2022-12-31

◈ 안회남의 단편 소설 <불> - 전문(全文) : 네이버 블로그

◈ 안회남의 단편 소설 <불> - 전문(全文) : 네이버 블로그
 0
德 田 의 문 화 일 기.
1947년 을유문화사 간행 안회남의 제 4 창작집 <불>
◈ 안회남의 단편 소설 <불> - 전문(全文)
안 회남
월북 작가 안회남(安懷南)은 1910년 신소설 『금수회의록』의 작가인 안국선
의 외아들로 서울에서 태어났다. 휘문 고등보통학교 동창인 소설가 김유정이
13 0
德 田 의 문 화 일 기.
요절하기 전 마지막으로 쓴 편지가 안회남에게 보내는 것이었을 정도로 절친
한 사이었다고 한다.
안회남은 1931년 「조선일보」에 「발(髮)」이 당선되며 문단에 등단했다. 구인
회 동인들과 함께했던 초기 작품은 심리 묘사 위주의 사소설이 주류를 이루
었으나, 태평양전쟁 당시 약 1년 여간 징용으로 끌려온 이후는 이때의 체험
을 기반으로 한 소설을 썼다. 광복 후 좌익계 문학 단체인 ‘조선 문학 건설 본
부’에 이어 ‘조선 문학 동맹’의 결성에 참가했다. 1947년경 월북하여 한국 전
쟁 당시 종군작가단에 참가하여 서울에 왔다가, 박태원 등 아직 월북하지 않
았던 문인들을 이끌고 이북으로 돌아갔다. 1960년대 숙청설이 제기되었으며
1954년 이후의 행적은 전혀 알려지지 않고 있다
[불]이라는 작품은 해방 직후인 1947년 출판된 1인칭 시점의 단편소설로, 제1
권에서 소개된 이기영 작가의 [쥐불(서화)]란 작품과 마찬가지로 정월 대보름
풍습과 쥐불놀이를 소재와 제목으로 삼았다. [불]은 안회남 작가가 일본 구주
탄광에 징용으로 끌려갔던 경험을 바탕으로 작가가 관찰한 정원 대보름 풍습
과 전통 놀이, 그리고 태평양 고도에 4년 동안 징용으로 끌려갔다 구사일생으
로 살아 돌아온 ‘이서방’에 관한 이야기다.
지금은 잊혀져 가는 정월 대보름 풍습과 전통 놀이에 대한 묘사가 이 작품의
상당 부분을 차지한다. 호두나 밤 등 부럼깨기 , 식전에 찬 약주를 마시는 귀
밝이술, 복 빌기, 더위 팔기, 약식, 차조, 차수수, 팥, 콩, 찹쌀 등 오곡을 넣고
지은 오곡밥, 복쌈(김이나 취나물로 쌈 싸 먹는 것), 참콩나물, 고사리, 호박고
지, 고비, 도라지, 취, 무청시래기 등 묵나물 먹기, 불놀이, 달마중, 불싸움, 답
교, 연 띄워 버리기 등이 소개된다.
해방이 되고 4년이라는 긴 징용기간을 버티고 살아남아 고향이라고 돌아왔
고, 대보름 명절이 돌아왔건만, 이서방은 즐겁지가 않다. 징용기간 동안 아버
지가 세상을 떠나고, 어린 아들이 죽고, 남편이 죽은 것으로 생각한 아내는
집을 나가 버렸다. 폐가처럼 되어 버린 집에서 희망을 찾을 수 없었던 이서방
은, 미친 사람처럼 쥐불놀이를 하더니 대보름 저녁에 조금 남은 집기를 뜯어
‘망월이야’를 외치더니, 초가삼간 마저 태워버린다.
그는 이제 자기에게는 집도 가족도 없으며 강제징용때 죽었다고 생각한 목숨
이므로 다시 한국으로 돌아왔을 때부터 새 삶이 시작된거라고 한다. 그는 이
제 자기를 속박하는것이 없기에 홀가분한 마음으로 다른곳으로 떠나겠다고
한다.
계백장군이 황산벌 전투에 나서기전 식솔들을 베고, 집에 불을 질렀다던가?
계백장군은 아니지만 폐가처럼 된 초가삼간마저 불을 놓아 버리고 고향을 떠
나 새출발을 하는 이서방의 앞날에 희망을 품어본
다.                                                ~ 작성자 푸른들녘
안회남의 월북은 다른 문인들의 경우와 사정이 약간 다르다. 이 ‘약간 다른
사정’이란 카프를 가운데 둘 때 의미가 분명해진다. 즉 카프 문인들의 월북이
란 자연스러운 것이었지만 카프 밖의 작가였던 안회남의 경우는 마치 리태준
의 월북처럼 그 의미가 차이가 있었던 것이다. 안회남 역시 미군정 당국의 공
산당 불법화와 좌익작가 탄압에 따른 자진 월북의 형식을 밟는데 그 시기는
대략 1947년 전후한 무렵으로 보인다. 한국전쟁 중에 서울에 나타났다고 하
며 임화 이원조와 매우 가까운 관계로 임화 숙청 때 곤욕을 치르다가 결국에
는 1966년 ‘사상검토회’ 때 숙청된 것으로 알려졌다.
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德 田 의 문 화 일 기.
그의 작품집으로는『안회남단편집』(학예사, 1939),『탁류를 헤치고』(1942),『대
지를 부른다』(조선출판사, 1944),『전원』(고려문화사, 1946),『불』(을유문화사,
1947),『봄 이오면』(정음사, 1948) 등이 있다. 평론으로는「미적 관념과 예술적
본능」(《민성》, 1938.4), 「작가의식의 발전과 현실파악」(《조선중앙일보》, 194
8.6.23.~25.) 등이 있다.
음력 정월 보름날.
새벽 일찍이 일어나 안방으로 가니까, 어머님께서 밤 한 톨을 주신다. 어려서부터 해오던 버릇대로 공손
히 받아서 입에 넣고 깨물었다.
또 약주 한 잔을 데우지도 않고 주셨다. 먹으니까 찬 술이 향기를 풍기며,
찌르르 기분 좋게 뼛속을 자극한다.
아마 이날 날밤이나 잣, 호도 등속의 단단한 것을 먼저 먹게 하는 것은
치아가 튼튼하라는 뜻인 성싶다. 치아가 오복 중에 하나로 든다고 한다. 찬 약주를 그대로 마시는 것은
일 년 내 남에게서 추잡하지 않고 좋은 말만 들으라는 축수이며 또 귀가 밝아지는 것이라고 어머님이 다
시 한 번 말씀하셨다. 좋은 말만 들으라는 말처럼 좋은 말은 없을 것이다. 나는 옛 풍속의 이러한 분위기
를 대단히 좋아한다.
빈속이라는 것보다도 눈을 뜨는 즉시로 한잔 한 터이라 술기운이 뱃속에서 풀어지매 고것으로도 거나하
여졌다.
어머님은 다시 말씀하셨다.
“네가 집안 주장이니까 오늘은 제일 먼저 나가서 대문을 열어라. 그리고
뒷짐을 지고서는, 세 번 큰기침을 하면서 휘이 한바퀴 집안을 돌아라”
“네......”
똑 어린애 장난 같은 일이다. 쑥스럽기도 하다. 그러나 이것은 나의 소시민적 행복감을 만족시켜 줄 수
있는 일이다. 나보다도 어머님께서 더욱 그렇게 함으로써 행복을 느끼시는 모양이다. 그러면 다른 것으로
는 효도를 못해도 이 힘 안 들이고 쉽게 행할 수 있는 것으로나마 노래(老来)하신 어머님을 위로해 드리
고 기쁘게 해드리리라 마음먹었다.
그래서 처음으로 나아가 대문 빗장을 따고 떡하니 뒷짐을 지고서는,
“에헴......”
“에헴......”
“에헴......”
안 나오는 기침을 세 번 이렇게 하면서 뒤꼍으로 돌았다.
그때 마침 우리집 건너쪽 언덕 비탈에서 사는, 이서방 어머니가 물을 길러
왔다.
“어쩐 일이유? 대보름 새벽부터 물을 길러 오게?”
방문 유리로 내다보고 계시던 어머님이 질겁을 하시며 물으셨다.
“보름날은 물 안 먹구 삽니까!”
“아이구 망칙해라, 어젯저녁에는 뭣들 했소! 물두 못 길어다 놓았소?”
“딸네 집에서 새벽에 넘어왔에유.......”
“그럼 우리 집에서 먼저 긷거든 기르슈” 그러나 이때만은 나는 어머님의 말씀을 거역하였다. 두레박으로 먼저 우리집 물통에다 우물물을 떠 부으
라고, 우물가에서 섰는 나를 보고 어머님께서 분부하시는 것을 나는 그렇게 하는 척하고 그 옆에다 내려
놓은 이서방 모친의 조그마한
물동이에다 두세 번 먼저 퍼 담아주고 말았다.
그런데 이서방 모친이 그렇게 일찍 우리집으로 물을 길러 왔던 것은 우리집
보다도 먼저 우리집 우물물을 퍼가려고 했던 거라는 소문이 아침이 지난 때 동네 부근에 퍼지고 말았다.
그렇게 하면 우리집에서 받는 복을 이서방네가 가져가게 된다는 것이었다. 그럼 내가 새벽 대문을 열러
나갈 때 삐걱삐걱 대문 소리가 났던 것은 혹시 대문이 열렸나 하고 이서방의 어머니가 미리 와서 흔들어
봤던 것인가......
그뿐만 아니라 그 늙은 부인네는 열나흗날, 즉 어제 새벽에는 우리집 대문간 흙을 몰래 파다가 자기네 집
부엌에다 끼얹었다는 것이다. 이것도 우물물과
마찬가지로 남의 복을 뺏어온다는 미신, 미신뿐만 아니라 그러한 풍습이 우리 13 0
德 田 의 문 화 일 기.
조선에는 옛날부터 전해 내려오는 터이다. 또 여러 사람이 밟은 길가의 맑은 흙을 파다가 집 네 귀퉁이에
뿌리면 그 길로 지나간 사람 수효대로 많은 복이 들어온다고 해서, 보름 전날에는 그것을 다투어 시행하
는 행사가 있다.
그렇기 까닭에, 나는 이서방 어머니의 행동에 대하여 그리 섭섭한 마음이
없었다. 나에게 복을 주기 위하여 축수한 우리 어머님이나 우리 집의 복을 자기네를 위하여 탐낸 이서방
모친이나, 다 함께 오래인 인습과 미신이 젖어 있는
여인들이다. 보름날 아침해가 뜨기 전에 더위를 파는 풍습은 누구나 다 알지라, 즉 이날 아침 아는 사람
을 만나서, 그 사람의 이름을 불러 대답하면 상대편에서 “내 더위 사가거라” 해서, 그해의 병과 재앙을 딴
사람에게 떠넘겨버리는 것이다.
