Forms of punishment—Codes of wages and prices-^catc rcstoratioo of stolen goods
rV. THE GODS OF BABYLON, 232
Religion and the state—The functions and powers of the dergj’-The lesser gods—
Marduk—Ishtar—The Babylonian stories of the Creation and the Flood—The love of
Ishtar and Tammuz—The descent of Ishtar into Hell—The death and resurrection of
Tammuz-Ritual and praycr-Penitential psalms—Sin-Magic-Superstition
V. THE MORALS OF BAB'V'LON, 244
Religion divorced from morals—Sacred prostitution-Free love—Marri^e—Adultery
—Divorce-The position of woman—The relaxation of morals
VI. LETTERS AND LITERATURE, 248
Cuneiform—Its decipherment-Langiuge—Literature-The epic of Gilgamesh
XV
CONTENTS
MI. ARTISTS, 254
The lesser arts—Music—Painting—Sculpture—Bas-relief—Architecture
VIII. BABYLONIAN SCIKNCE, 256
Mathematics-Astronomy—The calendar-Geography—Medicine
IX. PHILOSOPHERS, 259
Religion and Philosophy—The Babylonian Job—The Babylonian Koheleth— An anti¬
clerical
X. EPITAPH, 263
Chapter X: Assyria ....
I. CHRONICLES, l 6 $
Beginnings — Cities — Race — The conquerors — Sennacherib and Esarhaddon —
‘Sudanapalus”
II. ASSYRIAN GOVERNMENT, 27O
Imperial ism-Ass)’rbn u-ar—The conscript gods—Law-Delicacies of penology—Ad¬
ministration—The violence of Oriental monarchies
III. ASSYRIA.N LIFE, 274
Industry’ and trade-Marriage and morals—Religion and science— Letters and libranes
—The Assy'rian ideal of a gentlenun
IV. ASSYRIAN ART, 278
Minor arts—Bas-relief-Statuary—Building— A page from “Sardanapalus”
V. ASSMIIA PASSES, 282
The last days of a king—Sources of Assyrian decay— The fall of Nineveh
Chapter XI: a motley of nations . 285
I. THE INDO-EUROPEAN PEOPLF.S, 285
The ethnic scene-.\li»nnians-Hitritcs-Armeniaii»-Scythians-Phrygian$-The Di¬
vine Mother—Lydians—Croesus—Coinage—Croesus, Solon and Cyrus
II. THE SE.MITIC PEOPLES, 29O
The antiquity’ of the Arabs-Phoenicians-Their world trade-Their circumnavigation
of Africa-Colonics-Ty’re and Sidon-Deities-The dissemination of the alphabet—
Syria-Astartc—The death and resurrection of Adoni—The sacrifice of children
Chapter XII: judea . 299
I. THE PROMI 5 FO LAND, 299
Palestine — Qimate — Prehistory — Abraham’s people — The Jews in Egypt — The
Exodus — The conquest of Canaan
n. SOLO.MON IN ALL HIS GLORY, 302
Race — Appearance — Language — Organbwtion — Judges and kings — Saul — David
—Solomon-His wealth—The Temple-Rise of the social problem in Israel
HL THE GOD OF HOSTS, 308
Polytheism—Yahveh—Henotheism—Character of the Hebrew religion— The idea of
sin—Sacrifice—Circumcision—The priesthood—Strange gods
xvi
CO >: TENTS
TV. THE FIRST ILAD 1 (L\LS^ 514
The class umr—Origiji of ihe ProphcES-Amos at Jerusalem-raiah—His attacks upon
the rich” Ha doctiine of a Messiah—The influence of the Prcphccs
V. THE DEATTl AND RESCHRZCHON OK JERUSALEM, 3^0
ITie birrh of the Uibte—The desuruenon of Jerusaleiu-Thc Babylontan Capeivtw—
Jetctiiiah-EzcJikl—The Secund Isakh—The libctatiun of die Jews^The Second
Teniple
VE THE PEOPLE OF THE BOOK, 328
The 'Book of the Law'—The composMon of the Pentaicuch—Thc myths of Generis
—The Mosaic Code—The Ten CoitiiiiaiiJments— T he idea of God—The sibbath-
The Jewish fatnily—Estimate of the Mosaic legislation
Ml. THE LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY Op THE BIBLE,
Histof)' — FkttQO — Poetry — The Psalms — The Song of Songs — Proi'ttbs — Job —^
The idea of inirnoraJity—The pessimism of Eccicriistes—The advent of Alejcander
Chapter XIII: Persia......... ..*.
