日本[編集]
日本では、平安時代の『今昔物語集』に既に堕胎に関する記載が見られるが[1]、堕胎と「間引き」即ち「子殺し」が最も盛んだったのは江戸時代である。関東地方と東北地方では農民階級の貧困が原因で「間引き」が特に盛んに行われ、都市では工商階級の風俗退廃による不義密通の横行が主な原因で行われた。また小禄の武士階級でも行われた[2]。
当時、妊娠前に育児を調整する手段や知識が乏しかったので、妊娠または分娩の後に間引くのが普通だった。妊娠中の手段としては、腹をもんだり、ほおずきの根を差し入れて流産を促す（掻爬）手段があり、しばしば母体が危険に晒された。分娩後の間引きとしては、膝やふとんで窒息させる方法、石臼で圧殺する方法、濡らした紙を顔にはって窒息させる方法などがよく行われた。多くの場合、取り上げ婆（明治に免許制になる前の産婆）により行われた[3]。
江戸幕府や諸藩の領主たちは労働力減少や田畑の荒廃を恐れ、しばしば堕胎や間引きを禁じたが[3]、それで罰せられるのは稀であり、大人の殺人と同等に扱われた例もない[4]。そのため間引きの風習は明治まで続くこととなった[3]。
仏教や神道は出産に関わる事を禁忌としており、胎児や新生児に関して語る事は無かった[4]。また、赤ん坊は初宮参りという通過儀礼を済ませる事によって産褥が終了し、人間社会の一員になるという一般認識があった[4]。乳児死亡率の高かった当時、「七歳までは神のうち」という言葉が伝えられる地域があるように、子供を正式な人間と扱うようになる期間には地域によって違いがあった。
明治時代になると政府は間引きや堕胎を禁止し、1880年（明治13年）制定の旧刑法と1908年（明治41年）制定の現行刑法に堕胎罪が設けられた。しかし、堕胎はその後も隠れて行なわれ[5]、大正末期には、大阪で病院と製薬会社と旅館が結託し大規模な堕胎手術を行なっていたとして摘発される事件が起きている[6]。
1948年（昭和23年）の優生保護法（現母体保護法）により同法の要件を満たす場合には人工妊娠中絶が認められるようになった。
일본에서는 헤이안 시대의 「옛날 이야기 집」에 이미 낙태에 대한 설명을 볼 수 있지만 [1] 낙태와 "작살"즉 "영아 살해 '이 가장 활발했던 것은에도 시대이다. 관동 지방과 동북 지방에서는 농민 계급의 빈곤이 원인으로 "작살"특히 성행 도시는 공상 계급의 풍속 퇴폐 의한 불의 간음의 만연이 주요 원인으로 이뤄졌다. 또한 오 로쿠의 무사 계급에서 열린 [2].
당시 임신 육아를 조절하는 약물이나 지식이 부족했다 때문에 임신 또는 분만 후 솎아내는 것이 보통이었다. 임신 수단으로는 배를 주무르거나 꽈리의 뿌리를 차입하여 유산을 재촉 (소파) 수단이 종종 산모가 위험에 노출되었다. 산후 작살로는 무릎이나 이불에 질식시키는 방법, 맷돌로 압살하는 방법 적신 종이를 얼굴에 붙어 질식시키는 방법 등이 잘 이루어졌다. 종종 거론 아줌마 (메이지 면허제되기 전에 산파)에 의해 이루어졌다 [3].
에도 막부 나 여러 번의 영주들은 노동력 감소와 전답의 황폐화를 두려워 종종 낙태와 작살을 금지했지만 [3] 그것은에 의해 처벌되는 것은 드문 성인 살인과 동등하게 대우 한 예 도 없다 [4]. 따라서 솎아의 풍습은 메이지까지 계속되었다 [3].
불교와 신도는 출산에 관련되는 것을 금기시하고 태아와 신생아에 대해 말하는 것은 없었다. [4] 또한 아기는 첫 宮参り이라는 통과 의례를 끝 마치는 것에 의해 출산이 종료 인간 사회의 일원이된다는 일반적 인식이 있었다 [4].