서로 이웃간에 살면서도 나는 아직 이서방을 알지 못하며, 그의 얼굴도 본 바 없다. 내가 서울서 이리로
이사를 왔을 때는 그는 타지로 방랑을 했던 모양이고, 내가 서울 가 체재해 있는 동안, 그때 그는 고향에
돌아왔다가 소위 보국대 (報国隊)라는 것에 잡혀서 바다를 건너갔다.
그가 남양 (南洋)으로 떠나갔다는 말은 풍편으로 들려왔으나, 사 년 동안 이내 일자의 소식도 없어서, 사
람들은 모두 그가 분명히 죽었다고 단정을 하던 차, 바로 닷새 전에 돌아왔다는 것이다.
그러나 그 동안 그의 집에서는 여러 가지 불행과 비극이 생겼다. 그가 떠나간 지 일 년 만에 그의 부친이
돌아갔고, 또 일 년 지나서는 과부가 된 그의 모친이 아들 겸 믿으며 살던 윗동네에 있는 그의 매부가, 역
시 보국대로 홋카이도 탄광으로 갔으며, 그래서 어머니 며느리 딸 이렇게 세 여인네가 이를테면 삼과부
처럼 살더니, 이서방은 돌아오지 않고, 그 매부만 작년 시월달에 홋카이도에서 나오매, 어머니는 딸과 함
께 다시 매부 집에 가서만 살게 되자, 그의 아내는 외로이 남편을 기다리고 있더니 이서방이 나타나기 십
여 일을 앞두고, 좀더 자세히 말하면 바로 음력 작년 세안에 때마침 천연두로 하여 하나뿐인 여섯 살 먹
은 사내아이를 죽이고는, 즉시로 어디로인지 사라져버리고 말았던 것이다.
그 뒤 이서방 아내의 행방은 곧 알려졌다. 역시 보국대로 일본엘 갔다 나와 보니 그 아내가 죽어 홀애비
가 되었다는, 소정리 근처에 사는 어느 남자의 후취로 갔다는 것이다. 이서방이 나온 그 이튿날 그의 어
머니가 며느리 있는 곳을 수소문하여 찾아가서 남편 왔다는 소식을 전하였으나, 며느리는 울기만 하고
도로 온다는 말은 안하더니, 이틀 후 새 남자와 함께 다시 자취를 감추었다는 소문이 이곳으로 전하여져
왔다.
시어머니가 사위 집에만 안 가 있어도 며느리가 안 내뺐느니 아들은 죽었고
시어머니는 가니, 며느리보고 너 나가거라 하는 말이 아니었느냐, 마마에 아들자식만 잃어버리지 않았어
도 끝끝내 마음을 잡고 있었을 것이라느니, 이서방이 가끔 편지만 해주었어도 일이 이 꼴에까지 이르지
않았다느니, 이서방 아내가 다시 되돌아오지 않은 것은 제 팔자를 고치기 위함이라느니, 별별 말이 동네
에는 다 많았다.
그러나 당자 이서방의 마음은 어떨까. 나는 그를 한번 만나보고 싶었다.
이웃 사람으로서의 동정심도 있었지만 사실 고백하면, 보다 소설가로서의 호기심이 컸다. 그가 오던 날,
나는 멀찍이 나의 방에 앉아 있으면서도 그의 통곡하는 소리를 들었었다. 한참 모자가 울더니 조금 후에
는 새파란 젊은 여자의 목소리가 끼었다. 물론 달려온 그의 누이였으리라. (이런 비참한 통곡 소리를 어떻
게 붓으로 그려낼 수 없을까!) 나는 그를 좀 방문해 볼까 하고 그의 집으로 향하여 시적시적 가다가도 그
때의 그 폐부를 찌르고 창자를 에는 듯한 통곡 소리를 연상하고는 다시 발길을 돌리고 하였다. 그렇기 때
문에 그의 모친이 우리집 우물을 먼저 퍼가고 대문간 흙을 몰래 파가는 것은커녕 우리집에다 대고 더위
를 팔더라도 나는 장난삼아 껄껄대며 “네, 사가죠” 하고 대답할 만큼 그들의 액운을 동정하는 동시 그 반
면 너무나 비현실적이고 비과학적인 인습과 미신에의 의뢰심을 가엾이 여기는 마음으로 가득했던 것이
다.
이 보름날에는 이외에도 딴 행사가 많다. 신라 때 어느 왕이 한 마리 까마귀가 갖다주는 '개견즉이인사
불개즉일인사 (開見則二人死 不開則一人死)'라는 편지를 받아보고, 왕비와 내통하는 중놈 두 사람을 쏘아
죽인 후, 그 은공을 갚기 위하여 매년 정윌 십오일에는 약밥을 지어, 까마귀를 먹이게 되었다는 고사로
인하여, 이날 약식을 만들어 먹는다는데, 이것은 아마 지금에는 그리 많이 시행되지 않는 모양이다. 우리 13 0
德 田 의 문 화 일 기.
집도 약식 대신 점심때, 차조, 차수수, 팥, 콩 그리고 쌀 해서 오곡밥을 지은 후, 고기, 북어, 청어, 김 등을
구워 먹었다. 참콩나물, 고사리, 호박고지, 고비, 도라지, 취, 무청시래기, 이것들도 이날 빼 놓지 않는 반찬
이다. 이날은 종일 집 안에서 구수한 냄새가 나는 날이다. 그리고 뭐 말은, 이날 점심은 아홉 번을 먹는다
고 해서 남의 집에 가서나 내 집에서나 동네 사람끼리 서로 먹는 게 일이다.
나는 이서방을 청해다 같이 점심을 먹을 생각이 났다. 이 뜻을 어머님께
아뢰니까,
“얘야......”
이서방 모친의 일을 못마땅해 하심이겠지, 떨떠름해 하시는 것을 아내에게
음식을 차리라고 일러놓고는 나는 가만히 일어섰다.
그의 집엘 당도하여 보니 집이 텅 비어 있었다. 우선 내 눈에 뜨이는 것이, 문간에고 양쪽 기둥 밑에 소복
하니 뿌리어진, 고운 황토 흙이었다. 산모퉁이
신작로 길가에서 파온 것이리라. 나는 천천히 여러 가지를 살펴봤다. 깨끗이 쓴 길과 마당과 봉당, 뜰 밑,
이런 데로 분명히 새 흙이 흩어져 있었다. 그리고 놀란 것은 아무것도 없는 부엌에, 오도카니 물 한 동이
만이 부뚜막 위에 놓여져 있는 것이었다. 나는 아까 새벽 일을 생각하고, 웃지 않을 수 없었다. 보아하니
며느리가 도망을 간 후, 오늘 아침까지도 사람이 들어 살림을 한 흔적이 없는데, 물만 한 동이 난데없이
새벽에 길어다 놓은 것은, 물론 동네 소문을 증명하는 일이다.
그러면 오늘 새벽 이서방 어머니는 우리집보다도 우리 우물을 길은 외에 그것을 우리집 주인인 내 자신
손으로 떠주었으니 그이는 이를테면 대성공인데, 과연 이 집이 이제부터는 그렇게 마음에 바라는 대로
새 복이 올겐가 하고 잠깐 생각해 보지 않을 수 없었다.
부엌에는 솥까지 떼어가고, 그릇은커녕 깨어진 사금파리 한 조각 볼 수
없었다. 집은 부엌 한 칸, 방 두 칸 그야말로 삼간초옥인데, 삼간초옥이라도
후락하고 다 쓰러져가는 아주 오막살이 삼 칸이다. 담은 무너져서 담 섰었다는
시늉만 내었다. 문간에서 들어서면 손바닥만한 마당, 그 마당에서도 부엌 안이 훤히 말쑥하게 들여다보이
는 것이다. 살림살이는 모두 그 어머니가 딸의 집으로 옮긴 모양이었다.
나는 슬쩍 봉당 위로 올라서서 방 속을 들여다보았다. 창호지가 다 찢어져서 잘 보였다. 신문 한 장 못 바
른 흙질을 한 벽뿐이다. 답답하고 매캐한 흙 냄새가 코를 찔렀다. 가운데를 막아서, 한 칸씩 방 둘을 내었
는데, 이번에는 위칸을
들여다보니, 거기가 아마 옛날 이서방 부부의 침실이었던 성싶다. 그래도 벽 군데군데 종이쪽을 붙인 흔
적이 있고 송판으로 만든 커다란 궤짝이 두 개 포개져
있으며, 다시 그 위에 조그마한 석유 상자 비슷한 것이 놓여져 있는데 이것이
이를테면 그들의 삼층장이었으리라. 그러나 다른 것은 다 가져가도 이것은 그 자리에 그대로 둘 만큼 보
기에도 신산스러운 물건이었다.
이서방은 그의 매부의 집엘 가서 만났다. 보니까 요새 이삼 일 동안 내가 장터엘 나가려면 가끔 둑 위에
서 서로 지나치며, 나를 유심히 주목해 보고 하던 그 사내다. 그는 옛날 일본 병정의 누런 외투를 입었다.
나는 두어 번 그를 봤을 때 서울서 농촌으로 쌀을 가지러 다니는 야미꾼이거니 했었는데 이렇게 막상 그
가 바로 이서방이라는 것을 알고 보니 퍽 야릇한 생각이 들었다.
그는 본시 농민이나, 그러나 내가 그를 처음 봤을 때 얄미운 야미꾼으로 추측했던만큼, 그는 지금에는 확
실히 농민이 아니었다. 그의 말을 들으면, 미일 (미일) 양 해군의 격전지로 유명했던 태평양 상의 고도 (고
도) 트럭도에 있다 왔다는 데 거기서 오래 지내는 동안 그렇게 변하지 않았나 생각된다. 순박한 농민의
얼굴 위에 늘 예민하고 표독한 표정이 흐르고 있었으며 나와 정식으로 인사를 한 후에도 둑 위에서 서로
지나치며 나를 주시할 때처럼 한결같이 무엇을 탐색하는 눈초리를 짓는 것을 보면 그러한 표정이 일시적
인 것이 아니라 아주 버릇이 되어 버린 성싶었다.
나이는 서른다섯이라고 하나 마흔이 넘은 사람처럼 보였다. 얼굴에는 까맣게 진이 앉았으며 광대뼈가 제
일 눈에 뜨이게 툭 불거졌고, 그의 이마 위에 굵게 잡힌 주름살은 그의 고생한 모든 이야기를 누구에게나
믿게 할 만큼 유난스럽고 인상적인 것이었다. 13 0
德 田 의 문 화 일 기.
“살아나온 것이 꿈입니다. 아직 정신이 없습니다.......”
그는 이렇게 말하였다. 말하는 어조도 충청도의 농민이 아니었다.
“처음에 부산에 떨어져 울면서 땅을 어루만져 봤습니다. 그립고 그리운 건
조선의 물이더군요. 먹는 물요......”
이런 말을 들을 때는 해외의 사지에서 헤매이며 오랫동안 풍상을 겪고 온
무슨 위대한 정치가의 감상담을 듣는 듯한 느낌이었다. 충청도 농민들은 항용 말 끝에 '유우' 하는데, 그
'유우' 대신 이렇게 올바로 '요오' 하는 사람은, 도희지의 물을 먹었거나, 그 이상의 바람을 쏘인 인물들이
다.
“코 큰 사람들이 라바울하구 트럭에는 끝끝내 상륙을 못했죠. 그래서 트럭에다 맨 첨 원자폭탄을 쓸려고 했