L THE RISK. AN‘D FALL OF THE MEDKi> jJQ
Their origins—Rulers-Tlie blood treaty of Sardis-Dcgeneration
350
IL THE GliE.\T KIXCS, 352
The romantic Cyrus—His enlightened policies— Cambyscs—Darius the Great—The
invasion of Greece
IIL pkrsian life and industry^ 355
The empire—The people—The language-Thc pcasonB-The in.pcrial highways—
Trade and finance
lY', AN experiment IS GOVERNMENT, 359
The king-The no Wes—The army—I. jw—A savage punishment—The capitals—The
satrapies—An achievement in administration
V* Z.ARATHUSTRA,
The coming of the Prophet-Persian religion before Zarathustta-The Bible of Persia
— Ahura-Maida—The good and the evil spirits—Their struggle for the ptosscssion of
the world
VI. ZOROASTRIAN ETHICS, 368
Man as a battlefield—The Undying Fire—Hell, E’Urgatorj' and Paradise—The cult of
Mithra-The Magi-The Ktrsees
V1L Persian maNner,y and morals, 373
Violence and honor-The code of clcanliness-Sins of the flesh—VirgmS and bache¬
lors—Marri^—Wometi-Children-Peiriaii ideas of education
vitL science and art, 376
Medicine—Minor art^Thc tombs of Cyrus and Darius-The palaces of Perscpolts-
Thc FricEC of the ArehciS—Esturtite of Fcirian art
IX. decadence, 381
How a nation mav die-Xerxes—A paragraph of murders—Artattrtes 11 —Cyrus the
Younger-Darius the Little—Causes of decay: pWideal, military, moral-Alcjcandcr
conquers Ferria, and advances upon India
XV ii
CONTENTS
Chronological Tabic of Indian Hiscor)!'.....* 589
Chapter XIV: the foundatioxs of india,........ 39 *
I. 5 C£XE OF THE DRjVMA, 39 1
The rcdtscovCfy of Indii-A glance at the map-aimatic iniiuenees
n. THE OLDEST CIVILIZATION 394
PrehistDric India—Muheojo-diro—Its antiejuity
IIL THE INDO-ARVANS^ 396
The lUiives-The invaders-The village community-Caste-Warriors-Pocsts-Mcf-
chants—Workei5“Outca5tes
INUO-ARYAN SOCIETY^ 399
Herdere-Tillcrs of the soil-Craftsnnm-Tradcrs-Gojreigc and credir-Morals-jMar-
riage—Woman
\\ THE RELIGION OF THE VEDAS^ 401
Pre-Vedic religion-Vedic gods-Moral gods-The Vedic story of Crcacion-lm-
mortality—The horse sacrifice
\1. THE VEDAS AS LITERATCREt 40^
Sanskric and English — Writing — The four Vedas — The Kig-fcds — A Hymn of
Creation
VII. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE DPANiSHADS^ 410
The authors—Their theme-intellect vs. intuition-Atinan-Brahtnan-Thcit identity
-A descripdoD of Cod-Salvarion-Infiuencc of the Upjnij/jjij-Emerson on Brahma
Chapter XV: buddha,.....*... ........ 416
I. THE HERETICS^ 416
Scepdcs-Nihillsts-Sophists-Athelstt-MaterialiHS-Religions without a god
IL MAHAVIRjt AND THE JAINS^ 419
The Great Hero—The Jain creed—Atheistic pobthcism-AscecIcisin—Salvation by
Suicide— Later history of the Jains
HI. THE LEGEND OF BUDDH.V^
The background of Buddhism-Thc miraculous birth-Youth-The sorrows of life-
Flight—A^dc years—Enlightenment—A vision of Nirvasia
rv. THE TZ^tCHlNC OF RUDDHA, 428
Portrait of the Master-His merhods—The Four Noble Truihs^Thc Eightfold Way
—The Five Moral Rules—Buddha and Christ—Buddha's agnosticism and anri-derical-
ism-His Atheism-Hh sou14ess psychology—The meaning of Nhvam
V, THE LAST DAYS OF BUDDHA^ 436
His miracles—He visits his father'^s house—The Buddhist muhks—i>ciajtii
xviii
CONTENTS
Chapter XVI: from Alexander to aurangzeb. 44°
I. CHANDRACUPTA, 44O
Alexander in India — Chandragupta the liberator — The people — The university of
Taxila—The royal palace—A day in the life of a king—An older Machiavelli—Admin¬
istration—Law-Public health—Transport and roads—Municipal government
II. THE PHILOSOPHER-KING, 446
Ashoka—The Edict of Tolerance-Ashoka’s missionaries—His failure—His success
HI- THE GOLDEN AGE OF INDIA, 450
