2025-11-05

Overthrow America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq

Overthrow (book) - Wikipedia


Overthrow (book)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq
AuthorStephen Kinzer
Audio read byMichael Prichard[1]
LanguageEnglish
SubjectUnited States involvement in regime change
PublisherTimes Books
Publication date
2006
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint (hardcover and paperback)
Pages384
ISBN978-0-8050-7861-9 (hardcover)
OCLC907615158
327.73009
LC ClassE744 .K49 2006

Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq is a book published in 2006 by New York Times foreign correspondent and author Stephen Kinzer about the United States's involvement in the overthrow of foreign governments from the late 19th century to the present. According to Kinzer, the first such instance was the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893, and continuing to America-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. His examples include mini-histories of the U.S.-supported or encouraged coups d'état in Hawaii, CubaPuerto Rico, the PhilippinesNicaraguaHondurasIranGuatemalaSouth VietnamChileGrenadaPanamaAfghanistan, and Iraq.

Some examples used in the book refer to American support for local rebels against the existing national governments that led to a change in power. For example, in 1898, the United States helped to overthrow the government of Cuba by supporting local rebels who were already fighting their government. In other circumstances, such as in Iran, Guatemala, and Chile, Kinzer argues the United States initiated, planned and orchestrated the regime change.

This book talks about things such as how the United States, during its first real coup, decided to remove Nicaraguan President Zelaya from power, over the objections of officials like the United States Ambassador to Nicaragua, Finnegan Courtney, because they wanted the power of the canal. It also says that the United States tricked the Panamanians into independence from Colombia so that they could have the land to build the Panama Canal, and Colombia would not give them the land.

Reception

Publishers Weekly wrote that Kinzer "makes a persuasive case that U.S. intervention destabilizes world politics and often leaves countries worse off than they were before."[2]

Kirkus Reviews called it a "sobering and saddening book."[3]

References

  1.  Overthrow (Audiobook) by Stephen Kinzer. Retrieved November 25, 2019. {{cite book}}|website= ignored (help)
  2.  "Nonfiction Book Review: Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq by Stephen Kinzer"Publishers Weekly. February 20, 2006. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  3.  "Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq by Stephen Kinzer"Kirkus Reviews (February 15th, 2006 ed.). Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
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Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq Paperback – 1 April 2007
by Stephenn Kinzer (Author)
4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars (983)

Stephen Kinzer's Overthrow provides a fast-paced narrative history of the coups, revolutions, and invasions by which the United States has toppled fourteen foreign governments -- not always to its own benefit

"Regime change" did not begin with the administration of George W. Bush, but has been an integral part of U.S. foreign policy for more than one hundred years. Starting with the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 and continuing through the Spanish-American War and the Cold War and into our own time, the United States has not hesitated to overthrow governments that stood in the way of its political and economic goals. The invasion of Iraq in 2003 is the latest, though perhaps not the last, example of the dangers inherent in these operations.

In Overthrow, Stephen Kinzer tells the stories of the audacious politicians, spies, military commanders, and business executives who took it upon themselves to depose monarchs, presidents, and prime ministers. He also shows that the U.S. government has often pursued these operations without understanding the countries involved; as a result, many of them have had disastrous long-term consequences.

In a compelling and provocative history that takes readers to fourteen countries, including Cuba, Iran, South Vietnam, Chile, and Iraq, Kinzer surveys modern American history from a new and often surprising perspective.

"Detailed, passionate and convincing . . . [with] the pace and grip of a good thriller." -- Anatol Lieven, The New York Times Book Review
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Product description
Review
"Kinzer, a foreign correspondent for the New York Times, brings a rich narrative immediacy to all of his stories...he makes a persuasive case that US intervention destabilizes world politics and often leaves countries worse off than they were before."

-- "Publishers Weekly"
About the Author
Michael Prichard is a Los Angeles-based actor who has played several thousand characters during his career, over one hundred of them in theater and film. He is primarily heard as an audiobook narrator, having recorded well over five hundred full-length books. His numerous awards and accolades include an Audie Award for Tears in the Darkness by Michael Norman and Elizabeth M. Norman and six AudioFile Earphones Awards. He was named a Top Ten Golden Voice by SmartMoney magazine. He holds an MFA in theater from the University of Southern California.



Stephen Kinzer is the author of over ten books, including Poisoner in Chief, The True Flag, The Brothers, Overthrow, and All the Shah's Men. An award-winning foreign correspondent, he served as the New York Times bureau chief in Nicaragua, Germany, and Turkey. He is a senior fellow at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University and writes a world affairs column for the Boston Globe.

Product details
ASIN ‏ : ‎ B000Q67L00
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Times Books
Accessibility ‏ : ‎ Learn more
Publication date ‏ : ‎ 6 February 2007

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From Australia

Amazon Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars A terrific book.
Reviewed in Australia on 20 February 2021
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
For people who still admire the American "quest" and "fight" for democracy and for their selfless "help" to other nations of this planet to achieve it. God help you if the Americans have you in their sights.
2 people found this helpful
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From other countries

D Sandy
5.0 out of 5 stars Exposai
Reviewed in Canada on 30 December 2024
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
Exposes the US as the worlds biggest war monger nation and it didn't start with the overthrow of Hawaii.
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marina del kwi
5.0 out of 5 stars Excavating `the Divide/Rule-Based-International-Order‘
Reviewed in Japan on 18 September 2023
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
イラク戦争が泥沼化した中、ネオコン主導のブッシュ政権の暴走ぶりが例外的なものでなく過去から連綿とつながる際限のない利益追求を正当化する神憑りのイデオロギー(信仰)に基付くものであることを事例をもって示した作品。様々な視点から多くの著作がなされた主題であり、個別のケース、さらには諜報機関、国際資本、ネオリベラリズム、メディアの役割等特定のテーマについて関心を持つ読者には物足りなさを感じさせる点があるだろうが、あの国の海外覇権主義のエトス、その誕生から21世紀初頭に至るまでの変遷を理解するうえではよくまとまった書物だと思う。

19世紀末の黎明期から謀略の冷戦期、冷戦終結前後の直接軍事介入期に大別して数多の例からとり挙げられた代表的な14か国。個別ケースの背景にあった議論、主要人物による政策決定、行動の過程が有機的つながりを持って語られる。国境の南から日々押し寄せる多くの難民に自分たちの税金が食い潰されるとご立腹のアメリカの皆様にこそ本書を読んでその原因を知っていただきたいが。