었습니다. 트럭도에 있는 일본 해군은 제4함대였는데 나중엔 할 수 없이 항복했지요” 이렇게 되고 보면 더군다나 이서방이 이서방 같지 않았다. 제4함대라는 말을 쓰는 조선의 농민을 앞에다
앉혀놓고, 나는 어안이 벙벙하였다.
트럭도에 대한 일본군의 점령관계는 어떠했던가. 나의 그것에 대한 지식은
이제 와 모두 몽롱해졌으나 이서방의 말을 들으면 그는 조선서 떠나자 곧 속아서 트럭으로 갔다는 것이
다. 그리고 거기서 나올 때까지 사 년 동안이나 있었는데 처음에는 비행장을 닦고 있었으나 나중에는 수
비 부대의 후보로 강제적인 군사훈련을 받았다 한다. 물론 고향에 다는 편지 한 장을 못 가게 해서 오늘
날 자기 가정의 큰 비극을 이룬 원인이 되었노라는 것을 암시하여 말했다.
사이판과 류오도 (硫奥島), 필리핀이 미국군의 손에 들어가면서부터 트럭에는 갑작스레 식량이 결핍해져
서 하루에 감자 한 개씩으로 연명들 하다가 나중에는 쥐, 도마뱀 등을 잡아먹고 좀더 있으면 사람들끼리
서로 잡아먹게 될 지경인데, 일본이 항복하고 미국군이 올라왔다는 것이다.
트럭이 폭격을 당할 당시의 일은 이루 말로 형용해서 이야기할 수 없고 그냥 불바다였었다 한다.
연기군에서 간 사람이 사십팔 명이었는데, 살아 돌아온 사람이 불과 일곱 명이다. 물론 그 중에는 병으로
죽은 사람, 또 굶어죽은 사람, 반은 미치다시피 되어 목을 매 자살한 사람도 끼어 있으나 대부분은 폭격
과 함포 사격에 희생된 것이다. 얼마나 무섭고 놀라운 사상들이냐. 이 것으로 미루어보아도 어떤 정도의
것이라고 짐작되지 않느냐 하는 것이었다.
 진실로 나의 원수요, 나의 친구의 원수요, 우리 조선 사람의 원수요, 서양 사람들의 원수요, 전인류의 원
수, 아니, 일본 사람의 원수도 이번 전쟁을 먼저 시작하고, 끝끝내 전쟁을 하려고 버티던, 그 전쟁병자 전
쟁광의 일본놈이라고 그는 이상히 흥분된 어조로 말을 하였다.
 그리고 이번 트럭도에 갔다 온 덕택으로는 자기 일개인 외에 여러 사람을 위하여 사는 생각을 가끔 하게
되는 것이고 거기 가서 미웁고 미운 일본을 위해 힘을 썼던 것이 부끄러운만큼 무엇으로든지 앞으로는
조선을 위해 헌신적으로 일해 보고 싶다는 의사를 표시하는 것이었다.
부럼, 귀밝이 술, 복 빌기, 더위 팔기, 약식, 오곡밥, 복쌈 (김이나 취나물로 쌈싸 먹는 것), 진채 (陳菜: 여러
가지 묵나물 먹기), 이 밖에도 대보름 행사로 인제 불놀이, 달맞이, 불싸움, 답교 (踏橋) 연 띄워 버리기 등
등이 있다. 술과 고기, 기외의 집에서 차린 여러 가지 음식을 이씨와 함께 나눠 먹은 후 불놀이를 가자고
하니까,
“불놀이?......”
하고, 그는 똑 외국 사람 모양으로 물끄러미 나를 쳐다보았다. 그 태도가,
<네까짓 것이 불이라는 것을 아느냐?>
하는 말눈치였다. 그는 불에 대해서, 남다른 경험과 관념을 갖고 있는 모양이다. 아니 그와 함께 들로 나
가서 직접 불놀이를 해보매, 그는 불에 대해서 일종 애착과 정열까지를 가지고 있던 듯하였다.
우리가 나가니 산과 들에는 벌써 불놀이가 시작되었다. 근년에 산나무들을
13 0
德 田 의 문 화 일 기.
함부로 찍어 때고, 치산들을 안해서 웬만한 야산은 산이 아니라 나무 하나 서 있지 않은 그냥 잔디 벌판
이었다. 그래서 불놀이하기는 십상이었다. 겨울 동안 바싹 말라붙은 누룽지처럼 된 잔디 위에다 성냥을
그어대면, 까맣게 타버린 자리를 뒤로 남기면서 불길은 점점 커져가며 눈 깜짝할 사이에 사방으로 퍼졌
다. 산등 벌판 둑 위 논두렁 이곳 저곳 사방에서 화염과 흰 연기가 일어 제법 장관이었다.
“아하!”
“불을 보니까......”
“이렇게 벌판에 무작정하고 퍼지는 큰불을 보니까 살 것 같군요! 집에 와서 처음 답답하던 가슴이 좀 내려
앉습니다......”
이서방은 이렇게 말하였다. 트럭보다 조선은 참으로 춥다고 하면서, 잠시도 벗어놓지를 않던 외투 단추를
따면서 “후우” 하고 한숨을 내뿜었다.
불이 크게 나매, 우리는 성냥을 쓸 것 없이, 마른 참나무 가지나 그외의 삭정이에다 불을 당겨가지고, 마
음 내키는 곳마다 당겨놓았다. 해방된 기분이 이 불놀이에도 집중되고 폭발한 것이 아닌가 의아할 만큼,
금년의 불놀이는 내가 본 어느 해의 불놀이보다 성황이었다.
넓은 광야는 자꾸 군중이 모여들어, 눈에 바라다보이는 곳곳에 불을 놓는 사람들이요 불길이며, 하늘까지
올라가는 연기였다. 아이들은 불을 당기며, 일변 끄며 뛰어다녔다. 이서방도 그에 지지 않고 커다란 불 방
망이를 만들어가지고, 거의 그의 밟고 다니는 발자국 수효만큼 불을 붙이는 것 같았다. 그는 집에서 먹고
나온 술에도 취했지만 분명 불에도 취란 성싶었다.
그는 나에게 다가오더니, 그렇지만 트럭도에서 자기가 본 불에다 대면 이런 것은 불이 아니라는 말을 하
면서, 자기는 부산에서 목도하였는데, 일전 음력 초엿샛날, 하늘 한가운데 나타난 흰 무지개와 일곱개의
색동 무지개를 봤느냐, 그러한 것이 하늘 가뜩이 차 있어 움직이는 꼴을 생각해 보아라, 또 공중에서 반
짝이던 별들이 일시에 머리 위로 쏟아져 내려오는 것을 상상해 보라, 그런 것이 트럭도에서 폭격과 함상
포격을 받으며 자기가 경험한 화광이라고 말하였다. 아니 그러한 무시무시한 것까지 생각할 것 없이, 나
는 겨우 요만 정도의 땅 위에 불빛을 한참 바라보도 있다가도, 고개를 쳐드니까 하늘에서도 불이 일고 있
는 듯, 겁나게 부럽게 보였다.
땅거미 질 때쯤 해서 사람들은 돌아가기 시작하였다. 조금 있다가 달이 뜨면 인제 망월 (望月)을 할 참인
것이다. 넓은 들판과 산잔등이 까맣게 타서 한층 더 쉽사리 어둠침침한 듯했다. 이렇게 불을 놓아 태우는
것은 불놀이도 불놀이려니와, 온갖 해충을 죽이고 겸하여 풀잎이 탄 재로써 자연히 비료가 되게 해서, 새
봄의 새싹이 잘 돋아나오게 함이려니 추측됐다.
산잔등을 타고 내려오면, 이서방이 살던 집 앞으로 닿게 되었다. 그는 별안간,
“안상 어른” 나를 불렀다. 무슨 생각을 하는 눈치였다. 트럭도에 있을 적에 등화관제를 하면, 어느 때는 그저 일부러
불이 놓고 싶었다는 것이다. 그놈들에게 거기까지 끌려간 후, 무엇을 조금 잘못해서 되게 매까지 맞은 날
이면 휘발유 창고에다 기어이 불을 지르겠다고, 몇 번씩 맹서했었는데, 사실 그것을 한 번도 실행 못한
것은, 무엇을 먹다가 삼키지 못한 것처럼, 늘 되풀이할 적마다 섭섭하다는 것이었다. 그의 이야기를 들으
며, 나는 나 자신 작년에 기다큐슈로 징용이라는 것을 당해 가서 지냈을 때의, 그와 비슷한 일이 생각났
다. 탄광 안에 갇히어 있는 조선 사람들은 공습경보가 나고 비행기가 떠 들어오면 환성을 치며 무조건하
고 좋아했다. 어떻든 간에 현상파괴라는 막연한 것이나마 희망이 생기기 때문이었다. 그래서 몰래 쌓여진
석탄덩이에다가 불을 질러, 등화관제를 방해하고 싶다는 말을 여러 동무에게로부터 들었었던 것이다.
막 작별을 하고 비탈을 내려오니까, 그는 손을 들어 나를 제지하며 좀 기다리라는 뜻을 표하더니, 쭈르르
자기 집 윗방으로 들어가, 아까 내가 창구멍으로 구경하였던 자기네의 삼층장을 하나씩 들고 나왔다. 기
외 자자분한 것까지
마당에다가 팽개를 치며, 이것을 부숴가지고 불을 피워 <망월이여어>를 하겠다는
것이었다. 달맞이하는 데도 불을 피우고 횃불을 해 드는 풍습인 것이다. 그러나
그가 세간살이를 태운다는데 대해선 나는 그의 슬픈 심정을 짐작할 수 있는 것이다. 어쨌건 표면적으로
나마 그것을 제지할 수밖에 없었다. 13 0
德 田 의 문 화 일 기.
“참으세요......”
“조선이 해방되었으니까, 인제 기쁜 일이 많이 생기겠죠”
이렇게 위로하고 이서방이 흑흑 느껴가며 울고 있는 것을 마냥 내버려두고,
나는 몹시 피로하여 집으로 돌아왔다. 먼저 이야기한 대로 이날은 점심을 아홉
번이나 먹는다느니만큼 종일 음식타령이므로 저녁밥은 따로 짓지 않는다. 그렇기 때문에 아내는 어느 때
보다도 오늘 저녁은 한가한 모양, 일찌감치 행주치마를 벗고 뒤꼍에 서서 막 떠오르는 달 구경을 하고 있
었다. 일 년 중 정월 대보름달과 팔월 보름달은 제일 크고, 맑고, 밝고, 탐스럽고, 깨끗하다고 한다. 오늘
저녁 달을 가장 먼저 보는 사람이 길하고 복받는다고 하는데, 그러한 것은 생각할 것 없이 그냥 그 훌륭
하고 아름다운 달을 우러러봤으면 하는 마음이 앞설뿐이다.
어렸을 적부터 오래오래 두고 해마다 이날 밤 받아오던 감격이 새롭다.
인상적이고, 경이적이고 마음 속에 신비스런 동심 (童心)과 시심 (詩心)을 부어주던 그 달을 지금에 다시
한번 눈앞에다 놓고 바라보는 것이다. 어느 때의 달이라고 하늘에 떠 있지 않는 것이야 없을 것이나, 오
늘의 달은 그야말로 동쪽에서 새삼스러이 새로 추켜주어, <봐아라> 하고 하늘에 떠올리는 것 같다. 그래