An epoch of invasions—The Kushan kings—The Gupta Elmpire—The travels of Fa-
Hicn—The revival of letters—The Huns in India—Harsha the generous—The travels
of Yuan Chwang
IV. ANNALS OF RAJPLTANA, 454
The Samurai of India—The age of chivalry—The fall of Chitor
V. THE ZENITH OF THE SOUTH, 456
The kingdoms of the Deccan—Vijayanagar—Krishna Raya—A medieval metropolis—
Laws—Arts-Rel igion-Tragedy
VI. THE MOSLEM CONQUEST, 459
The weakening of India—Mahmud of Ghazni—The Sultanate of Delhi-Its cultural
asides—Its bru^ policy—The lesson of Indian history'
VII. AKBAR THE GREAT, 463
Tamerlane-Babur—Humayun—Akbar—His government—His character—His patron¬
age of the arts—His passion for philosophy—Hb friendship for Hinduism and Chris¬
tianity—Hb new religion—The last days of Akbar
VIII. THE DECLINE OF THE MOGULS, 472
The children of great men — Jehangir — Shah Jehan — Hb magmficence — Hb fall —
Aurangzeb—Hb fanattebm-Hb d^th—The coming of the British
Chapter XVII: the life of the people . 477
I. THE MAKERS OF WEALTH, 477
The jungle background — Agriculture — Mining — Handicrafts — Oxnmerce —
Money — Taxes — Famines — Poverty and wealth
IL THE ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY, 482
The monarchy—Law—The Code of “Manu”— Development of the caste system—Rise
of the Brahmans—Their privileges and powers—Their obligations—In defense of caste
III. MORALS AND MARRIAGE, 488
Dbarma — Children — Child marriage — The art of love — Prostitution — Romantic
love — Alarriagc — The family — Woman — Her intellectual life — Her righa —
Purdah — Suttec-The Widow
IV. MANNERS, CUSTOMS AND CHARACTER, 496
Sexual modest)'—Hygicne—Drcss—Appearancc—The gentle art among the Hindus—
Faults and virtues—Games—Festivals—Death
xix
CONTENTS
Chapter XVIll: the paradise of the gods. 5^3
L THE LATER HISTORY OF BUDDHISM* 503
The Zenith of Buddhism-The Two Vehiclcs-.W<ihj><ma-Buddhism. Scoicism and
Chrisdanit\’-Thc decay of Buddhism-Its migrations: Ceylon, Burma, Turkestan,
Tibet, Cambodia, China, Japan
II. THE NEW DIVINITIES* 507
Hinduism-Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva-Krishna-Kali-Animal gods-The sacred cow-
Polytheism and monotheism
III. BELIEFS* 511
The Puranas-Thc reincarnations of the universe-The migrations of the soul-Karrwfl
-Its philosophical aspcccs-Lifc as evd-Rclcasc
IV. CLTHOSITIES OF RELIGION* 517
Superstitions — Astrology — Phallic worship — Ritual — Sacrifice — PurificaQon ■“
The sacred waters
V. SAINTS AND SCEPTICS* $21
Methods of sanctity-Herctics-Tolcration-General view of Hindu rcligioa
Chapter XIX: the life of the mind. 5^^
I. HINDU SCIENCE* $l 6
Its religious origins — Astronomers — Mathematicism — The “Arabic” numerals — Tlw
decimal sj'stcm - Algebra — Geometry - Phpics - Chemistry - Physiology’ - Vcdic
medicine - Physicians — Surgeons - Anesthetics - Vaccination - Hypnotism
II. THE SIX SYSTEMS OF BRAHMANICAL PHILOSOPHY* 533
The antiquity of Indian philosophy-Its prominent rolc-Its scholars-Forms-Con-
cepdon of orthodoxy—The assumpdons of Hindu philosophy
I. THE Nyaya systeai
X. THE Vaiibcsbika system
3. THE Sankbya ss'stem
Its high repute—Metaphysics— Evoludon— Atheism— Idealism—Spirit—Body, mind
and soul—The goal of philosophy—Influence of the Sankbya
4. the Yoga SYSTEM
The Holy Mcn-The andquity of Toga-Its meaning-Thc eight stages of discipline
-The aim of Koga-The miracles of the Togi—The sincerity of Yoga
5. THE Purva Manama
6. THE Vedanta system
Origin - Shankara - I.ogic - Epistemology - Maya - Psy chology - Theology -
God — Ethics — Difficulties of the system — Death of Shankara
III. THE CONCLUSIONS OF HINDU PHILOSOPHY* 552
Decadence—Summary-Cridcism-Influcnce
.XX
555
Chapter XX: the literature of india.