유아 사망률이 높았던 당시 "일곱 살까지 하나님 안에 '라는 말이 전해진다 지역이 있듯이, 아이들을 정식 인간 취급하게되는 기간은 지역에 따라 차이가 있었다. 메이지 시대가되면 정부는 작살이나 낙태를 금지하고 1880 년 (메이지 13 년) 제정 이전 형법과 1908 년 (메이지 41 년) 제정의 현행 형법에 낙태죄가 마련됐다. 그러나 낙태는 그 후에도 숨어 행해지고 [5] 다이쇼 말기에는 오사카에서 병원과 제약 회사와 여관이 결탁 해 대규모 낙태 수술을 행하고 있었다 적발되는 사건이 일어나고있다 [6 ].
1948 년 (쇼와 23 년)의 우생 보호법 (현 모체 보호법)에 따라이 법의 요구 사항을 충족하는 경우에는 인공 임신 중절이 인정 받게되었다.
China[edit]
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Short of execution, the harshest penalties were imposed on practitioners of infanticide by the legal codes of the Qin dynasty and Han dynasty of ancient China.[63]
Marco Polo, the explorer, saw newborns exposed in Manzi.[64] China's society practiced sex selective infanticide. Philosopher Han Fei Tzu, a member of the ruling aristocracy of the 3rd century BC, who developed a school of law, wrote: "As to children, a father and mother when they produce a boy congratulate one another, but when they produce a girl they put it to death."[65] Among the Hakka people, and in Yunnan, Anhui, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Fujian a method of killing the baby was to put her into a bucket of cold water, which was called "baby water".[66]
Infanticide was known in China as early as the 3rd century BC, and, by the time of the Song dynasty (960–1279 AD), it was widespread in some provinces. Belief in transmigration allowed poor residents of the country to kill their newborn children if they felt unable to care for them, hoping that they would be reborn in better circumstances. Furthermore, some Chinese did not consider newborn children fully "human" and saw "life" beginning at some point after the sixth month after birth.[67]
Contemporary writers from the Song dynasty note that, in Hubei and Fujian provinces, residents would only keep three sons and two daughters (among poor farmers, two sons, and one daughter), and kill all babies beyond that number at birth.[68] Initially the sex of the child was only one factor to consider. By the time of the Ming Dynasty, however (1368–1644), male infanticide was becoming increasingly uncommon. The prevalence of female infanticide remained high much longer. The magnitude of this practice is subject to some dispute; however, one commonly quoted estimate is that, by late Qing, between one fifth and one-quarter of all newborn girls, across the entire social spectrum, were victims of infanticide. If one includes excess mortality among female children under 10 (ascribed to gender-differential neglect), the share of victims rises to one third.[69][70]
Scottish Physician John Dudgeon, who worked in Beijing, China, during the Qing Dynasty said that in China, "Infanticide does not prevail to the extent so generally believed among us, and in the north, it does not exist at all."[71]
Gender-selected abortion or sex identification (without medical uses[72][73]), abandonment, and infanticide are illegal in present-day Mainland China. Nevertheless, the US State Department,[74] and the human rights organization Amnesty International[75] have all declared that Mainland China's family planning programs, called the one child policy (which has since changed to a two-child policy[76]), contribute to infanticide.[77][78][79] The sex gap between males and females aged 0–19 years old was estimated to be 25 million in 2010 by the United Nations Population Fund.[80] But in some cases, in order to avoid Mainland China's family planning programs, parents will not report to government when a child is born (in most cases a girl), so she or he will not have an identity in the government and they can keep on giving birth until they are satisfied, without fines or punishment. In 2017, the government announced that all children without an identity can now have an identity legally, known as family register.[81]
Japan[edit]
Since feudal Edo era Japan the common slang for infanticide was "mabiki" (間引き) which means to pull plants from an overcrowded garden. A typical method in Japan was smothering through wet paper on the baby's mouth and nose.[82] It became common as a method of population control. Farmers would often kill their second or third sons. Daughters were usually spared, as they could be married off, sold off as servants or prostitutes, or sent off to become geishas.[83] Mabiki persisted in the 19th century and early 20th century.[84] To bear twins was perceived as barbarous and unlucky and efforts were made to hide or kill one or both twins.[85]
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