정토진종
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정토진종(浄土真宗)은 일본의 불교의 종파의 하나로 가마쿠라 시대 초기에 호넨(法然: 1153~1212)의 제자인 신란(親鸞: 1173~1262)이 호넨의 가르침을 계승하여 창종한 종파이다. 신란의 사후에 그 문하생들이 교단으로서 발전시켰다. 호넨은 일본 불교의 정토종(淨土宗)의 개조이며 신란은 정토진종(淨土眞宗)의 개조이다.[1]
정토진종은 일향종(一向宗)이라고도 부르는데, 진종이라고 약칭하기도 한다.[2] 정토진종(淨土眞宗)은 정토교의 계통에 속한다.[2]
12세기 이후 일본에는 사상과 신앙을 중시하고 교의와 의식이 비교적 간단한 새로운 종파가 연이어 흥기하였다.[2] 그 가운데서 정토진종은 일본적인 색채가 더욱 두드러진 종파이다.[2]
특색[편집]
출가교단보다는 비승비속(非僧非俗)을 지향해왔다. 따라서 승려가 결혼과 육식을 해도 무방하다. 메이지 유신 때인 메이지(明治) 5년(1872년)의 '육식·대처·축발을 자유롭게 할 것'이라는 법령 반포 이전에는 정토진종만이 드러내놓고 결혼과 육식을 했다.[3]
Doctrine[edit]
Shinran's thought was strongly influenced by the doctrine of Mappō, a largely Mahayana eschatology which claims humanity's ability to listen to and practice the Buddhist teachings deteriorates over time and loses effectiveness in bringing individual practitioners closer to Buddhahood. This belief was particularly widespread in early medieval China and in Japan at the end of the Heian. Shinran, like his mentor Hōnen, saw the age he was living in as being a degenerate one where beings cannot hope to be able to extricate themselves from the cycle of birth and death through their own power, or jiriki (自力). For both Hōnen and Shinran, all conscious efforts towards achieving enlightenment and realizing the Bodhisattva ideal were contrived and rooted in selfish ignorance; for humans of this age are so deeply rooted in karmic evil as to be incapable of developing the truly altruistic compassion that is requisite to becoming a Bodhisattva.
Due to his awareness of human limitations, Shinran advocates reliance on tariki, or other power (他力)—the power of Amitābha (Japanese Amida) made manifest in his Primal Vow—in order to attain liberation. Shin Buddhism can therefore be understood as a "practiceless practice", for there are no specific acts to be performed such as there are in the "Path of Sages". In Shinran's own words, Shin Buddhism is considered the "Easy Path" because one is not compelled to perform many difficult, and often esoteric, practices in order to attain higher and higher mental states.
Nembutsu[edit]
As in other Pure Land Buddhist schools, Amitābha is a central focus of the Buddhist practice, and Jōdo Shinshū expresses this devotion through a chanting practice called nembutsu, or "Mindfulness of the Buddha [Amida]". The nembutsu is simply reciting the phrase Namu Amida Butsu ("I take refuge in Amitābha Buddha"). Jōdo Shinshū is not the first school of Buddhism to practice the nembutsu but it is interpreted in a new way according to Shinran. The nembutsu becomes understood as an act that expresses gratitude to Amitābha; furthermore, it is evoked in the practitioner through the power of Amida's unobstructed compassion. Therefore, in Shin Buddhism, the nembutsu is not considered a practice, nor does it generate karmic merit. It is simply an affirmation of one's gratitude. Indeed, given that the nembutsu is the Name, when one utters the Name, that is Amitābha calling to the devotee. This is the essence of the Name-that-calls.[7]
Note that this is in contrast to the related Jōdo-shū, which promoted a combination of repetition of the nembutsu and devotion to Amitābha as a means to birth in his pure land of Sukhavati. It also contrasts with other Buddhist schools in China and Japan, where nembutsu recitation was part of a more elaborate ritual.
The Pure Land[edit]
In another departure from more traditional Pure Land schools, Shinran advocated that birth in the Pure Land was settled in the midst of life. At the moment one entrusts oneself to Amitābha, one becomes "established in the stage of the truly settled". This is equivalent to the stage of non-retrogression along the bodhisattva path.
Many Pure Land Buddhist schools in the time of Shinran felt that birth in the Pure Land was a literal rebirth that occurred only upon death, and only after certain preliminary rituals. Elaborate rituals were used to guarantee rebirth in the Pure Land, including a common practice wherein the fingers were tied by strings to a painting or image of Amida Buddha. From the perspective of Jōdo Shinshū such rituals actually betray a lack of trust in Amida Buddha, relying on jiriki ("self-power"), rather than the tariki or "other-power" of Amida Buddha. Such rituals also favor those who could afford the time and energy to practice them or possess the necessary ritual objects—another obstacle for lower-class individuals. For Shinran Shonin, who closely followed the thought of the Chinese monk Tan-luan, the Pure Land is synonymous with nirvana.
Shinjin[edit]
The goal of the Shin path, or at least the practicer's present life, is the attainment of shinjin in the Other Power of Amida. Shinjin is sometimes translated as "faith", but this does not capture the nuances of the term and it is more often simply left untranslated.[8] The receipt of shinjin comes about through the renunciation of self-effort in attaining enlightenment through tariki. Shinjin arises from jinen (自然 naturalness, spontaneous working of the Vow) and cannot be achieved solely through conscious effort. One is letting go of conscious effort in a sense, and simply trusting Amida Buddha, and the nembutsu.
For Jōdo Shinshū practitioners, shinjin develops over time through "deep hearing" (monpo) of Amitābha's call of the nembutsu. According to Shinran, "to hear" means "that sentient beings, having heard how the Buddha's Vow arose—its origin and fulfillment—are altogether free of doubt."[9] Jinen also describes the way of naturalness whereby Amitābha's infinite light illumines and transforms the deeply rooted karmic evil of countless rebirths into good karma. It is of note that such evil karma is not destroyed but rather transformed: Shin stays within the Mahayana tradition's understanding of śūnyatā and understands that samsara and nirvana are not separate. Once the practitioner's mind is united with Amitābha and Buddha-nature gifted to the practitioner through shinjin, the practitioner attains the state of non-retrogression, whereupon after his death it is claimed he will achieve instantaneous and effortless enlightenment. He will then return to the world as a Bodhisattva, that he may work towards the salvation of all beings.
浄土真宗
| この項目には、JIS X 0213:2004 で規定されている文字が含まれています（詳細）。 |
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浄土真宗（じょうどしんしゅう）は、大乗仏教の宗派のひとつで、浄土信仰に基づく日本仏教の宗旨である[1]。鎌倉仏教のひとつ。鎌倉時代初期の僧である親鸞が、その師である法然によって明らかにされた浄土往生を説く真実の教え[2]を継承し展開させる。親鸞の没後にその門弟たちが、教団として発展させた。
古くは「一向宗（いっこうしゅう）」・「門徒宗」などと俗称され[3]、宗名問題を経たのち戦後は真宗10派のうち本願寺派が「浄土真宗」、他9派が「真宗」を公称とするが[3]、本項では代表的事典類[3][4][5]の表記に従って「浄土真宗」の名称で解説する。
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