I. THE LANGUAGES OF INDIA, SSS
Sanskrit—The vcnuculars—Granunar
II. EDUCATION, 556
Schools—Methods—Universities—Moslem education—An emperor on education
III. THE EPICS, 561
The Mababbarata—lts story—Its form—The BbagavaJ-Gifa—The metaphysics of war
-The price of frecdom-Thc Rantayana-\ forest idyl-Thc rape of Sita-Thc Hindu
epics and the Greek
rv. DRA.M.A, 571
Origins—The Clay Car/-Q»aractcristics of Hindu drama—Kalidasa—The story of
Shjihmra/a-Estimate of Indian drama
V. PROSE AND POETRY, 577
Their unity in India—Fables—History—Tales—Minor poets—Rise of the vernacular
literature—Chandi Das—Tulsi Das—Poets of the south—Kabir
Chapter XXI: Indian art.-. 5^4
I. THE MINOR ARTS, 584
The great age of Indian art—Its uniqueness—Its association with industry—Pottery—
Metal-VVood-Ivory-Jewelr)'-Textiles
II. MUSIC, 586
A concert in India—Music and the dance—Musicians—Scale and forms—Themes—
Music and philosophy
III. PAINTING, 589
prehistoric-The frescoes of Ajanta—Rajput min'iatures—The Mogul school—The
painters—The theorists
rv. SCULPTURE, 593
Primitive-Buddhist-Gandhara-Gupta-‘‘Ctdonial"-Estimate
V. ARCHITECTURF-, 596
1. lUNDU AKcHotcruiie
Before Ashoka—Ashokan—Buddhist—Jain—The masterpieces of the north—Their
destruction-The southern style-Monolithic temples—Structural temples
2. “ootoKiAL** AKauTcenrae
Ceylon — Java — Cambodia — The Khmers — Their religion — Angkor — Fall of
the Khmers — Siam — Burma
3. MOSLEM AXaUTECTUU IN INDIA
The Afghan style—The Mogul st)'le—Delhi—Agra—The Taj Mahal
4. INDIAN AaailTECTL'Re AND cmUZATION
Decay of Indian art—Hindu and Moslem architecture compared—General view of
Indian civilization
XXI
CONTENTS
Chapter XXII: a Christian epilogue........ 613
I. THE JOLLY ISUCCAXEERS, 6 lJ
The arrival of the Europejins—'Hie British Conquest—The Sepoy Mutiny—Advaniagcs
and disadvantages of British rule
n. LATTER-DAY SAINTS, 615
Christianity in Inda — The Brilsma^Sotnaj — MohammedaEiism — Ramatrishna —
Vlvekananda
ITL TAGORE, 618
Science and art-A family of geniuses—Youth of Rabindranath—His poeny—His poli-
dcs-His school
IV. EAST IS WEST, 6IJ.
Changing India—Economic changes—Social—The decaying caste system—Caste* and
guild^Untouchablcs—The emergence of woman
V* THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT, 625
The westicmizcd students — The sccularucation of heaven •— The Indian National
Congress
VL MAHATMA GANDHI, 6 z 6
Portrait of a saint—The ascetic—The Christian—The education of Gandhi—In Africa
—The Revolt of 1911— “1 am the man” — Prison yars—Yoitng fn'dij—The revolution of
die spinning-wheel-The achict^ements of Gandhi
vn. TAREWELL TO INDIA, ^33
The revivification of India-The gifts of India
BOOK THREE THE FAR EAST
A. CHINA
Chronolog}’' of Chinese Civilization...,*... 636
Chapter XXIII: the age of the philosophers..... 639
I. THE BEGINNINGS, 6j9
J. ESTIMATES OF TEIE CIIINXSE
I. THE MinOLE FLOWERY KlSCfOOM
Geography—Race-Prehistory
3 . THE UXKNOWN tl.VTUaiES