興味を引くのは、一般に海外膨張主義の端緒とされている米西戦争によるキューバ、フィリピンへの侵略の直前に起こったハワイ併合の意義を強調している点。僅か百年余り前、(奴隷制度の存廃をめぐっての利害対立等の経済的側面は矮小化し)宗主国の圧政から自らの力で独立を勝ち取った民主主義国家の鑑と自らを美化してきた建国神話(American Revolution)の文脈上、一握りの入植者が自らの利権保護のために転覆した有色人種ばかりの西太平洋上の小さな島国を公式に併合するという行為には当初躊躇していた本国政府。

広大な中国市場への進出を見据え、太平洋支配の拠点としての重要性を見直した結果によるハワイ併合とキューバへの侵略を開始した5年後の1898年こそ、それまでの建前上の制約から自らを解放し、今後は、入植以来培ってきた、先住民から土地、資源を奪い黒人奴隷等の低コスト労働により経済発展を遂げるという実質的植民地経営の経験を活かし、強い国軍を育成しつつ、国益拡大のため海外のフロンティアに進出し、ひいては文明から取り残された原住民たちにもAmerican Experimentから得られた崇高な価値観を布教してやろう(white man's burden)というパターナリズムをもった新興帝国主義国家元年であったことがわかる。他国からすれば南北アメリカ大陸は自分の縄張りと宣言したMonroe Doctrineの1823と共に1776や1865より大きな意味を持つ年となる。

背景には、建国以来の西へ西へという北米での開拓が一段落し農工業生産が急拡大した結果需給ギャップによる国内不況に直面し、新たな可能性を海外に求めざるを得なくなったという資本主義発展上の必然性、南北戦争の後遺症による国内の分断を外敵を利用して緩和したいという政治的意図、そして根底には対メキシコ戦争や1830 Indian Removal Actに基づいて先住民から肥沃な土地を取り上げ未開の荒野に追いやったあげく、その地に石油等の資源が発見されるとそれまでの約束を反故にし更に不毛の地に追いやるという事実に代表される、我こそが神に選ばれし民であるというexceptionalismと非白人への蔑視racismという下地があったことが指摘されている。

その後、目的が覇権又は市場拡大か、資源確保か、はたまた地政学上の拠点確保かを問わず、地球上にある貴重な資源を最も効率的に利用すべく天命を受けたのは我々(manifest destiny)であり、その場所に偶々居住している民族のsovereignty、彼らとの協定、約束は無視しても何らモラル上の問題は無い、という17世紀初頭の Virginia Company設立に始まる資本主義 とPlymouth入植時にまで遡れる選民思想が融合した根本理念は政権、党派、国内政策での対立、いわゆるリベラルか保守かの違いを問わず現在にいたるまで首尾一貫している。

1898年の政策決定に大きな力を与えた3人の政治家のうちTheodore RooseveltとHenry Cabot Lodgeのそれぞれの孫が 半世紀後の米ソ冷戦期にイラン、グアテマラにおける進歩的な改革を目指す現地政権転覆の為に、現在でもお馴染みのメディア、諜報機関、地場の反動勢力を利用する謀略のフォーミュラを生み出し主要な役割を担ったのは興味深い。(Rooseveltを含め、本書に登場する大統領2名、国務長官1名、さらに本著後に北アフリカで次々と政権転覆に成功したあの演説が上手な大統領もノーベル平和賞を受賞している。)この2名、さらに2人の孫ともHarvardの卒業生だが、その他本書の登場人物の多くも同校を含む東部名門大学の関係者、名家の出身。ウオール街中枢の法律事務所Sullivan & Cromwell が果たした役割、さらに旧宗主国の悪名高い植民地主義者が創設した奨学生制度に選抜されOxfordで学んだ経験者たちが高く評価され政治、外交の中枢に重用されてきた事実を重ね合わせると、海外介入主義こそ、この国のエスタブリッシュメントが凋落する大英帝国から継承した北大西洋を世界の頂点とする正統教義orthodoxyであることが分かる。

「民主主義を守る」、「テロとの戦い」、「人権救済」というマーケティング上のお題目の下、民主的プロセスを経て選出され自国民の権益を守ろうとする現地の政権、なかには米国神話を理想とする指導者をも独裁者(肌の色は問わずターゲットにする国の指導者をHitler、傀儡政権のリーダーをChurchill、介入に慎重な国内勢力をChamberlainに例えると国民が思考停止になるのは面白い)と非難したうえ軍事クーデター、直接介入、はたまた経済制裁を通じて転覆したうえでの非民主的傀儡政権の樹立。インフラを破壊し多くの死者、難民を生み出し、結果的に残るのは瓦礫の山と圧政による現地国民の被害のみという、第三者から見れば大きな矛盾も分断統治という観点からすれば彼らにとっては何ら問題ではないことが理解できる。

著者はグアテマラ、イランでの政権転覆がその後のキューバでの社会主義革命、イランイスラム革命をもたらしたという結果をもって、現場の声を無視した政府中枢に於ける冷戦思考に凝り固まったgroup thinkによる判断ミス、誤算の例としているが、その決断が単なる戦略ではなく天命によるものという信仰に根差したものであると考えれば、Dulles等政策責任者にとっては自らに非は無く問題はそれを受け入れない相手方にあるという理解だろう。よって、これら屈従しない異教徒、異端者に対する制裁は苛烈なものにならざるを得ない。一方で、ハワイのように思惑通り改宗に成功し表面上は民主主義体制に組み込まれ若干の経済的恩恵に浴することになっても著者が言うように結果オーライではなく、強制的に政権転覆を受けsovereigntyを奪われた側の国民にとっては災難であることに変わりはない。

直接的軍事介入による自国兵士の人的損害に対する世論の批判が高まったイラク戦争(ただし、介入そのものについては国連安保理での虚偽報告を含めて誰ひとり国内外から明確な責任を問われることはなかったが、)以降、対外介入政策は従来の軍産複合体と諜報機関に高等教育機関、エンタテイメント業界、人権NGO、国際機関、同盟国、相手国の司法機関を巻き込んだソフトパワーも駆使し、より組織化され、巧妙かつ大胆な形で覇権維持のため海外政権転覆活動(hybrid war)に邁進している。更には国内産業の空洞化により戦争産業が国家経済に占める相対的影響力は高まり、最大の公共事業として雇用の観点からも反対できる政治家は存在できなくなった。