서 아내는 저쪽 산잔등으로 올라가 바지랑대로 치면 꼭 걸려 떨어질 것 같다고 말하였다.
오늘 밤 달이 흰빛이 많으면 새해 비가 많이 와서 풍년이 들고 붉은 빛이
많으면 가물어 흉년이라는 말이 있다. 그런데 나의 눈에는 달이 붉게 보이는데 아내는 희다고 우겼다. 내
가 옳으면 흉년이다. 나는 할 수 없이 아마 내가 달빛을 붉게 보는 것은 이때껏 불장난을 심히 하고 온 탓
이리라고 조금 전 생각을 하며 마침내 양보하였다. 그랬더니 이것은 달에다 대고 을씨년스럽게 꾸뻑꾸뻑,
허리를 굽혀 두 번 절을 하더니 나를 보고도 그렇게 하라는 것이었다. 영월(迎月)하는 풍속이다. 어허이
그것은 안 되겠다고 하니까, 그럼 묵도를 하는 것처럼 고개만이라도 숙이라고 해서, 나는 슬며시 고개만
숙였다. 이것은 변명이 아니라 아까 새벽, 어머님의 말씀에 좇아 내가 뒷짐을 지고 세 번 큰기침을 하며
집안을 한바퀴 빙 돈 거와 같이, 내 딴에는 이렇게 힘 안 들고 손쉬운 일을 행해서나마 어리석은 아내를
위로하고 만족시켜 주기 위함이었다. 조금 있다가 어미님이 답교를 하고 돌아오시더니, 달빛이 너무 밝아
서 대문을 여는데 내가 연 것이 아니라 달빛이 밀어서 연 것 같다고 말씀하셨다.
그런데 나는 이날 밤 돌연히 우리집에서 불이 나지 않을까 하는 괴이한 강박관념에 눌리어 밤 이슥하도
록 노심아였다. 물론 나는 소설을 쓰는 사람이니 이보다도 더 심하고 진기한 공상을 할 수도 있는 것이나
이것은 그냥 공상에 그치는 것이 아니었다. 서울에 큰불이 나서 십여 호가 전소한 그런 불탄 자리와 아까
불놀이로 까맣게 된 산잔등, 둑 등을 연상하며, 우리집도 전체가 꼭 그렇게만 타버릴 것 같아서, 덜썩 겁
이 나고 밤이 깊어갈수록 공포심도 커갔다.
그것은 내가 술을 심하게 먹고 다닐 때 혹시 내가 심장마비로 졸도나 안할까, 또는 서울에 오래 묵어 있
으면서 시골집에 무슨 변고나 나지 않았나, 누가 앓지나 않나 하고 염려하는 마음과 비슷하였다. 그러나
오늘 밤, 우리집에 불이 난다 하는 근심은 그것이 전연 처음인 돌발적인 것이고 오늘 밤으로 딱 다가서
걱정되느니만큼 몹시 초조하고 조급한 것이었다. 그래서 잠을 이루지 못하였다.
물론 불놀이를 많이 하고 온 탓도 있겠다.
 불놀이에 한참 취했을 때, 내가 불을 당겨놓으면서도 그것이 내가 붙인 것이 아니라 잔디 속에서 저절로
불이 생겨난 것 같았었다. 그것과 같이 마당에 쌓아놓은 장작 밑에서, 혹은 솔가지 짐나무 속에서 금방
불길이 솟을 것만 같았다. 부엌에서, 광 속에서, 지붕, 처마, 밑기둥 아래, 굴뚝 옆, 생각안 가는 곳이 없었
다. 그래서 나는 술도 얼근한 기분이라 누웠다가는 몇 번이나 일어나 미닫이를 열고 내다보았다. 보면, 나
뭇잎이나 가벼운 지푸라기가 바람에 쓸려가는 것이, 흡사 불길이 굴러가는 듯 부엌쪽을 보아 달빛의 음
영으로 조금 부옇게 보이면, 연기가 뽀얗게 뵈기 시작하는 것이 아닌가 눈을 휘둥그렇게 떴다.
잠을 이루는 듯 마는 듯하면서, 밤새로 한 두시쯤 되어서다. 나는 기어이,
“불이야아” 하는 소리에 소스라쳐 깼다. 보니까 우리 부부가 자고 있는 건넌방 영창이 벌갰다. 정신없이 일어나 문을
여니, 불이었다. 불길이다. 불, 불, 불, 불, 불......
13 0
德 田 의 문 화 일 기.
그러나 그것이 우리집에서 난 불이 아니었다. 우리집 건너였다. 아니 난 불이 아니라 일부러 놓은 불일
것이다. 사람도 없고 생활도 없는 불과는 아마 관련이 없는, 부엌에 물 한 동이밖에 없는 빈집에서 저절
로 불이 날 리가 없는 것이다. 나는 아까 이서방이 자기네 세간살이를 불태워 버리려고 하는 것을 타일러
막은 일이 있다. 그것과 함께 이서방이 한술 더 떠서, 기어이 자기네 집에다 불을 지른 후 저 산 위에 서
서 쏟아져내리는 달빛을 온몸에 함빡 받으며, 또 먼 화광으로 우두커니 자기 집이 불타고 있는 꼴을 내려
다보고 있는 모양------ 나는 그것을 나의 직각으로써 넉넉히 상상할 수 있는 것이다.
내가 내다볼 때는 이미 지붕이 타기 시작해서, 무서운 불길이 높이 뻗칠
임시였다. 외딴 집이고 또 보름 명절의 놀이로 하여 사람들이 너나없이 피곤했던 차라, 워낙 불을 늦게
봤던 것 같다. 게다가 가까운데 우물 하나 없이, 오막살이 삼 칸이나마 몽땅 태워버리고 말았다. 물론 또
난 불이 아니라 놓은 불이니까, 단번에 손쉽게 타도록 꾸미었을 것이다. 모인 사람들이 어리둥절하고 있
는 동안 죽는 사람 숨넘어가듯 불은 고비를 넘기고 말았던 것이다. 소방대도 안 오고, 다른 데서는 구경
할 수 없는 조용한 불난리였다. 먼 곳은 원광으로 하여 검푸른 빛으로 꿈속 같고, 근처 동넷집 몇몇 지붕
만 불길로 하여 누렇게 보름날 반나절을 불에 시달리었는데, 그러면서도 전연 생각 못했던 의외의 큰불
을 무슨 결산이나 하고 마는 것처럼 맨 종막으로 봤던 것이다.
이튿날 아침 보니까, 까맣게 폭삭 가라앉은 폼이 유치하며 지저분한 것 해서, 멀리 보면 흡사 큰 두엄자
리를 연상하게 하였다. 동네 사람들도 반짐작은 갔는지, 불난 원인에 대해서는 아무 말도 없었다. 집주인
이나 그 친척도 아무 소리 없었다.
“그렇지..... 그까짓 오막살이 흉가집, 누가 사지도 않을 테구......”
이렇게 말하는 소리가 들렸다. 이서방 아버지와 어린아이가 죽고 아내는 도망가고 집안이 망했다 해서,
사람들은 그 집을 흉가로 치는 모양이었다.
그러더니 조금 있다가, 이서방의 모친이 와서 땅 위에 풀씩 주저앉아 두 다리 쭉 뻗고 소리소리 울어대었
다.
“......에이구 에이구 이게 꿈이냐? 생시냐? ..... 전생에 무슨 죄가 많아서..... 에이구...... 후우우 상전 (손자아
이의 이름) 아, 상전아, 너는 어디 갔니?
느이 할아버지는 어디 갔니? 에이구 우...... 남처럼 한번 우리두 살쟀더니...... 아들 오구 며느리 오구, 남처
럼 우리두 인저 개 복 받아 살쟀드니, 에이구...... 우우......” 딸이 뒤쫓아와 일으켰으나 일어나지 않고 땅을 치며, 어느 때까지나 어느 때까지나 울고만 있을 것처럼
통곡을 계속하였다.
나는 그 후 한 번 이씨와 만났다. 그는 전보다도 일층 더 예민하고 침착해진 것 같았다. 순간순간 그는 자
꾸 딴사람으로 변해 가는 것 같았다. 그는 다시 한번 더 고향을 떠나 멀리 가보겠다고 말하였다. 그러나
물론 이번은 조선땅 안에서일 것이다.
“전쟁이 끝난 후에도 나는 그 섬 속에서 몇 달 동안이나 먹는 것 없이
살았습니다. 나는 정말은 섬 속에서 불에 타 죽었든지 굶어 죽었든지 왜종 (倭種: 일본 민족을 얕잡아 이
르는 말) 에게 맞아 죽었든지 태평양바닷물 속에 빠져 죽었든지 내 손으로 목을 졸라매 죽었든지 했을 겁
니다.
 그런데 여기 와서도 다시 살지 않고 옛날처럼 살려니 됩니까. 나는 새로 살아야겠습니다...... 한 분 어머
님은 매부에게 맡겼습니다. 나는 인제 부모두, 처자두, 집두, 살림두 다 없습니다. 새로 새 세상을 찾아가
겠습니다...... 트럭도로 끌려갈 때는 가정에 대한 근심 걱정으로 짐이 무겁더니, 이번에는 가뿐합니다. 아
무 걱정 마십쇼...... 안상 말씀 말마따나, 우리 조선이 해방되었으니까 좋은 새 세상이 있겠지요. 그것을 위
해서는......”
그는 이렇게 말하였다. 전에 집을 나갔을 때는 불행을 가져왔으나 이번에는 꼭 행복을 찾아오겠다는 희
망이었다. 나는 혹 서울엘 오거든 나도 서울 가서 있을 테니까, 옛날 정자옥 (丁子屋) 바로 건너편 흰 사층
벽돌집이 있는데 그 사층 조선문학가동맹 (朝鮮文学家同盟) 안으로 찾아오라고 주소를 써주며, 간곡히
그에게 부탁하였다. 나는 그를 놓고 싶지 않은 것이다.
13 0
德 田 의 문 화 일 기.
왜 그러냐 하면, 그와 나와는 비교하여 보면, 과거에 있어서 가정적으로 내가 그보다 퍽 행복스러웠던 것
은 사실이나, 가령 보름날 밤 나는 쑥스러운 보름날 행사를 충실하게 시행하는 한편 평화스런 내 집에 불
이나 나지 않을까, 괜히 쓸데없는 걱정을 한 소심한 위인인 대신, 그는 아무 애착 없이 자기 집에 불을 놓
아, 과거의 악몽을 불살라 버리고 파괴하였다.
 물론 꼭 그러한 방법을 취해야만 한다는 것은 아니나, 하여간 이것은 그와 나와의 현실에 대한 태도와
인간으로서의 많은 거리를 보여준 것이며, 그가 나보다 불행한 대신 헌것을 파괴하고 새롭게 앞에 서 있
는 것을, 직접 나로 하여금 느끼게 하는 것만은 사실이었기 때문이다. 그는 나와 다르며, 불행했으며, 적
어도 남보다는 새로우며, 또 적어도 나보다는 앞에 서 있는 것 같다. 그리고 나는 그의 말을 생각하면 모
두 그가 믿어지는 까닭이다. 내가 앞으로 좀더 큰 소설가 노릇을 하기 위하여서는 새로 살려고 하는 그와
함께 모든 새로운 타입의 인물을 붙잡아야만 할 것이다.