The Creadon according to China-The coming of cnltuie-Winc and chopsticks
—Idle virtuous emperors—A royal atheist
4, THE FtRSt CHINESE OVIUZATION
The Feudal Age in China—An able minister—The struggle bctw^ccn custom and
kw-Culture and anarchy-Lovc lyrks from the Book of Odes
J. THE tStE-COVrUClAN PfllLOSOPHEBS
The Book of Ch^ycr-The y^ig and the yin-The Chinese Enligbtenment-Teng
Shih, the Socrates of China
XXU
CONTENTS
6 . TTtE OU) AIA^TO
Lao-rze—The Tao—Oa inteUecruib in goveminent—The ftmlEshncss of kws^A
Rousscauian Ucopii and a Chrutian ethic-’Portrait of a wise man—The meeting of
LaO'tze and Confucius
II. CONFUCIUS, 658
1. TIEE SACK JN SEABCH OP A STATE
Birth and youth—Marriage and dirarce—Pupils and mEthodS’-Appcarance and
character—The lady and the dger—A dednluon of good goveminent—Confucius
in ofEcc—Wandcr-ycars—The consolations of old age
а. THE classics
3 . THE ACNOSnaS.Nt OF COMFCaCS
A fragment of logic—The philosopher and the urchins—A formula of wisdom
4. THE WAY OF THE niOlElt MAS
Another portrait of the sage—Elements of character—The Golden Rule
5. CONFttlClAX POLmeS
Popular sovereignty—Got cmmcTiE by cKimple—The deccnwahi-atian of wealth—
Music and manners—Socialism and m'olution
б . THE INFLUEN'CE OF ONTUCIUS
The Coofucian scholars—Their victory' over the Legalists—Defecis of Confucian.’^
ism—The contemporaneity of Confucius
III. SOCIALISTS AND ANjVHCniSTS, 677
U MOTI, ALTaUlST
3 , YANC ClIV, ECOlFT
3. MENcrUS, MENTOa OF FBIXCES
A model mother—A philosopKcr among kings—Are men by nanire good?—Single
taa-Mcncius and the commonists-The profit-modve—The right of revoluiion
4. H 5 UN-TZE, REAUsr
The evil nature of man—The necessity of law
5. CHVAVC-TZE, IDE.ILIST
The Return to Nature—Govemmendess society—The Way of Nature—The Limin
of the intedect—The evolution of man—The Button-Moulder—The influence of
Chinese philosophy in Europe
Chapter XXIV: the age of the poets*.... . 694
I. china’s BISMARCRf lS94
The Period of Contending States—The suicide of Ch^u Fing—Shih Huang-d unifies
China—The Great Wall—The "‘Buming of the Books”—The failure of Shih Huang-d
JL EXPEBIMENTS IN SCCtALtSM, 698
Chaos and poverty—The Han Dynasty—The reforms of Wu Ti-The income tax—
The planned economy of Wang iMang—Its overthrow—The Tatar invasion
Ill* THE GLORY OF T’aNG, 70I
The new dy'iiasty—Tal Tsung’s method, of reducing erime—An age of prosperity—
The “Brilliant Emperor”—The nifiiancc of Yang Kwei-fei—The rebeUioci of An
Lu-$han
XXUl
COJJTENTS
tv. THE RANISHED 705 . . ■ t l tu*
An jnccilaie of U Po-Hk yotah, pro^-cs and Icrt fis-On tlie iinpcri^ I nc
gospel of the grape-War-The wanderings of Li Po-In prison—“Dcathlfss Ptwtry
V. SOME Qt'ALlTlES OF CHINESE POETKV. 711 « a. ■
^Ftte vei3c"-“lniagism"-“Every poem a picture and every picture a p«sm -Senci-
mcnulit)'—Perfection of form
VI. TU FU, 7 1 3 . ^ ^ r Tj ^
Tao Ch 1 cn-Po Chii-i-Poems for maliria-Tu Fn and Li Po-A vision of wnr-Fros-
perous days-Desiirution—Death
VIK PROSE^ 717 ^ .