米西戦争の発端となったメイン号事件を煽ったのはイエロージャーナリズムといわれたハースト系の新聞だが、90年代の規制緩和による既存メディアの集約、寡占化により米国のメディアと政府の関係も日本の状況(client journalism)と酷似してきた。かつてこの国のいわゆる進歩的知識人の皆さんがリベラル派として信奉し拠り所としてきたあの欧州の公共放送や通信社も、東海岸の新聞社も、Noam Chomskyいうところの consent manufacturerであることがあからさまになってきた。

加えて巨大インターネットプラットフォームの出現を通じて新旧メディアによる世論コントロールは、より深く直接的なものになり、正統教義に従わない異端者の声を表舞台から排除している。結果として一般大衆、さらにかつては存在した反戦平和勢力の間でも新たに与えられた人権介入という大義名分の効果も加わり海外介入主義や自らの moral superiorityそのものに対する疑問や批判の声はほとんど聞かれなくなった。

世界が多極化に向かい目まぐるしい動きを見せているにもかかわらず、お膝元では既に過半数の市民の信頼を失った欧米主要メデイアのナラテイヴ、その周回遅れの翻訳版に完全に依拠しているこの国の新聞やテレビニュースの情報バブルの中にいるこの国の一般市民も個別の刺激的なヘッドラインに振り回されず世界情勢の裏側を理解すべきだと改めて教えてくれる。更に他人事ではなく、この国を含む東アジアの戦後政治史の様々な転換点に起こった検察が主導しリークを受けたマスコミが喧伝する不可解な事件による独自の政策を志向する政治家の失墜劇の背景、既得権益の最大の受益者である世襲政治家が「改革」の旗手ともてはやされ長期政権を全うする怪、及び今後身近でおそらく起こり、巻き込まれるであろう事象についても深く考えさせてくれる著作だと思う。

이라크 전쟁이 늪화한 가운데, 네오콘 주도의 부시 정권의 폭주만이 예외적인 것이 아니라 과거로부터 연면과 연결되는 무한한 이익 추구를 정당화하는 신빙의 이데올로기(신앙)에 근거하는 것임을 사례로 나타낸 작품. 다양한 관점에서 많은 저작이 이루어진 주제이며, 개별 사례, 심지어 첩보기관, 국제자본, 네오리베라리즘, 미디어 역할 등 특정 주제에 관심을 가진 독자들에게 는 아쉬움을 느끼게 하는 점이 있겠지만, 그 나라의 해외 패권주의의 에토스, 그 탄생부터 21세기 초에 이르기까지의 변천을 이해하는데 있어서는 잘 정리된 책이라고 생각한다.

19세기 말 여명기부터 모략의 냉전기, 냉전 종결 전후의 직접 군사 개입기에 대별하여 수많은 예에서 꼽힌 대표적인 14개국. 개별 케이스의 배경에 있던 논의, 주요 인물에 의한 정책 결정, 행동의 과정이 유기적 연결을 가지고 말해진다. 국경의 남쪽에서 매일 밀려오는 많은 난민들에게 자신들의 세금이 몰려들면 입복의 미국 여러분에게야말로 본서를 읽고 그 원인을 알고 싶지만.

흥미를 끄는 것은, 일반적으로 해외 팽창주의의 단서로 여겨지고 있는 미국 서전쟁에 의한 쿠바, 필리핀에의 침략의 직전에 일어난 하와이 병합의 의의를 강조하고 있는 점. 불과 100여년 전 종주국의 압정에서 스스로의 힘으로 독립을 이겨낸 민주주의 국가의 감과 스스로를 미화해 온 건국신화(American) Revolution)의 문맥상, 한 줌의 이주자가 스스로의 이권 보호를 위해 전복한 유색 인종만의 서태평양상의 작은 섬나라를 공식적으로 병합한다고 하는 행위에는 당초 주저하고 있던 본국 정부.

광대한 중국 시장 진출을 바라보고, 태평양 지배의 거점으로서의 중요성을 재검토한 결과에 의한 하와이 병합과 쿠바 침략을 개시한 5년 후인 1898년이야말로, 지금까지의 건전상의 제약으로부터 스스로를 해방해, 향후는, 이식 이후 길러 온, 원주민으로부터 토지, 자원을 빼앗아 흑인 노예 등의 저비용 노동에 의해 경제 발전을 이루는 실질적인 식민지 경영의 경험을 살려, 강한 국군을 육성하면서, 국익 확대를 위해 해외의 프론티어에 진출해, 나아가 문명으로부터 남겨진 원주민들에게도 American Experiment에서 얻은 숭고한 가치관을 포교하자(white man's burden)라는 패터너리즘을 가진 신흥제국주의 국가 원년인 것을 알 수 있다. 다른 나라에서 하면 남북미 대륙은 자신의 밧줄로 선언한 Monroe Doctrine의 1823과 함께 1776과 1865보다 큰 의미를 가진 해가 된다.

배경에는 건국 이래 서쪽으로 서쪽이라는 북미에서의 개척이 일단 떨어지고 농공업 생산이 급증한 결과 수급 갭에 의한 국내 불황에 직면하여 새로운 가능성을 해외에 요구할 수밖에 없다. 되었다는 자본주의 발전상의 필연성, 남북전쟁의 후유증에 의한 국내의 분단을 외적을 이용해 완화하고 싶다는 정치적 의도, 그리고 근저에는 대멕시코 전쟁이나 1830 Indian Removal Act에 근거해 원주민으로부터 비옥한 땅을 거론하고 미개척한 황야로 쫓아 올렸다. 라는 사실로 대표되는 우리가 하나님께 선정되어 백성이라는 exceptionalism과 비백인에 대한 멸시 racism이라는 기초가 있었던 것이 지적되고 있다.