Reading Colonialism in “Parasite” – Tropics of Meta

Reading Colonialism in “Parasite” – Tropics of Meta




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juhyundred February 17, 2020 capitalism, film, Korea, postcolonialism
Reading Colonialism in “Parasite”



Parasite has made history, which is a euphemism for achieving Western recognition — history’s qualifier. Recognition itself hinges on the gaze, and the imperial variety suffuses Parasite’s critical reception. In an early and emblematic review, Manohla Dargis[1] notes in The New York Times: “The story takes place in South Korea but could easily unfold in Los Angeles or London.” Parasite’s setting is rendered an obstacle that must be transcended as a precondition to its recognition.

In other words, the film has to be made applicable to “Los Angeles or London” to become legible. Dargis’s review isn’t particularly egregious, but it’s emblematic of the conceit of many critics, exceptions notwithstanding. The emphasis on universality is achieved through a negation of the particular in a typical display of liberal chauvinism. Consequently, the more Bong Joon-ho’s masterpiece is regarded, the more it seems to vanish in the spectacle of its acclaim. Parasite has made history; never mind how history has made Parasite.

This is not a charge against any attempt to relate Parasite to other contexts. Bong’s social critique concerns the international conditions of globalized capitalism, but particular to Korea’s neoliberal and neocolonial present. Examining the film as a story of class in the neocolony shifts it from a decontextualized tale of rich and poor to one of compradors and the colonized. This lens takes Parasite from an allegory of “class conflict” to one of imperialism, and illuminates the film’s recurring motifs of English, militarization and appropriated Indigenous material culture.

As Korea’s present colonizer, the United States is implicated throughout Parasite. No single character exemplifies Americanness definitively. Rather, Americanness is an aspirational status. The United States’ presence is thereby marked by its absence, which paradoxically illustrates the totalizing nature of its hegemony. This is most immediately established through the use of English.

English is the contemporary language of capital; in Parasite, it delineates class and maps power. Ki-woo and Ki-jung, the Kims’ adult children, open the film with a search for their neighbor’s “WIFI” signal from their semi-basement home. Once they connect, they check for correspondence from “Pizza Shidae,” a pizza chain that contracts the Kims for “box” assembly. When the Pizza Shidae manager discovers poorly constructed boxes, she disciplines the Kims with a “penalty” for the harm that could befall the company’s “brand image.”

Every English word in the first five minutes of Parasite establishes the Kims’ class position in South Korea’s contemporary economy. The very first, “WIFI” refers to something the family doesn’t own yet relies on for their livelihood. “Pizza” and “box” indicate the products the Kims create as irregular workers. “Penalty” and “brand image” are invoked by the boss to discipline the family’s labor. From the onset, Bong and Han deploy English to chart South Korea’s neoliberal class system from below. Nearly half of South Korea’s workforce are irregular workers[2], the result of two decades of steadfast assaults on labor stipulated by the IMF in the aftermath of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Neoliberalization in South Korea was not only a desperate ploy to save capitalism from a crisis of its own making, but also an offensive against the movement of workers and students who ended three decades of military rule just years before the financial crisis. English indexes the productive relations that govern the Kims’ lives, and in doing so indicates the link between imperialism and the family’s immiseration.

Whereas the Kims live at the mercy of English and the economic system it represents, the Parks’ prestige within that economic order is marked by their proximity to the language. The Parks’ introduction is mediated by Min-hyuk, Ki-woo’s college attending former schoolmate. Min-hyuk has been tutoring the Parks’ eldest daughter, Da-hye, in English, and offers Ki-woo the gig while Min-hyuk studies abroad. At first, Ki-woo wonders how he’ll manage to be taken seriously by the Parks when he himself is not a college student, but Min-hyuk assures Ki-woo his recommendation will be enough. Besides, the mother of the Park household, Yeon-gyo, is “simple, young and simple.”

South Korea’s national college entrance exam has a notoriously difficult English section, a reflection of the extent to which the country’s economy is organized by US strategic and financial interests. The Parks’ search for an English tutor is part of the process of class reproduction. They are purchasing an advantage for their daughter in the ostensibly meritocratic education system, which requires a nation of Korean speakers of divergent economic backgrounds to demonstrate English fluency in order to attend institutions where classes are taught in Korean. As an unschooled temporary worker who’s taken the national entrance exam four times, Ki-woo is both precarious and knowledgeable enough to be able to accept the gig — ironically helping the Parks game the very system that has kept him from upward mobility. That English itself is the basis of Ki-woo’s employment by the Parks underscores the coloniality of the class system that structures their relationship.
Figure 1 – A question from the 2018 CSAT English section. Courtesy of The Korea Times.[3]

Bong and Han introduce every member of the Park family through English: Da-hye through tutoring, Yeon-gyo as “young and simple,” Dong-ik, the Park patriarch, through a magazine clipping titled “Nathan Park Hits Central Park” and a technology innovation award from the fictional RJCAA. Da-song, the Park’s rambunctious young son, first appears when he fires a plastic arrow at Ki-woo. Yeon-gyo comments Da-song is going through an “Indian” phase he picked up from a “Cub Scouts” instructor, and that she ordered his costumes, toy arrows and a mock-tipi “tent” from the US. Commercialized and appropriated Indigenous regalia features throughout the film, harkening to the settler colonial origins of the United States empire Parasite’s characters are ensnared in.

From the moment she meets Ki-woo, “young and simple” Yeon-gyo makes an effort to flaunt her English. She cautions that Min-hyuk’s “level” was “brilliant” and that she will hold Ki-woo to the same standard, ending her admonition with a haughty “Is it okay with you?” The idiomatic error (“is it okay with you” as opposed to “is that okay with you”) is a tell; Yeon-gyo doesn’t speak English fluently. Nevertheless, she wields it to define the terms of Ki-woo’s labor, reifying her power and status with the colonizer’s language.

This dynamic is reinforced when Yeon-gyo improvises an English name, “Kevin,” to introduce Ki-woo by to the Parks’ housekeeper, Moon-gwang. There’s more to this than the petty vanity of a rich woman lying to impress an employee. At this point in the film, Dong-ik has already been introduced to the audience as “Nathan Park” in an aforementioned magazine clipping. Dong-ik is never referred to as “Nathan” in the film’s dialogue. “Nathan” is a professional persona Dong-ik adopts for the outside world. As CEO of a fictional Korean tech company, Dong-ik’s ties to US industry and finance elites appear to be extensive — he is a comprador. The name “Nathan” carries a prestige that suits his position and facilitates his ties to capital better than a Korean name ever could. Consequently, it also indicates Dong-ik’s allegiance to interests he serves at the expense of people like the Kims. The same colonial logics that demand Dong-ik become “Nathan” also transform Ki-woo into “Kevin” to signify his acceptance into the Park household. Once he is introduced as “Kevin,” Ki-woo is never asked about his alleged college attendance by any of the Park family members; the English name is more of a credential than his forged university enrollment documents.


English is Parasite’s unequivocal language of power, but none of the characters wield it exclusively. The Kims find ways to bend it to their advantage. Ki-woo secures a position for his sister, Ki-jung, by creating a fictional persona for her: “Jessica.” As “Jessica,” an overseas Korean from Chicago, Ki-jung turns the power of English names and language against the Parks. She tells Yeon-gyo that Da-song has “schizophrenia” (a word Yeon-gyo can’t pronounce), and offers her services to unlock the “black box” of his mind. Yeon-gyo accepts “Jessica’s” diagnosis because of an unspecified traumatic incident Da-song experienced the year before, although her faith in “Jessica’s” expertise appears to also be rooted in the credentializing power of English. Dong-ik later exhibits similar susceptibility to the colonial authority of English. When Ki-taek gives him a doctored business card for a fictional company known as “The Care,” Dong-ik decides to use the service to hire a housekeeper to replace Moon-gwang because of the card’s “cool” font and design.

The Kims’ use of English for their own purposes demonstrates how power is contested between the two families. English is the language of power, but that power proves both illusive and elusive. It facilitates the fictions of control the two families indulge in, and yet never produces the absolute certainty either seeks. English is as beyond the control of the Parks and Kims as the conditions of its usage — the capitalist economic order inaugurated and upheld in Korea by colonial occupation. The film’s twist, which introduces the basement bunker and its denizen, Geun-sae, shatters the families’ illusions of control and surfaces war as the condition of possibility which precedes Parasite and South Korea’s class system.

The film’s second act finds the Kims celebrating while the Park family is away on a camping trip for Da-song’s birthday. They’re surprised by the appearance of the former housekeeper Moon-gwang, who reveals the existence of the basement bunker. Moon-gwang explains that many wealthy homes house underground bunkers built to protect the inhabitants from a North Korean invasion or creditors. This humorous comparison likens capitalism to war, and also illustrates how the state of ongoing war and division inform the physical structure of the home which serves as Parasite’s principal setting. The very architecture of the house is militarized, and the invisibility of the bunker mirrors the invisibility of the war. By the time Moon-gwang reveals the bunker to the Kims, her husband Geun-sae has been starving for four days — the unintended and unseen consequence of the Kims’ scheming.

After discovering the Kims’ con, Moon-gwang uses an incriminating video of the family to blackmail them. Geun-sae likens the send button on Moon-gwang’s phone to a nuclear launch button. The analogy is quite apt. On the run from his debts, Geun-sae has been isolated by capitalism (including by the literal structure of the house that encloses him) in a manner reminiscent of the DPRK’s total economic isolation[4] by US and UN Security Council sanctions. Sending the incriminating video is a threat Geun-sae makes out of desperation, a cellular deterrent against forces that threaten to destroy him. Moon-gwang takes the comparison further with an impression of famed North Korean tv anchor Ri Chun Hee, during which she refers to the video as “the last nuclear missile” in the DPRK’s arsenal.

Just as the Kims overpower Moon-gwang and Geun-sae, Yeon-gyo calls the house to tell Chung-sook the Parks will be home in 8 minutes, and to ask her to prepare food for their arrival. With this news, violence becomes necessary to maintain the façade of order in the house. Shots of the Kims scrambling to cook and clean are interspersed with shots of Geun-sae and Moon-gwang being restrained and brutalized. As Chung-sook fills a pot with water, Geun-sae and Moon-gwang are hauled back to the basement in the background. Moon-gwang momentarily escapes as the Parks return home, only for Chung-sook to kick her down the stairs right before serving Yeon-gyo’s meal. As Yeon-gyo tucks in, Ki-taek drags Moon-gwang’s unconscious body back down to the basement. Violence is another chore that comprises the labor of keeping the house.

The purpose of aligning the bunker with North Korea in the previous scenes becomes clear as the Kims reestablish the appearance of order. Just as South Korea’s neoliberal prosperity is subtended by ongoing war and occupation, the ostensible peace of the Park household is subtended by the bunker. This is further illustrated when Yeon-gyo explains the source of Da-song’s trauma to Chung-sook during her meal, revealing that Da-song suffered a seizure the year before after mistaking Geun-sae for a ghost. Yeon-gyo jokes that there’s an old Korean saying that a ghost is supposed to bring prosperity to a home.