The abundance of Chinese literanire-Pomances-Hiitoiy'-Siunia Ch len-Lssav-s-
Han Yn on rhe bone of Buddha
\TTf. THE STAGE, 711
Its low repute ID Chlna-Origins-The ptay-The audlence-Thc actois-MusH:
Chapter XXV: the age of the artists.....-.-... 7-+
I. THE SUNG renaissance, 714
r. THE SOUIAUSM OF WANG AN-SHIH tt. i
The Sung Dynasty-A radical prcmicr-His cure for unemploj^ent-Thc rcgula-
rion of iodustjy-CodcS of wages and pricfts—The nationalization of Mnuncnce—
State insumnee against unemployment, poverty and old age-EzajmnatJons for
public office—The defeat of Wang Au-sbih
1. THE aEVtVAl* OF 1-E.UlSlNC . , . ■ r ‘
Tbt growth of Scholarship-Paper and ink in OmU-Sreps m die mention of pnnt-
ing-Thc oldest book-Paper money-.Mov^blc tj'pe-Anthologies, dictionanes.
encyclopedias.
3. THE HEBIBTH Of PIDLOSOPHV
Chu HsL-Wang Yang-miug-Beyond good and evil
U. BR0N7F^, LACQUER A.ND JAI>E, 735
The role of art in China -Text dcs-Funiiiaire-Jc^velrv'-Fatis-The making of lacquer
—The cutting of jade—Some masterpieces in bronze—Chinese sculpture
III. PAOOD.AS AND FALACES, 74O , , „ , c t, t '
Chinese archlrecture-Thc Porcelain Tower of Nankmg-Thc Jade Pagoda of Peking
^ Tl« Temple of Confucius - The Temple and of Heaven - The palaces of
Kublai Khan-A Chinese home-Thc intcrior-Color and form
IV. PAINTING, 745
1. Masters of mnNESE faintiNC ^ ^
Ku K’ai-chhi, the ^^greatest painrer, wdt and foor-Han Yii's mmiature-The classic
and the romantic schools-Wang Wel-Wn Tao-tze-Hui Tsung, the artist-cm-
peror-Masrers of the Sung age
1. rjUAtiTIES Of CHINfSt PAINTING
The rejection of perspectivc-Of realuni-Linc as nobler than cokir-Form as
rhjThm-Represcntation by suggcsdon-Convcntions and lesmcdons-Sinoerity of
Chinese art
X.\1V
CONTENTS
V. PORCELAIN, 754
The ceramic wt—The nuking of pcircclain— Its early hiscor>'-Cefjj/«i“Enanniels—The
still of Hao Shlh-chiu-affU(??mf-Thc age of K'ang-hsi-Of Ch'ien Lung
Chapter XXVI: the people and the state,.......♦*....... 760
L historical interlude, 7^k^
I* MAPLCD POLO VlSm KURLAT RHaN
The incredible travelers—Adventures of a V^ertetian in China—The elegance and
prosperiev of Hangchow—The palaces of Peking—The Mongol Conquest—jenghiz
Khan—Kublai Khan—His character and policy—His hancfn-“.Mirco Milliuos
J* Tm: MiSG ANJJ TltE CH'i^TG
Fall of the Mongols - The Ming Dynasty - The Mancho invasE™ - The Chhng
Dynasty—An rnJightened monarch—Ch’ien Lung reicciE the Occident
II. THE PEOPLE AND THEIR LANGUAGE, 769
Population—Appearancc-Drcss—Peculiarities of Chinese speech—Of Chinese writing
111 . THE KLICriCAL LIFE, 774
I. iNTKE mans
The poverty of the peasant — Methods of husbandry — Crops — Tea — Food — Tlie
stoictsm of the village
a. ITf THE SHoM
Handicrafts — Silk — Faerories — Guilds — Men of burden — Roads and canals —
Merchants—Credit and coinage—Currency ciperitiients—Printing-press Inflation
3. LtfVESTtON AXIi SOEliCC
Gunpowder, fireworks and war-The eompas—Povcrcj' of industrial inv'cntiort-
Gcography-Mathcnutics—Pht-sics-Fcng j/jui-Astronocny-Medicinc-Hygicnc
IV* RELIGION UmiOLT A CHURCH, 78J
Superetition and sccpticimfi—Animism—The worship of Heaven-Anccstor-wor^hip—
Confucianism—TaoLflu — The clbcir of imrnortality—Buddhism—Religious toleration
and cclccticisni—Mohammedanism—Christianity—Causes of its failure in China
V. THE RULE DE MORALS, 788
The high place of morals in Chinese society—The famdy-Childrcn-Qiasnty-Prnsti-
tution—Premarital relations—Marriage and love-Monogamy and polygamy—Concu¬