그 후, 목적이 패권 또는 시장 확대인지, 자원 확보인지, 아니면 지정학상의 거점 확보인지에 관계없이 지구상에 있는 귀중한 자원을 가장 효율적으로 이용하기 위해 천명을 받은 것은 우리(manifest) destiny)이며, 그 장소에 우연히 거주하고 있는 민족의 sovereignty, 그들과의 협정, 약속은 무시해도 아무리 모랄상의 문제는 없다, 라고 하는 17세기 초의 Virginia Company 설립에 시작되는 자본주의 와 Plymouth 입식 때까지 거슬러 올라가는 선민 사상이 융합한 근본 이념은 정권, 당파, 국내 정책에서의 대립, 소위 리버럴인지 보수인지의 차이를 불문하고 현재에 이르기까지 성공적으로 일관되고 있다.

1898년 정책 결정에 큰 힘을 준 세 명의 정치인 중 Theodore Roosevelt와 Henry Cabot Lodge의 손자 반세기 후 미국 서냉전기에 이란, 과테말라의 진보적인 개혁을 목표로 하는 현지 정권 전복을 위해, 현재에도 친숙한 미디어, 첩보기관, 지역의 반동세력을 이용하는 모략의 포뮬러를 만들어 내 주요 역할을 담당한 것은 흥미롭다. (Roosevelt를 포함해 본서에 등장하는 대통령 2명, 국무장관 1명, 한층 더 본저 후에 북아프리카에서 차례차례로 정권 전복에 성공한 그 연설이 능한 대통령도 노벨 평화상을 수상하고 있다) 이 2명, 한층 더 2명의 손자 모두 Harvard의 졸업생이지만, 그 외 본서의 등장 인물의 대부분도 동교를 포함한 동부 명문 대학의 관계자, 명가의 출신. 울 올 거리 중추의 법률 사무소 Sullivan & Cromwell 가 완수한 역할, 한층 더 구종주국의 악명 높은 식민지주의자가 창설한 장학생 제도에 선발되어 Oxford에서 배운 경험자들이 높이 평가되어 정치, 외교의 중추에 중용되어 온 사실을 겹치면 해외 개입주의야말로 이 나라의 에스타브리시먼트가 뚝 떨어지는 대영제국에서 계승한 북대서양을 세계의 정점으로 하는 정통교의 orthodoxy임을 알 수 있다.

'민주주의를 지킨다', '테러와의 싸움', '인권구제'라는 마케팅상의 주제 아래, 민주적 프로세스를 거쳐 선출되어 자국민의 권익을 지키려는 현지 정권, 그 중에는 미국 신화를 이상으로 하는 지도자도 독재자(피부색은 불문하고 타겟으로 하는 국가의 itler, 傀儡정권의 리더를 Churchill, 개입에 신중한 국내 세력을 Chamberlain에 비유하면 국민이 사고 정지가 되는 것은 재미있다)라고 비난한 데다 군사 쿠데타, 직접 개입, 역시 경제 제재를 통해 전복한 데에서의 비민주적 傀儡政権의 수. 인프라를 파괴하고 많은 죽은 자, 난민을 만들어 내고 결과적으로 남는 것은 기와의 산과 압정에 의한 현지 국민의 피해뿐이라는 제3자에서 보면 큰 모순도 분단 통치라는 관점에서 보면 그들에게는 아무런 문제가 없다는 것을 이해할 수 있다.

저자는 과테말라, 이란에서의 정권 전복이 그 후의 쿠바에서의 사회주의 혁명, 이란 이슬람 혁명을 가져왔다는 결과를 가지고, 현장의 목소리를 무시한 정부 중추에 있어서의 냉전 사고에 굳어진 그룹 think에 의한 판단 실수, 오산의 예로 하고 있지만, 그 결단이 단순한 전략이 아니라 천명에 의한 것이라고 하는 신앙에 근차한 것이라고 생각하면, Dulles 등 정책 책임자에게 있어서는 스스로 몰라 문제는 그것을 받아들이지 않는 상대방에 있다는 이해일 것이다. 따라서 이 굴종하지 않는 이교도, 이단자에 대한 제재는 가혹한 것이 될 수밖에 없다. 한편 하와이처럼 뜻대로 개종에 성공해 표면상은 민주주의 체제에 내장되어 약간의 경제적 혜택을 받게 되어도 저자가 말하는 바와 같이 결과 오라이가 아니라 강제적으로 정권 전복을 받고 sovereignty를 빼앗긴 측의 국민에게는 재난인 것으로 변함이 없다.

직접적 군사 개입에 의한 자국 병사의 인적 손해에 대한 여론의 비판이 높아진 이라크 전쟁(단, 개입 그 자체에 대해서는 유엔 안보리에서의 허위 보고를 포함해 누구 한 사람 국내외로부터 명확한 책임을 묻지 않았지만,) 이후, 대외 개입 정책은 종 래의 군산 복합체와 첩보기관에 고등교육기관, 엔터테인먼트업계, 인권NGO, 국제기관, 동맹국, 상대국의 사법기관을 휘말린 소프트파워도 구사해 보다 조직화되어 교묘하고 대담한 형태로 패권유지를 위해 해외 정권 전복 활동(hybrid) war)에 매진하고 있다. 게다가 국내산업의 공동화로 전쟁산업이 국가경제에서 차지하는 상대적 영향력은 높아졌고, 최대 공공사업으로 고용 관점에서도 반대할 수 있는 정치인은 존재할 수 없게 되었다.

미국 서전쟁의 발단이 된 메인호 사건을 부추긴 것은 옐로 저널리즘이라고 불린 허스트계 신문이지만, 90년대 규제 완화에 의한 기존 미디어의 집약, 과점화에 의해 미국의 미디어와 정부의 관계도 일본의 상황(client journalism)과 닮아왔다. 일찌기 이 나라의 이른바 진보적 지식인 여러분이 리버럴파로서 신봉해 거점으로 온 그 유럽의 공공 방송이나 통신사도, 동해안의 신문사도, Noam Chomsky 말하는 곳의 consent manufacturer인 것이 분명해져 왔다.

게다가 거대 인터넷 플랫폼의 출현을 통해 신구 미디어에 의한 여론 컨트롤은 보다 깊고 직접적인 것이 되어 정통교리에 따르지 않는 이단자의 목소리를 표무대에서 배제하고 있다. 결과적으로 일반 대중, 한때는 존재했던 반전 평화세력 사이에서도 새롭게 주어진 인권 개입이라는 대명분의 효과도 더해져 해외 개입주의나 자신의 moral superiority 그 자체에 대한 의문과 비판의 목소리는 거의 들리지 않게 되었다.