South Korea’s capitalist “miracle” was made possible by brutal military dictators who ruled in service of US strategic and financial interests, often with the direct collaboration and knowledge of the US military[5], which retains over 20,000 soldiers in South Korea to this day. The explosive industrialization which enabled South Korea’s record economic growth was impelled by the force of military rule. Geun-sae’s “haunting” of the house parallels the haunting of the peninsula by the 70-year state of division and war. It is the invisible or invisibilized violence which makes the façade of prosperity and order possible; the grave upon which the house and the class system it represents stand.

Meanwhile, in the bunker, Ki-taek finishes restraining an unconscious Moon-gwang, and then finds Geun-sae singing praises to a magazine photo of Dong-ik. Geun-sae shares that he does this every day, and even sends messages of thanks in Morse code through a set of light switches in the bunker. The “automatic” lights on the house’s kitchen steps are actually operated by Geun-sae, who patiently listens for the sound of footsteps overhead as his signal. This revelation further demonstrates how Geun-sae’s silent, hidden suffering maintains the Parks’ comfort.

Geun-sae’s deep admiration and ritualistic worship of Dong-ik resembles a cult of personality. Morse code is the language of Geun-sae’s worship — a military language in praise of a regime installed and upheld through militarization. The fact that his “Dear Leader” is none other than Dong-ik, paragon of South Korea’s neoliberal and neocolonial present, raises the question of which side of the DMZ is the true dystopia.

Before leaving the bunker and eventually sneaking out of the house, Ki-taek asks Geun-sae how he can stand to live underground. Geun-sae points out many people live underground, especially in semi-basement apartments like the one the Kims inhabit. This link between the bunker and the semi-basements situates the Kims within the invisible war upon which the house and the class system it represents depend.

This point is reinforced as Ki-taek, Ki-woo and Ki-jung escape the house amidst a rainstorm. Bong’s sweeping shots of the upscale hill neighborhood the Parks inhabit fixate on the towering concrete walls, stairs and other infrastructure that separate the rich and poor with fortress-like barriers. By the time the Kims’ arrive back home, the audience has seen how the infrastructure of the city itself concentrates the heavy rains in the poorest downhill areas. Bong cuts shots of the Kim apartment with shots of the bunker. Basement to basement, war zone to war zone. As Moongwang wakes up with a concussion, the Kims enter their flooded apartment. While Ki-jung fights to contain sewage spraying from the toilet, Moongwang vomits into the toilet in the bunker. Ki-woo stares at the scholar rock he received from Min-hyuk in the film’s first act as Da-song peers out from his tent, watching the light flicker with a message from Geun-sae in Morse code. As the Kims fall sleep in a gym surrounded by fellow displaced neighbors, the Parks wake up to a sunny day with birds chirping. The war has many fronts, all of which remain unseen by the comprador Park family, and all of which are a consequence of the Parks’ position.

After the flood, the Kims are summoned back to the Park household to help prepare for an impromptu birthday party for Da-song. As Ki-taek goes through the motions of driving Yeon-gyo around town and assisting with errands, his rage slowly builds to a boiling point. Up till now, Ki-taek has vocally defended the Park family as “nice people,” justifying their indefensible wealth through a fiction of innocence. As the party is about to begin, he finds himself crouched behind a bush with Dong-ik, the respective patriarchs both wearing commercialized war bonnets. Dong-ik explains that when Jessica presents the cake to Da-song, the two men will leap from the bushes as “Bad Indians,” giving the birthday boy an opportunity to save Jessica as the “Good Indian.” In a final appeal to some semblance of common humanity, Ki-taek remarks that Dong-ik is also “trying [his] best” to make his family happy. Dong-ik, who has spent the film expressing increasing irritation at Ki-taek “crossing the line,” rebuffs him harshly: “Think of this as part of your work, okay?”

This moment provides the most straightforward portrait of who Parks are. Dressed in appropriated regalia which celebrates and naturalizes an ongoing genocide, Dong-ik orchestrates a sanitized reenactment of settler colonialism through the labor he exploits from the Kim family. The production assumes the perspective of the settler, mimicking the elimination of Indigenous peoples for entertainment. This scene clarifies that Dong-ik’s allegiances lie entirely with the colonizer, in whose name he upholds a capitalist system underpinned by military occupation. It also implicates Ki-taek, whose belief in the Parks’ innocence has led him to a position of complicity, which the war bonnet on his head makes plain.

The specter of war represented by Geun-sae and the space of the bunker are crucial to interpreting the film’s climax. The ongoing war in the Korean peninsula, sometimes called the Forgotten War, is often narrativized as “over” in a manner reminiscent of how the colonization of the Americas is regarded as complete. The recognition of either process as unfinished undermines the solvency of ruling class power, even as that power is sustained by an endless cycle of colonial violence. There is more than simple analogy at work here; there is a direct genealogy that links the US invasion of Korea to its invasions of Indigenous nations. Dr. Jodi Byrd argues the United States advances empire “through the production of paradigmatic Indianness”[6] which is “recycled and reproduced so that empire might cohere and consolidate subject and object, self and other within those transits.”[7] General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the US and UN forces in Korea, unwittingly exemplified this in his writings about the Indo-Pacific as “western civilization’s last earth frontier,” noting “the future and, indeed, the very existence of America, [are] irrevocably entwined with Asia and its island outposts.”[8] US practices of asymmetric warfare can further be traced from the contemporary era to 19th Century invasions of Indigenous nations. Dr. Nick Estes notes, “the US Indian Wars developed the tactics and strategies that would inform US counterinsurgency operations abroad,” elaborating that, “these included techniques like the use of native scouts…and attacks on villages to undermine native economies.”[9] From 1950-1953, the US military dropped 635,000 tons of bombs and 32,500 tons of napalm on North Korea, often targeting civilian infrastructure to destroy North Koreans’ capacity to sustain themselves and resist invasion.[10] US soldiers across the peninsula were given orders to shoot civilians in combat zones [11], including refugees [12] [13], based on the racist notion the enemy could not be distinguished from the populace. The US’ ongoing wars against Indigenous nations thus established the precedents for its conduct in Korea in addition to the land base and accumulated wealth with which it projected its power westward to monopolize the spoils of Asiatic trade. The Park family’s position in South Korea’s contemporary class system stands on this legacy of imperial and settler colonial entanglements.

Until Da-song’s birthday party, the Parks have been shielded from the violence Geun-sae, Moon-gwang and the Kims have endured and inflicted. From the events in the basement to the flood the night before, the violence experienced by the other characters has been necessitated by the Parks’ position. The Parks’ ignorance of the war beneath their feet offers no absolution. The illusion of peace by which they lead their lives is itself upheld by violence, as Chung-sook made clear when she kicked Moon-gwang down the stairs to prevent Yeon-gyo from discovering the truth. Dong-ik’s rendition of settler colonialism is based in his interests as a comprador. The illusion of peace is necessary to sustain the neoliberal order he serves, and for that fiction to stand, the wars must remain forgotten. The childish play he constructs for his son facilitates this forgetting, enacting a story that insists Indigenous resistance is dead and past rather than living and present.

Bong troubles this illusion by juxtaposing the start of the party with Ki-woo’s descent into the bunker, where he intends to kill Geun-sae and Moon-gwang for good. The tables quickly turn, and the scholar rock, the symbol of all of Ki-woo’s aspirations for a better life, ends up being used by Geun-sae to bash Ki-woo’s head in. Just as Ki-jung presents the cake to Da-song, Geun-sae emerges from the basement and stabs her, precisely on Dong-ik and Ki-taek’s cue. The position of the “Bad Indian,” presented as a relic of a finished conquest, becomes the site of Geun-sae’s disruptive rage, contesting the terms of the party’s colonial peace. The “ghost” is made flesh, and the illusion of peace is shattered as the “forgotten” wars refuse forgetting.

After stabbing Ki-jung, Geun-sae engages Chung-sook in a fight to the death. Da-song, faced with the ghost that haunted him the year before, faints on the lawn and is overcome with another seizure. As Ki-taek holds his dying daughter in his arms, he sees Ki-woo’s limp body being carried away by Da-hye. Ki-taek’s belief in the Parks’ fundamental goodness has carried him to this point, and he is rewarded with the potential deaths of both of his children. In the midst of this, Dong-ik begins to scream at Ki-taek to throw him the keys to the car.

Ki-taek fumbles the throw, and the keys end up beneath Geun-sae just as Chung-sook impales him with a meat skewer. Face to face with his Dear Leader for the first time, Geun-sae looks up and greets Dong-ik, who responds with casual disregard: “Are you somebody that I know?” To this, Geun-sae screams “Respect!” in English. Dong-ik is as unmoved by Geun-sae’s dying adoration as he is by Ki-jung’s death, and he turns Geun-sae’s body over without hesitation to get to the keys, pinching his nose shut at Geun-sae’s odor. The camera lingers on this gesture before showing Ki-taek’s stunned face. Dong-ik has spent the entire film complaining about Ki-taek’s smell, which Ki-jung identified as the smell of mold from their semi-basement home in an earlier scene. The emphasis on olfactory disgust in this moment reemphasizes Ki-taek and Geun-sae’s commonalities. Faced with the war raging beneath his feet for the first time, Dong-ik’s immediate reaction is uncompassionate and self-serving. With the war bonnet still on his head, his callous reaction to the deaths of Ki-jung and Geun-sae is linked to his allegiance to the racist empire.

This is where Ki-taek breaks, and the specific choreography of what unfolds is key to understanding the action. As Ki-taek lunges for the knife, he tears the war bonnet off of his head and rushes at Dong-ik, whose back is turned to him. Ki-taek grabs Dong-ik by the war bonnet, knocking it to the ground as he turns Dong-ik around, and stabs him in the chest. Director Bong is known for meticulously storyboarding his scenes, so it’s likely that these details are premeditated. What is it that Ki-taek tears away with his own war bonnet? His complicity? His acceptance of colonial rule? The illusion of the Parks’ innocence? And why does Ki-taek rip away Dong-ik’s war bonnet? In defiance of the racist empire Dong-ik serves? To make plain that Indigenous peoples are not the target of his anticolonial rage? As a rejection of the narrative that the colonial wars subtending our neoliberal illusions of peace are complete? The meanings we could derive are manifold.

The irony of Dong-ik dying as a result of his racist assumptions of Indigenous extinction should not be lost on us. In stark opposition to Dong-ik’s original vision, none of the killings are committed by characters in war bonnets. When Ki-taek throws the war bonnets to the floor, he reframes the two sides from “Good/Bad Indians” to “Good/Bad Koreans” — those who serve the empire, and those who are brutalized for its maintenance and expansion. Under conditions of occupation, perhaps being Bad Koreans is the only ethical choice to be made.

The film’s ending leaves us with a final note about the state of capitalism and the state ongoing war and occupation that subtends it. Ki-taek flees the scene and is never apprehended by the authorities. Ki-jung dies of her injuries. Chung-sook and Ki-woo are prosecuted for defrauding the Parks, but receive a lenient sentence. Ki-woo, severely injured by the events in the basement, spends several months laughing uncontrollably. Even at Ki-jung’s funeral and his own trial, he is barely able to contain himself. His laughter throws everything into ridicule: his own desperation for class mobility, the sham of justice under the law in a land where the law reigns through exploitation and war. Time passes. Then, one day, Ki-woo sees a light flickering from the Parks’ former home; it’s Ki-taek, sending him a message in Morse code from the bunker.