binage — Divorce — A Oiloese empress —The patriarchal male —The sabjcciion of
woman-The Chinese characMr
VL A GOVERNMENT PRAISED BY VOLTAIRE, 795
The submergence of the individual— Sclf-gov'emmcnt-The village and the province—
The laxity of the la w—The severitv of punishment—The Fniperor—The Censor- .Ad¬
ministrative boards—Education for public office—Nomination by education—The ex¬
amination systcni—Its defects—Its virtues
x.\V
CONTENTS
Chapter XXVII: revolution and renewai. 805
I. THE WHITE PKRIl^ 803
The conflict of Asia and Europe—The Portuguese—The Spanish—The thitch—The
English—The opium trade—The Opium Wars—The T’ai-p’ing Rebellion—The War
widi Japan—The attempt to dismember China—The “O^n Door”—The Empress
Dowager—The reforms of Kuang Hsu—His removal from power—The “Boxers"—
The Indemnity
II. THE DEATH OF A CIVILIZATION* 808
The Indemnity students—Their Westernization—Their disintegrative effect in Chins
—The role of the missionarj'—Sun Yat-sen, the Christian-His youthful adventures
His meeting with Li Hung-chang-His plans for a revolution-Their success-Yuan
Shi-k’ai—The death of Sun Yat-sen—Chaos and pillage—Communism—“The nonh
pacified”—Chiang Kai-shek—Japan in Manchuria—At Shanghai
HI. BEGINNINGS OF A NEW ORDER, 814
Chaise in the village—In the town—The factories—Commerce—Labor unions—Wages
-The new govemment—Nationalism vt. Westernization—The dethronement of Con¬
fucius—The reaction against religion—The new morality—Marriage in transition-
Birth control—Co-education—The “New Tide" in literature and philosophy—The
new language of Uteramre—Hu Shih-Elcmencs of destruction-Elements of renewal
B. JAPAN
Chronology of Japanese Civilization. 826
Chapter XXVIII: the nlakers of japan. 829
I. THE CHILDREN OF THE GODS, 829
How Japan w’as created-The r61e of earthquakes
II. PRI.MITWE JAPAN, 831
Racial components-Eiarly civilization-Rcligion—Sbmto—Buddhism—The beginnings
of an—The “Great Reform"
HI. THE IMPERIAL AGE, 834
The emperors—The aristocracy—The influence of China—The Golden Age
Kyoto—Decadence
IV. THE DICTATORS, 836
The shoguns—The Kamakura Bakufu—The Hojo Regency-Kublai Khan’s in'a-
sion-The Ashikaga Shogxuute—The three buccaneers
V. GREAT MONKEY-FACE, 838
The rise of Hideyoshi-Thc attack upon Korea-The conflict with Christianity
VL THE GREAT SHOGUN, 84I
The accession of lyejasu-His philosophy—lyej'asu and Christianity— Death of
Ijtj’asu—The Tokugawa Shogunate
xxvi
CONTENTS
Chapter XXIX: the political ako moral foundations,... 845
t. THE SA.\ 1 UHA 1 , S45
The po^^'crlcss einperor-The powders of the sword of the Sirrmrai—
Tl>c code of theSj 3 r;arfli—Harj-ifein-Thc Forij'-scr^n Roftin—A, commuted sentence
11, THE LAW\ 850
The first codc^Group respon^Uity—Punisltmencs
HI. THE TOlLFJtS, S5I
Castes—An experiment in the lutionnlizatiDii of land—State fixing of wages—A fam¬
ine—Handicrafts—Artisans and guilds
IV» THE PEOPLE, S54
Scature-Cosmedcs—Costume—Diet-Etiquettc-Sijjt/-Thc tea ceremony—The flower
ctremcMiy—Love of nature—Gardens-Homes
V* THE FAMILY^ 860
The jjatcmal autocrat-Tlic status of woman—Children—Sexual morality—The
Qcifijj-Lovc
VI, THE SAENTS, 863
Religion in Japan—TT jc trausformadon of "Buddhism-Thc priests—Sceptics
VH, THE THINK Fits, 866
Confucius reaches Japan—A cridc of religion—The religion of scholarship—Kaibara
Elcten—On education-On pleasure—The rival schools-A Japanese Spinoza-Ito
Jinsai—Ico Ttjgai—Ogyu Sorai—The war of tlve scholars-Mahuchi-Moto-ori
Chapter XXX: the mind and art of old japan.