세계가 다극화를 향해 눈부신 움직임을 보이고 있음에도 불구하고, 무릎 밑에서는 이미 과반수의 시민의 신뢰를 잃은 구미 주요 메디아의 나라테이브, 그 주회 지연의 번역판에 완전히 의거 하고 있는 이 나라의 신문이나 텔레비전 뉴스의 정보 버블 속에 있는 이 나라의 일반 시민도 개별의 자극적인 헤드라인에 휘두르지 않고 세계 정세의 뒤편을 이해해야 한다고 다시 가르쳐 준다. 게다가 타인사가 아니라 이 나라를 포함한 동아시아 전후 정치사의 다양한 전환점에 일어난 검찰이 주도하고 누설된 언론이 싸우는 불가해한 사건에 의한 독자적인 정책을 지향하는 정치인의 실추극의 배경, 기득 권익의 최대 수혜자인 세습정치가가 '개혁'의 기수와 대접되어 장기 정권을 다하는 괴, 그리고 향후 가까이에서 아마 일어나고 말려들게 될 사건에 대해서도 깊이 생각하게 해주는 저작이라고 생각한다.


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Rosendo J. Escalante-Ilizaliturri
5.0 out of 5 stars Imparcial
Reviewed in Mexico on 14 June 2022
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
He iniciado su lectura, y hasta este momento lo encuentro imparcial
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Gary Hambleton
5.0 out of 5 stars Stunning, shocking expose of America's dark side
Reviewed in Spain on 1 September 2023
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Kinzer has probed the many instances of US/CIA/Military involvements in overthrowing democratically elected leaders around the world because they didn't like their politics or their desire to own their own natural resources.
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Marilyn Mortimore
5.0 out of 5 stars easy to read and understand
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 21 August 2017
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Very well written, easy to read and understand. Reads like a fictional work except that it's true. Wish someone would put those people in gaol and throw away the key. Wicked, greedy and American. Now after a hundred or more years doing it one way, they're changing gear to TTIP and TPAC etc to achieve even more control and wealth. Lock em up before they ruin the world - again!

Problem is that greedy and corrupt politicians around the world - not singling out the UK but...? can't resist taking bribes from these people either in monetary form or more typically in fat paid jobs after politics?

By the way, I love this book. Well done Stephen Kinzer.
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Alexandre Filordi de Carvalho
5.0 out of 5 stars Para ver os EUA com outros olhos: os que vêm!
Reviewed in Brazil on 15 July 2019
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Uma série de casos acerca da dominação político-econômica estadunidense em todo mundo, fartamente documentado. Do Ocidente ao Oriente, a investida desta dominação apenas visa à consolidação do poderio hegemônico dos EUA, sem piedade mas municiado com muito cinismo, muita chantagem e grande dose de lawfare. No caso do Brasil, também mencionado no livro, é assustadora a sua presente atualização.
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Archer
5.0 out of 5 stars Sehr informativ. Hat doch ein wenig an meinem Weltbild gerüttelt.
Reviewed in Germany on 18 February 2014
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Hab mich nie als geschichtlich naiv gesehen. Die Rolle der USA im Iran war mir zum Teil bekannt und auch der Krieg mit Spanien war mir nicht neu. Was allerdings für politische und wirtschaftliche Interessen oft dazu geführt haben, daß demokratische Regierungen gestürzt und zum Eigennutz von Diktaturen ersetzt wurden hat mich doch sehr betroffen gemacht. Die Tatsache, daß ein Amerikaner diese Auflistung US- Amerikanischer Glanzleistungen zusammengetragen hat trägt viel zur Glaubwürdigkeit bei. Zumeist interessant geschrieben und sicher eine Erklärung warum die USA besonders im arabischen Kulturkreis als üble Imperialisten verhaßt sind.

I've never considered myself historically naive. I was partly aware of the US role in Iran, and the war with Spain wasn't new to me either. However, the political and economic interests that often led to the overthrow of democratic governments and their replacement by dictatorships for self-serving purposes deeply disturbed me. The fact that an American compiled this list of US achievements greatly enhances its credibility. It's mostly interestingly written and certainly explains why the US is particularly hated as a vile imperialist in the Arab world.

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Virginia C. Cotts
5.0 out of 5 stars Paring history down to the essential lessons.
Reviewed in the United States on 16 October 2006
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
I will not repeat the many excellent comments here except that Kinzer writes very well, making the read fascinating and factually solid. Other points:

I think Kinzer made it fairly clear that the deposed leaders were not necessarily great or without flaws. The point is that when we went into these countries and replaced their democratically elected leaders with our puppet leaders, most of them turned out to be difficult to overthrow despots and tyrants. This left the fledgling democracies no chance to learn whether that elected official was good or bad, and gain more experience and time to develop their political parties and election processes. Instead, it repeatedly developed an environment where the only groups that could overthrow those puppets were fanatics and zealots, who grew out of the resentment of the American interference and the suffering of the country under quasi American rule. Besides, who are we to point fingers at the less than perfect elected leaders of other countries?

The economic aspects of the overthrows were clearly an essential part of the pattern. However Kinzer stresses that the politicians had their own geo-political reasons for stepping in - often using the nationalization of companies as an excuse to hide their motives. The nationalization process is often misunderstood and Kinzer did a very good job of pointing out this rarely had much to do with anything but mild socialism. Instead, it was a response to the centuries of imperialism that allowed developed countries to take over so much of the underdeveloped world - almost exclusively those that had valuable resources to develop. During that phase, many companies became international power houses by developing those resources and selling them - with minimal compensation to the country whose economic futures were being plundered. Iran in '53 was looking at the incredible profits of the companies who developed the oil industries, yet hardly met their agreed payments to the country for being allowed to get rich off the resources they were given access to.

This is still happening with globalization. Multinational corporations go into small countries with some agreement to have access to the resources, including cheap labor, and few restrictions on how they treat the employees, environment or invest some of the profit money in the country to help it gain it's own economic footing. It has been mentioned that countries operate on their own self-interest. They have reason to operate on enlightened self interest and do so far more than the corporations. Many figured this out and have formed coalitions to fight it.