Ki-taek’s message reveals he has been living in the bunker in secret since the film’s climax. The house is now occupied by a new German family, who remain as blissfully unaware of his existence as the Parks’ were of Geun-sae’s. The new family’s Germanness matters less than their Westernness; they implicitly hold similar allegiances as Dong-ik, literally occupying the same position as the Parks. Édouard Glissant’s words seem particularly relevant here:

“The West is not in the West. It is a project, not a place.”[14] If the space of the bunker represents occupation, war and division, the new family’s residence illustrates how capitalism in South Korea stands upon the ongoing state of war. The illusion of peace has returned to the house, but the state of war continues for Ki-taek, who has taken Geun-sae’s place as the house’s ghost. Ki-taek’s separation from his family is particularly meaningful. Millions of Korean families remain separated[15] across generations by the Korean War. It’s not just the physical walls of the bunker that keep Ki-taek from his family; it is the entire structure of the society. Ki-taek and Ki-woo are close enough to see each other, but are separated by a vast distance manufactured by power. Under these conditions, the only way for Ki-taek to communicate with his family is through Morse code. War is the only language left to us under occupation.

This leaves us with the response letter Ki-woo imagines sending to his father. Faced with the impossible situation of division and occupation, the only solution Ki-woo can imagine is rooted in the neoliberal ethos of hard work and constant striving. He pledges to miraculously become rich and buy the Parks’ house one day, so he can reunite with his father. Ki-woo’s solution is not only deeply unrealistic; it does not address the fundamental problem at hand. Even in this fantasy scenario, Ki-taek would still be contained in the house by a legal system that would seek his prosecution and imprisonment. The forces that created and upheld the Kim family’s separation would not be undone, merely adapted to. The class system and the war enabling it would continue unchanged. Bong’s final shot, which clarifies that the solution Ki-woo envisions is just a dream, seems to dare us to dream harder.

Media narratives that spin Parasite’s acclaim through the lens of liberal assimilation miss the mark; a Hollywood that is more open to Asians or other people of color is no more of a solution than Ki-woo’s dream of buying the house that imprisons his father. The promise of inclusion is a distraction from the wars that haunt Parasite, Korea and this continent. As I write this, Wet’suwet’en land defenders are protecting their unceded territory from an invasion by Canada, which seeks to steal land for the Coastal GasLink pipeline[16]. Indigenous nations across the US and its incorporated territories are engaged in contemporary struggles to assert Indigenous sovereignty against the invading empire and marauding private interests[17]. Koreans in the diaspora and the peninsula are organizing for an end to sanctions against North Korea, a peace treaty, the withdrawal of US troops, and a stop to the build-out of military infrastructure like THAAD[18] and the second Jeju Air Force base [19]. There is far more at stake than a few local award shows.

Bong has left the task of dreaming up to us. Division and war are not Korea’s destiny, and the path to reunification and peace will only become clearer the further we walk it. If we take anything from Parasite, it should be that the liberation of Korea flows through the liberation of all peoples from capitalism and colonialism. For settlers, this especially means struggling with Indigenous peoples for the decolonization of the land beneath our feet. As a start, make a donation to the Wet’suwet’en legal fund, and have a look at these resources for other ways to support the Wet’suwet’en struggle. Educate yourself about what solidarity with Indigenous liberation struggles means, and find out what role you can play locally. (If you live in the Bay Area or Seattle, a great first step is paying your land tax.) History is not just something movies make; it is a collective undertaking we create each day of our lives. Parasite’s ending may be bleak, but it’s we who get to write the coda that follows it.

Ju-Hyun Park is a writer of the Korean diaspora. They grew up between South Korea and unceded Ohlone territory known as the Bay Area. They now live in unceded Lenape territory known as Brooklyn. Their essays have previously appeared in The Fader, Public Radio International, and Truthout.

References

[1] Dargis, Manohla. “’Parasite’ Review: The Lower Depths Rise With a Vengeance.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 10 Oct. 2019, http://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/movies/parasite-review.html.

[2] Morris, Hank. “For Irregular Workers, Korea’s Labor Market Embeds Unfairness: Opinion.” Asia Times, 21 Feb. 2018, http://www.asiatimes.com/2018/02/opinion/irregular-workers-koreas-labor-market-embeds-unfairness/.

[3] “Check Your English Ability with ‘Notorious’ Korean College Entrance Exam.” Korea Times, 16 Nov. 2018, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2018/11/177_258803.html.

[4] “VIDEO: How Sanctions Harm Civilians in North Korea, Especially Women.” Korea Peace Now!, 20 Dec. 2019, koreapeacenow.org/video-how-sanctions-harm-civilians-in-north-korea-especially-women/.

[5] Shorrock, Tim. “The Gwangju Uprising and American Hypocrisy: One Reporter’s Quest for Truth and Justice in Korea.” The Nation, 4 May 2017, http://www.thenation.com/article/archive/kwangju-uprising-and-american-hypocrisy-one-reporters-quest-truth-and-justice-korea/.

[6] The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism. Jodi A. Byrd. Minneapolis. University of Minnesota Press, 2011. p xxxv.

[7] p 221.

[8] Sempa, Francis P. “Douglas MacArthur and the Pivot to Asia.” — The Diplomat, 22 Feb. 2015, thediplomat.com/2015/02/douglas-macarthur-and-the-pivot-to-asia/ .

[9] Our History is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance. Nick Estes. London. Verso, 2019. p 91.

[10] Talmadge, Eric. “64 Years after Korean War, North Still Digging up Bombs.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 24 July 2017, apnews.com/dd6256bad51e458cb2e8a1bf64b5c2b6/64-years-after-Korean-War,-North-still-digging-up-bombs.

[11] Pyle, Richard (November 21, 2000). “Ex-GIs: U.S. troops in Korea War had orders to shoot civilians”. Associated Press.

[12] “War’s hidden chapter: Ex-GIs tell of killing Korean refugees”. Associated Press. September 29, 1999.

[13] Struck, Doug (October 27, 1999). “U.S., S. Korea gingerly probe the past”. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/korea/korea.htm

[14] “Caribbean discourse: selected essays”, Édouard Glissant. Caraf Books. 1989. p 2.

[15] Kim, Suzy. “Land of the Oldest Travel Ban By Suzy Kim.” Adi Magazine, 2019, adimagazine.com/articles/land-of-the-oldest-travel-ban/.

[16] Kestler-D’Amours, Jillian. “’RCMP off Wet’suwet’en Land’: Solidarity Grows for Land Defenders.” Canada News | Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera, 14 Feb. 2020, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/wet-land-solidarity-grows-land-defenders-200214163301407.html.

[17] Ouzts, Elizabeth. “North Carolina Tribes Fear Impact of Atlantic Coast Pipeline Construction.” Energy News Network, 22 Mar. 2018, energynews.us/2018/03/21/southeast/north-carolina-tribes-fear-impact-of-atlantic-coast-pipeline-construction/; Smith, Anna V., and Terray Sylvester. “How the Yurok Tribe Is Reclaiming the Klamath River.” High Country News, 11 June 2018, http://www.hcn.org/issues/50.10/tribal-affairs-how-the-yurok-tribe-is-reclaiming-the-klamath-river; Harball, Elizabeth. “In Arctic Village, Gwich’in Leaders Say the Fight to Stop Drilling in the Arctic Refuge Isn’t Over.” Alaska Public Media, 10 Sept. 2019, http://www.alaskapublic.org/2019/07/02/in-arctic-village-gwichin-leaders-say-the-fight-to-stop-drilling-in-the-arctic-refuge-isnt-over/; “’This Is Our Land’: Native Americans See Trump’s Move to Reduce Bears Ears Monument as an Assault on Their Culture.” Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 16 Dec. 2019, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-utah-bears-ears-20181225-htmlstory.html; Lam, Kristin. “Hawaii Pulls Law Enforcement from Mauna Kea – at Least Temporarily – as TMT Project Is Put on Hold.” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 20 Dec. 2019, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/12/19/mauna-kea-hawaii-police-tmt-project/2705166001/; Yochim, Paul, et al. “Line 3 Pipeline Proposal: Yet Another Abuse against Native Americans.” MinnPost, 25 Apr. 2019, http://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2019/05/line-3-pipeline-proposal-yet-another-abuse-against-native-americans/; “About L’eau Est La Vie Camp.” LEAU EST LA VIE CAMP, lelvcamp.org/about/leau-est-la-vie-camp/.

[18] Takruri, Dena. “Soseong-Ri: Hub of South Korea’s Anti-THAAD Movement.” South Korea | Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera, 22 Sept. 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2017/09/soseong-ri-ground-south-korea-anti-thaad-movement-170922073220640.html.

[19] “Jeju Fights Back: An Overview of the Latest Struggle.” Save Jeju Now, 2019, savejejunow.org/gangjeong-village-story-september-october-november-2019-issue/.

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Like this:Posted in capitalism, film, Korea, postcolonialism and tagged 2020 Oscars, capitalism, colonialism, film, imperialism, oscars, Parasite, postcolonialism, race, South Korea. Bookmark the permalink.

45Comments Add yours1
tidebios on February 17, 2020 at 9:21 pm
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Very thoughtful review. One scene that struck me and wasn’t mentioned here is when Moon-gwang pleads for collaboration to the Kims explicitly on the basis of class solidarity when the bunker is discovered (she says they are all “workers” and “in need”). The Kim’s mother responds only by reiterating her intention to call the police (the class enemy’s mercenaries). Moments before, Jessica had reproached her dad for worrying about the former driver’s fate. It seems to me the director is telling us that their perseverance in refusing to understand their shared class condition and to show solidarity is the root of the tragedy that unfolds in the second half. I also find it meaningful that it is precisely Moon-gwang that impersonates the DPRK news presenter shortly after.
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Alex Sayf Cummings on February 17, 2020 at 9:34 pm
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That was my favorite scene in the movie. She grovels and abases herself in front of her fellow oppressed, impoverished worker, pleading for solidarity, and Chung-sook responds with imperious remorselessness (I’m in control! I have the power!). But the very second Moon-gwang realizes she has something over on the Kims, she grabs for the poisoned ring of cruel authority and becomes a tyrant.
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thefncrow on February 19, 2020 at 12:04 am
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The comment reproaching her dad for worrying about the driver’s fate is so important that it’s underlined with a bolt of lighting.
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Lesley-Ann Brown on February 17, 2020 at 9:23 pm
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I haven’t seen the film yet, but this is the kind of analysis I can appreciate. Although it doesn’t mention that part of the way South Korea rebuilt itself economically was through it’s transnational adoption of its own children – something that is very much in line with a patriarchal/capitalist and even white supremacist state – as most babies were adopted by western (white) parents. “As Korea’s present colonizer, the United States is implicated throu
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Unlearner on February 17, 2020 at 9:28 pm
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I was struck by the fact that the film works in a mention that South Korea is a member of the OECD.
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On bibliotherapy – Two Kinds of Intelligence on February 18, 2020 at 4:23 pm
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[…] This lens takes the movie Parasite from an allegory of ‘class conflict’ to one of imperialism, and illuminates the film’s recurring motifs of English, militarisation, and appropriated Indigenous material culture. […]
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Kevin on February 18, 2020 at 9:42 pm
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I’ve read it and some of it is true but there’s a lot of bulshit there too. A lot of young Korean legitimately envy the more open Society nature of America. They’re striving for it whether or not any American ever step foot in Korea from America, and whether or not America was a superpower. That is because they tasted the idea of freedom from each other by moving to the US where you no longer have to answer to other Korean people here if you don’t choose to.