L LANGUAGE ANp EDUCATION, E76
The language—Writing-Education
ir. POETRY^ 878
The Manyoshu—Thc Ksf'inj^^u-Charactcristics of Japanese poeuy’—Examples—The
game of poecry—The bo/tihr-gamhlees
Hr. PROSE, SSt
X. FICTION
Lady Muraski—The Tale of Geflji—lo cxccUencc-Latct Japanese fiction—A
humorist
3, HtsToav
The historians—Aral Hakuseki
3. THE ESSAY
The Lady Sci Shonagon—Kamo no-Chomci
tv. THE DRAMA, 889
The No plaj*s-Their character-The popular stage—The Japanese Shakespeare—
Summai)' judgment
V. THE ART OF LITTLE THINGS, 89I
Creative imitation—.\ltisiLcand the dancc-Zuro and ffcmrJtrc-Hidari Jingaro—Laajucr
XXV'lj
CONTENTS
VI. ARCHITECTURE, 894
• Temples—Palaces—The shrine of lyeyasu—Homes
VII. METALS AND STATUES, 896
Swords—Mirrors—The Trinity of Horiuji—Colossi—Religion and sculpture
VTIL POTTERY, 899
The Chinese stimulus—The potters of Hizen—Potterj* and tea—How Goto Saijiro
brought the art of porcelain from Hizen to Kaga—The nineteenth century
IX. PAINTING, 901
Difficulties of the subject—Methods and materials-Forms and ideals—Korean origins
and Buddhist inspiration—The Tosa School—The return to China—Scsshiu—The
Kano School—Koyetsu and Korin—The Realistic School
X. PRI.NTS, 907
The Ukiyoye School—Its founders-Its masters—Hokusai—Hiroshige
XI. JAPANESE ART AND CIVILIZATIO.N, 9IO
A retrospect—Contrasts—An estimate-The doom of the old Japan
Chapter XXXI: the new japan . 914
I. THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION, 914
The decay of the Shogunate—America knocks at the door—The Restoration—The
^V estcmization of Japan—Political reconstruction-The new constitution—Law—
The army—The war with Russia-Its political results
II. THE INDUSTRIAL RE\'OLUTION, 919
Industrialkation-Factorics-Wages-Strikes-Poverty-The Japanese pomt of view
HI. THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION, 922
Changa in dress—In manners—The Japanese character—Morals and marriage in
trai^tion—Reli^on—Scicnce—Japanese medicine—Art and taste—Language and ed<’-
cadon-Natural^c fiction—New* forms of poetr)*
IV. THE NEW EMPIRE, 927
The precarious bases of the new civilization—Causes of Japanese imperialism—
The Twenty-one Demands-The Washington Conference—The Immigration Act
of 1914—The invasion of Manchuria—The new kingdom—Japan and Russia— Japan
and Europe—Must America fight Japan.^
Envoi: Our Oriental Heritage.
Glossary of Foreign Terms.
Bibliography of Books Referred to in the Te.xt.
Notes.
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