This book is important information Americans need to understand, in order to grasp the foreign policy deceptions that have been foisted on us by our government and the high profit media. James Pfiffner, professor of poli-sci at George Mason Univ, addressed presidential lying in a `99 essay (Presidential Studies Quarterly). He identified a hierarchy of presidential lying, some of which he considers justifiable:

-Lying about personal matters that do not affect national policy or security. [Duh?]
-Lying to foreign governments can be a necessary element of diplomacy.
-Lying about matters of national security (Eisenhower denying U-2 flights over USSR)

National security is where Pfiffner finds the worst errors because they are "lies of policy deception". The president says he is doing one thing, while in fact, the military, CIA, NSA or other agencies are doing something else. This is where he nails the issue for me:

These lies are inexcusable because they deceive "the public about the direction of government policy" and deny voters the opportunity "to make an informed choice [which] undermines the premise of the democratic process". His examples are Johnson's escalation of the VN war and the Gulf of Tonkin deceptions. Nixon's secret bombing of Cambodia (14 months), and Reagan's lies about Iran/Contra.

We need to develop the awareness in American voters about what has been done in our names, with our tax money; while being deceived about the real reasons - or even that we were doing it covertly- so we could not vote or contact our representatives. A variation of taxation without representation, let alone ignoring the grassroots American conviction that we don't support interfering with other countries governments.

Kinzer's book is an excellent text for this enlightenment. I also consider it essential for dissemination on a much wider scale.
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Alejandro
5.0 out of 5 stars Very well written book on regime change
Reviewed in India on 26 November 2019
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
Amazing book on American collective psyche that has enabled regime change in vast parts of the world. The author is well versed in describing invasions and coup d'etats in an engaging an interesting manner. This should be required reading for any aspiring diplomat, as it showcases very eloquently the downsides of regime change and how it has actually hurt American security instead of enabling it.

If you have any interest in American foreign policy over the last hundred years do yourself a favor and get this, you will have a better way of interpreting American diplomacy and have a deeper grasp on modern conflicts around the world, especially the middle east and Latin America.
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Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq

A fast-paced narrative history of the coups, revolutions, and invasions by which the United States has toppled fourteen foreign governments -- not always to its own benefit

"Regime change" did not begin with the administration of George W. Bush, but has been an integral part of U.S. foreign policy for more than one hundred years. Starting with the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 and continuing through the Spanish-American War and the Cold War and into our own time, the United States has not hesitated to overthrow governments that stood in the way of its political and economic goals. The invasion of Iraq in 2003 is the latest, though perhaps not the last, example of the dangers inherent in these operations.

In Overthrow, Stephen Kinzer tells the stories of the audacious politicians, spies, military commanders, and business executives who took it upon themselves to depose monarchs, presidents, and prime ministers. He also shows that the U.S. government has often pursued these operations without understanding the countries involved; as a result, many of them have had disastrous long-term consequences.

In a compelling and provocative history that takes readers to fourteen countries, including Cuba, Iran, South Vietnam, Chile, and Iraq, Kinzer surveys modern American history from a new and often surprising perspective.

"Detailed, passionate and convincing . . . [with] the pace and grip of a good thriller." -- Anatol Lieven, The New York Times Book Review

384 pages, Paperback

First published April 4, 2006

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About the author

Stephen Kinzer

27 books763 followers
Stephen Kinzer is an award-winning foreign correspondent who has covered more than 50 countries on five continents. His articles and books have led the Washington Post to place him "among the best in popular foreign policy storytelling." (source)

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Profile Image for The Conspiracy is Capitalism.
378 reviews2,348 followers
July 3, 2023
5-star topic (especially presenting it to the US mainstream in an accessible manner), minus 2 stars for Kinzer's career of shilling for the NYT when courageous journalism is inconvenient...

The Good:
--We have to start somewhere, and Kinzer's account of a century of US terrorism on other countries does provide the bare-bone names, dates and places.
--Themes of US capitalist interests (against foreign independence), missionary racism, and empire geopolitics are acknowledged to a certain degree.
--The reporter-style writing and boilerplate assumptions likely improve readability for beginners (what I call "default liberals").

The Bad:
--As other reviewers noted, Kinzer is a reporter for the New York Times (NYT, which has a pathetic record, particularly in foreign policy, as the empire's stenographers and cheerleaders) and provides rather limited understanding of critical geopolitics/political economy (leaving space for status quo assumptions to go unchallenged).
--The chapters where he tries to categorize types of interventions and discusses the "Why's" and "Could Have/Should Have's" are varied in shallowness and absurdity.
--Ex. after going through a century of "interventions" that could just as easily be called terrorism, Kinzer still assumes that US ground troops and perhaps even temporary US military government in Afghanistan is the fallback option. Zero mention of multi-polarity and regionalism (and US imperialism preventing this), i.e. regional diplomatic efforts with actual understanding and responsibility for the area to deal directly with building communities while preventing violence. As if the rest of the world (esp. the coloured Global South) is inherently uncivilized, in desperate need of US democracy-bombs.

The Ugly:
--Kinzer's career of shilling at the NYT for the US military-industrial-complex on current (thus urgent, but clouded by the most "fog of war" propaganda) imperialist interventions has made its mark; Kinzer shows up in Chomsky/Herman's classic Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. In other words, Kinzer is literally an example of imperialist propaganda in the most famous Western book critiquing US propaganda. Round of applause!
--Principled foreign policy journalists do not survive at the NYT, for example: Chris Hedges and Seymour M. Hersh.
--With any introductory material where you sacrifice quality for the hope of appealing to a wider audience, the risk is re-enforcing certain status quo assumptions that perpetuate our inability to see the whole picture and imagine systemic change. The bridge from accessible to nuanced critiques is meant to be crossed, not to get stuck on:

1) History of US imperialism:
--A more critical (yet still accessible) intro, by the fabulous Vijay PrashadWashington Bullets: A History of the CIA, Coups, and Assassinations
--Vijay on imperialism's ideological censorshiphttps://youtu.be/6jKcsHv3c74 and Chomksy on how this affects the liberal intellegensia (i.e. educated "devoted liberals", rather than the public of "default liberals"): Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies
-playlist (featuring Vijay PrashadMichael HudsonMichael ParentiUtsa Patnaik, etc.): https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS...
-deeper works:
-The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World
-The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World
-Killing Hope: U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions Since World War II
-The Management of Savagery: How America's National Security State Fueled the Rise of Al Qaeda, ISIS, and Donald Trump

2) Geopolitical Economy of US imperialism:
--Not specific to US: Lenin's famous 1916 intro (Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism) is interesting historically, especially in parallel with W.E.B. Du Bois's 1915 essay "The African Roots of War" (how imperialist Scramble for Africa led to WWI).
--To connect to today's imperialism:
i) Accessible historical overview: The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
ii) Accessible intro to critical economy theory: The Agrarian Question in the Neoliberal Era: Primitive Accumulation and the Peasantry
iii) Magnum opus connecting theory to history: Capital and Imperialism: Theory, History, and the Present
iv) Dive into US's monetary imperialism ("dollar hegemony"): Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance (interview: https://youtu.be/paUgY6SGlgY )
v) Debates:
-A Theory of Imperialism
-The Veins of the South Are Still Open: Debates Around the Imperialism of Our Time
Profile Image for Anna.
100 reviews85 followers
February 26, 2008
Overthrow made me realize how poor my education of US history is, and saddly my foreign policy understanding as well. I am shocked that I hadn't learned about some of these coups in, say, my foreign policy to Latin America class in college or any one of my other international relations courses. This is an excellent primer for anyone who wants to understand current world events and why "they" might possibly hate "us."
Profile Image for Naeem.
518 reviews292 followers
August 2, 2014
Kinzer writes well and knows how get the reader to keep turning the pages. He is at his best when he is putting together individual stories of little known characters who played decisive roles in the history of US interventions. The book is worth it for these stories and for the characters that Kinzer unearths. But Kinzer tries to play two other roles for which he, as a former reporter, simply does not have the skills.

What happens when news turns into patterns? Answer: then it is no longer news. When what seems like a new event becomes part of a pattern, then we have ventured into social theory. As much as I envy their writing, their story telling, and their eye for individuals, I also feel bad for former reporters. Most of them are trained to recognize events and don’t know what to do when faced with patterns. As a hopeful social theorist, Kinzer wants to line up all the US interventions and show us a pattern. Each of his three sections (“Imperial Era,” “Covert Action,” and “Invasions”) ends with a chapter where he tries his hand at social theory. He moves, that is, from events to patterns. Mostly he fails for reasons I will discuss shortly.

Kinzer’s third mode is as an adjudicator. He decides, as white bearded God sitting up high with lightening bolts, which interventions were worth it (Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Grenada, Panama, and Afghanistan) and which weren’t (Philippines, Cuba, Honduras, Guetamala, Iran, Vietnam, and Chile). (I remained unclear about his position on Iraq.) The problem is that he leaves these decisions untheorized. And frankly this leaves him looking rather simple minded to those of us who have dedicated some energy to just such theorizing. Of course, he is, as they say, entitled to his opinion. But interventions in Third world countries are perhaps more than a matter of which flavor of ice-cream one likes, which films are good, or which style of music one prefers. The likely sad truth is that you and I have probably spent more energy theorizing ice-cream, films, and musical styles than Kinzer has spent on his adjudicating US interventions.

Kinzer’s major flaw, I think, is that he cannot help needing to deliver some good news to his readers. Whereas those, such as Chomsky, Zinn, and Churchill, make a commitment to cataloging US interventions and displaying their damage, Kinzer, like Joshua Moravchik and Max Boot, wants to support some of these interventions. I am not sure whether he does this out of conviction or as a strategy to keep from losing what he imagines is his typical US reader. In the conclusion, though, the defense of US intervention drops out. Here Kinzer makes the realist point (quoting Thucydides) that power corrupts even, and perhaps especially, those who believe naively in their own exceptionalism. This is an important point. But the point is made at some cost.

The cost is an overemphasis on individuals, actions, and events over patterns, systems, and structures; a porous and vapid defense of the occasional super-power intervention; and a framework that treats its readers as children who need morals to their stories.

The stories are great. If they can be excised from Kinzer’s shallowness and placed within a richer frame, then this book can be useful. Otherwise I'd rather have the bald faced frontal defenders of empire (Murivchik, Boot) or those who do not to hesitate to point to empire’s indefensibility (Chomsky, Churchill).


Profile Image for H (no longer expecting notifications) Balikov.
2,119 reviews817 followers
May 26, 2022
It is about time to reread this book that documents the USA's "involvement" in many of the governments of the Western Hemisphere.

I offer two observations:
1. If any reader thinks that there is no precedent for what Vladimir Putin is doing to Ukraine, this book will shock you.
2. It was only a short time after the Peace of Paris settled the American Revolution when France faced its own colonial revolt in Haiti. When military force failed to quell the revolt, Haiti became a free nation...free in name only. What the French government, financiers and banks exacted from Haiti, dooming this country to poverty and servitude, has been documented in detail by the New York Times in a special section of its Sunday, May 22, 2022 edition.
Profile Image for Mehrsa.
2,245 reviews3,586 followers
March 20, 2019
This is the third book I've read this year on US Empire (The others were The End of the Myth by Grandin and How to Hide an Empire). I am so happy (as someone who comes from one of the countries that has been meddled with consistently by US and UK policymakers) that American writers are starting to really study this history and name it what it is.

This is also the third Kinzer book I've read (I loved All the Shah's Men and The Dulles Brothers). Some of the stories were repetitive, but not too much. It's just amazing to me the hubris and ignorance of overthrowing leaders and then being so uninterested to follow up. The parts about Iraq and Afghanistan policy made me mad all over again.

I really hope that stopping endless war abroad is debated during the 2020 cycle. Obama promised he'd stop and a lot of us believed him, but this book and the others show that it goes way back and it never ends well
4 reviews
December 20, 2008
The American government has consistently invaded sovereign nations and gone to war to defend big business concerns and help corporate America pillage the natural resources of foreign nations. Hawaii was a stable monarchy before the American sugar plantation owners felt they were being prevented from making as much profit as they "deserved" so a coup was instigated and funded by the US government. A disturbing read about the lengths the US government will go to in order to protect the almighty dollar...
Profile Image for Elen.
99 reviews13 followers
September 6, 2015
A good work of history with some frankly abysmal analysis attached. I say it's a good work of history because Kinzer's research clearly does not back up a lot of his claims -- for instance, he states multiple times that people like Jacobo Árbenz or Mohammed Mosaddegh were people who believed in "American" values, while at the same time clearly illustrating that "American" values are a lie and a sham, given our propensity for overthrowing foreign governments and the clear fact that this is not new -- either we've been ethnically cleansing the continent in pursuit of manifest destiny, killing each other over the right to own other people, or carrying out coups against sovereign governments simply because they are protesting the colonial exploitation corporations based in America were carrying out against them.

Honestly, given that this was a very entertaining read that is, as I said, a well-researched piece of history, I was prepared to give it four stars, but the "afterword" or analysis of the last section of the book is so offensively bad that it got bumped down to three [edit: actually writing this paragraph made me so mad I can only give it two in good conscience]. Kinzer states, without apparent irony, that people like George Washington did not hold the view that "everyone could use democracy." Seven pages from the end (so close!) he makes the absolutely baseless claim that people like George Washington would oppose the way we go about "spreading democracy," which utterly ignores the fact that Washington himself cut his military teeth on the wholesale slaughter of indigenous peoples who refused to adapt to the "American" way of life, as did basically every other early president. Ignoring that is an egregious act of colonial erasure that fails to account for the fact that native people weresovereign peoples, with their own forms of government and their own "governing principle," in Washington's own words, and that they were merely "defending [their] interests" against brutal monsters who were intent on exterminating them in order to further their own commercial gain. It's an absurd notion that's the cherry on top of the shit sundae that is the final chapter, a chapter that openly espouses the idea that we should spread our values to the world, but we should be nice about it, and do it more like we did in South Korea or South Africa (what he means by this I honestly have no idea, especially with regards to South Korea) and less like we did with Iran, or Cuba, or North Korea. It's such a mindlessly absurd liberal notion that it soured the entire book for me, which up until the last chapter was a good read with some disappointing bits.
500 reviews13 followers
May 29, 2019
Kinzer’s Overthrow is a history of the USA taking over countries by overthrowing their governments over the past 125 years. It all began in January 1893 when president Mackinley’s administration supported schemes by planters to take over Hawaii by dethroning the queen. This first overthrow included most of the elements that would characterize later ones: an economic interest by powerful business cartels (in this case, sugar), religious justification (redeeming benighted natives) and geopolitical considerations (a stepping stone to a Pacific empire). Thus did the US break with its former policy of keeping to its own shores and keeping foreign powers away from them. Yet, with the exception of Hawaii, which eventually became a US state (the last so far) and thus achieved order and prosperity (at the expense of its native culture and autonomy), these interventions usually ended up by wrecking the existing order and ushering in decades of instability and mayhem, usually suffered by the local population but often with regional or even global ramifications. In all cases the US was willing to incur significant costs to depose a government for not giving free rein to a powerful corporation or group of corporations, but not so much in investing in building up the country from the wreckage left after the troops left. Central America has been made toxic to this day due to over a century of US dominance. The same may be said by the Philippines, Iran and Afghanistan. Possible exceptions may be Chile and Grenada, although these were stable and orderly places before the overthrow of their leftist regimes and may therefore be seen to have reverted to type. The same may be said of Vietnam, but in that solitary case the locals won. The poster child for non intervention (particularly of the short-sighted, dumb kind) is Iraq, where hundreds of thousands have died and millions have been displaced, overwhelming Europe as refugees and justifying xenophobic parties and isolationist policies. Yet the brutality of Abu Ghraib was preceded by the brutality of the Philippino campaign and the My Lai massacre. The overthrow of nationalistic, progressive presidency of José Santos Zelaya gave rise, decades later, to virulently anti-US Sandinistas. Anticommunist Mossadegh’s overthrow eventually gave rise to ayatollah Homeini and Afghan Najibullah’s communist regime that never attacked the US ended in the reign of the Taliban and Osama Bin Laden. Not a stellar record, even if one omits that the Nicaraguans had to live through 40 years of Somoza dictatorship, the Iranians through 25 years of the Shah’s tyranny and the Afghans through 20 years of civil war. The history of US interventions abroad is almost a school text on unintended consequences, on the limits of optimism and of the fragility or order, even of deficient order. Overall, an excellent book.
Profile Image for Thomas Ray.
1,489 reviews509 followers
Want to read
August 25, 2018
This book only one century. But it didn't start with Hawaii. Thomas Jefferson changed the regime in Tripoli. The U.S. intervened in other nations 102 times between 1798 and 1895 (Howard ZinnA People's History of the United States). Always, U.S. military power has been used to enrich business interests.

Nor are the consequences to the target countries unintended! As Noam Chomsky says in Understanding Power: The Indispensable Chomsky, Cuba’s “crime” is successfully caring for its people: a virus that could spread, and interfere with corporate plunder. [p. 149] Vietnam was fought to prevent Vietnam from becoming a successful model of economic and social development for the third world. So far we’ve won. [p. 91]
Profile Image for Angel.
6 reviews9 followers
June 29, 2025
Queen Liliuokalani, Jacobo Arbenz , Salvador Allende and Mohammad Mosaddegh. These are just a few names forever etched into my memory, all casualties of regime change. Their crime ? Advocating for the sovereignty of their nations, envisioning a world where they controlled their own resources , and challenging the rule of Western powers, specifically the United States.

Regime change is a term that many people within the United States are familiar with, it’s advocated for wholeheartedly by the media , by our politicians and its shrouded in a veil of Democracy, of freedom, of benevolence, but this indoctrination is vastly different from reality.

Many regime changes occurred due to the desire of American corporations wishing to maintain or spread their influence throughout the global market. If a political leader of another nation opposed their agenda then these corporations would often lobby and persuade the United states to intervene in their removal.

The United Fruit Company, Anaconda copper, the international telephone & telegraph corporation, the Anglo-Iranian oil company which later became known as BP are all guilty of violating the sovereignty of other nations in order to prioritize profit over the independence of other people.

Regime change needs to be viewed without the romanticized lenses that have been placed over our eyes. Regime change often leaves behind sectarian violence, wide spread state repression , torture , incarceration, murder and in more extreme cases genocide ( Guatemala and the Maya peoples come to mind).

This book is ideal for those with curious minds, for those that wish to unlearn what they’ve been told, for those that believe in the right of every nation to determine their own fate without imperialism , without oligarchs, without war.
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