For many Koreans that is an amazing liberation. They are pursuing a craving that all humans are born with by leaving tasting the more individualistic life of America. Their pursuit of that life has nothing to do with colonialism. One of the common themes my Korean friends who moved to America tell me is that when they are in America they are free from the collective nosiness of other Koreans. And for many of them that in itself is why they never go back.

Korea maintains its order through bullying… Bosses make their employees drink or they are going to fire them. 30% of Korean women experience and know that they have to tolerate sexual harassment to get a pay raise in an investment banking. 30% of Korean men have slept with a prostitute. How do you think that makes women feel? Maybe they don’t want to marry people like that, and so their choices are greatly reduced. One of my Korean female Senior Vice-President friends at DBS Bank was told that because she is a woman she cannot be at the table to do business before another Korean conglomerate executive. The romanticization of Northeast Asia is racist in itself.

Our racist romanticization of Northeast Asia caused us to fail to see it for the Taliban like oppressive place it can be, that it’s not colonial like to want to bring change there. That is simply natural human empathy that transcends the ridiculous pursuit of racial identity lines. People who immigrate to countries tend to unjustly romanticize the place they come from; this author appears to romanticize a Korea that does not exist: one with out its version of the Taliban oppressing people everywhere.

Radically liberal Americans cannot endure the narrative where they are the liberator because then they have nothing to live for if they are not the one saving someone from the evil country they come from. Such self-hate coupled with a desire to be a defender of the most oppressive elements of some far flung nation on the other side of the world suggests they suffer from a low capacity for abstract decoupling, or to think without context of social narratives gone awry and emotion.
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Korean American on February 18, 2020 at 11:09 pm
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This! Singapore mandated that its citizens learn English and that policy has led to the growth of one of the most successful economies in Asia. Hong Kong would rather stay a colony of Great Britain than become “liberated” under China. The world is complicated but any analysis that paints all rich ppl = bad and all indigenous ppl = good is confused… Also, unceded Lenepe territory known as Brooklyn?? LOL what a tool
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Low key on February 18, 2020 at 11:12 pm
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You’re so spot on – The writer’s bio on his/her website literally says “I’m writing so we can all get free.”
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Zelt5 on February 19, 2020 at 6:06 am
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Thanks Kevin…there’s so much b.s. in this that shows zero understanding of Korea itself…my god…
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Tuomas on February 22, 2020 at 3:58 am
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All of your examples are responses to arguments that were never made.

The piece doesn’t talk about sexism so bringing up sexism in South Korea is irrelevant. The nonexistence of the topic in the write up doesn’t mean that the writer is minimizing it or pretending it doesn’t exist, it simply was not relevant because it wasn’t a theme in the movie.

South Koreans coming to America and staying because they like the individuality and freedom is also irrelevant because it’s not what the piece is about. The Parks are not immigrants who moved to the States because they liked the individualistic lifestyle and the freedom of the country, they never leave South Korea. The whole thing is about the presence of America in South Korea and it comes in the form of appropriating superficial aspects of it because they’re a sign of wealth and class.

Also the idea that the piece somehow defends “the most oppressive elements of some far flung nation on the other side of the world” is just absurd. The whole thing is a full on critique of the system and somehow you managed to twist it into romanticizing “a Korea that does not exist”. It doesn’t romanticize shit, you just made up arguments that don’t exist in the text.
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Chïnmay Héjmadi on February 22, 2020 at 6:35 am
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Here we go with the defenders of capitalism and American imperialism again. Lol. Piss off.
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Kevin on February 18, 2020 at 9:44 pm
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I’ve read it and some of it is true but there’s a lot of bullshit there too. A lot of young Korean legitimately envy the more open Society nature of America. They’re striving for it whether or not any American ever step foot in Korea from America, and whether or not America was a superpower. That is because they tasted the idea of freedom from each other by moving to the US where you no longer have to answer to other Korean people here if you don’t choose to.

For many Koreans that is an amazing liberation. They are pursuing a craving that all humans are born with by pursue the innate human need to live a more individualistic life shared in America. Their pursuit of that life has nothing to do with colonialism. One of the common themes my Korean friends who moved to America tell me is that when they are in America they are free from the collective nosiness of other Koreans. And for many of them that in itself is why they never go back.

Korea maintains its order through bullying… Bosses make their employees drink or they are going to fire them. 30% of Korean women experience and know that they have to tolerate sexual harassment to get a pay raise in an investment banking. 30% of Korean men have slept with a prostitute. How do you think that makes women feel? Maybe they don’t want to marry people like that, and so their choices are greatly reduced. One of my Korean female Senior Vice-President friends at DBS Bank was told that because she is a woman she cannot be at the table to do business before another Korean conglomerate executive. The romanticization of Northeast Asia is racist in itself.

Our racist romanticization of Northeast Asia causes us to fail to see it for the Taliban like oppressive place it can be, that it’s not colonial like to want to bring change there. That is simply natural human empathy that transcends the ridiculous pursuit of racial identity lines. People who immigrate to countries tend to unjustly romanticize the place they come from; this author appears to romanticize a Korea that does not exist: one with out its version of the Taliban oppressing people everywhere.

Radically liberal Americans cannot endure the narrative where they are the liberator because then they have nothing to live for if they are not the one saving someone from the evil country they come from. Such self-hate coupled with a desire to be a defender of the most oppressive elements of some far flung nation on the other side of the world suggests they suffer from a low capacity for abstract decoupling, or to think without context of social narratives gone awry and emotion.
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14
Murray Browne on February 18, 2020 at 9:53 pm
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A recent blurb in the 2/15/20 issue of The Economist:. “It (Parasite) beat the bookies favorite, “1917”Hollywood stars spouted platitudes about diversity and stealing baby cows. The ceremony had its worst-ever viewing figures.”

I guess since I had seen “Parasite” on the Sunday afternoon of the Oscars, I watched more of the award show than I would normally — perhaps rooting for “Parasite” — but what struck is that instead of trite acceptance speeches, Mr. Bong let his work speak more powerfully for it self.
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Murray Browne on February 18, 2020 at 10:06 pm
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Moderator: I accidently posted before I finished my comments. Please use this one instead:

A recent blurb in the 2/15/20 issue of The Economist: “It (Parasite) beat the bookies favorite, “1917” Hollywood stars spouted platitudes about diversity and stealing baby cows. The ceremony had its worst-ever viewing figures.”
I guess since I had seen “Parasite” on the Sunday afternoon of the Oscars, I watched more of the award show than I would normally — perhaps rooting for “Parasite” — but what struck me is that instead of trite acceptance speeches, Mr. Bong eloquently elected to let his work speak for itself. And thoughtful essays, like the author Juhyundred’s honor the film and its many subtexts.
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Dahlia on February 18, 2020 at 11:07 pm
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just wanted to say this is a very awesome article/essay. well done and thank you
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What I Read on February 19, 2020 at 1:49 pm
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[…] Reading Colonialism in Parasite (Ju-Hyun Park) […]
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18
Dex on February 19, 2020 at 8:31 pm
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Still reading and enjoying your piece, and maybe I’m missing something, but “pizza” is very much an Italian word, although pizza delivery could very well have taken off first in the US
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QueridaJ on April 5, 2020 at 1:09 am
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Yes it’s Italian but it has become an essential part of American identity and in the East, Pizza is viewed more as an affluent edible from America than Italy.
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20
Parasite is Also Very Much About The Very English Language Itself - Movie City News | Gurus of Gold on February 20, 2020 at 2:24 am
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[…] Parasite is Also Very Much About The Very English Language Itself […]
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21
A quick observation on Mother (2009, Bong Joon-Ho, South Korea) | First Impressions on February 20, 2020 at 2:29 pm
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[…] film, from the significance of the rock, the income gap, the noodles, its relation to the issue of postcolonialism, etc. We´ve even done a podcast. It´s a very rich film. But it also feels like it lacks mystery. That […]
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22
Week 7 on February 21, 2020 at 7:41 pm
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[…] as I jacked into The Discourse™, and all the now-lukewarm takes I’d been missing out on (spoiler-laden example). […]
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23
Required Reading – Yakanak News on February 22, 2020 at 7:49 pm
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[…] Park has a fascinating take on colonialism and the movie Parasite, and while there are some small points I might disagree with (such as the reading that […]
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24
Required Reading | Sculptor Blog on February 23, 2020 at 1:45 am
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[…] Park has a fascinating take on colonialism and the movie Parasite, and while there are some small points I might disagree with (such as the reading that […]
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25
gloria monti on February 23, 2020 at 11:52 pm
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obviously, you have read *unthinking eurocentrism.*
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26
‘Parasite’ Is the First Sexual Critique of Capitalism – Tropics of Meta on February 24, 2020 at 7:00 pm
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[…] was difficult to keep these thoughts at bay while reading Juhyun Park’s review, “Reading Colonialism in Parasite.” In their review, Juhyun analyzes minute details of the movie: WiFi, the pizza boxes, the English […]
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27
End of February Mega-Links! | Gerry Canavan on February 26, 2020 at 10:05 pm
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[…] Shell Game: From “Get Out” to “Parasite.” Reading Colonialism in “Parasite.” Subtitles Can’t Capture the Full Class Critique in […]
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28
KW on February 27, 2020 at 1:02 pm
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I don’t often come across articles that are as well-written as they are researched. Excellent work! I hadn’t considered much of this, or at least not to the extent and depth the writer went into it.

A lot of non-Korean writers seem to leave out or not realize some much-needed context when discussing Korean cinema, so I’m quite thankful for pieces like this.
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Required Reading – Arts Appreciation on March 4, 2020 at 8:08 pm
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[…] Park has a fascinating take on colonialism and the movie Parasite, and while there are some small points I might disagree with (such as the reading that […]
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30
Crossing the Line: Habitus and Misrecognition in Bong Joon-Ho's Parasite - COSMONAUT on March 7, 2020 at 3:05 am
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[…] as all Jacobin articles do, that it’s about income inequality and neoliberalism. From the decolonization perspective is a better, but still narrowly didactic, interpretation through the lens of military occupation […]
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QueridaJ on April 5, 2020 at 1:11 am
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This is what I wants when looking for an analysis of this film rather than a review full of empty accolades. As always it is an opinion piece but the same well researched and written. Thank you for sharing.
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QueridaJ on April 5, 2020 at 1:13 am
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Goodness please do excuse the grammar typos.
*I wanted
*at the same time it is well researched
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josuee on April 25, 2020 at 3:54 am
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There’s an entire aspect of colonialism here that’s missing, and that is Japan’s influence on Korean attitudes regarding capitalism. A lot of good stuff here, but leaning so heavy into American colonialism somewhat erases the fact that Japanese imperialism and occupation still play a greater role in Korean politics than the US. They’re seeking reparations still, for example.
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#75 – Bong Joon-Ho Review: Parasite – We Went To School For This on April 28, 2020 at 9:02 pm
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[…] The article we live and die by here. […]
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35
D on June 17, 2020 at 4:14 am
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Wow, fantastic article! As I was watching the movie, another detail occurred to me which I think supports your thesis: when Chung-sook is upbraided by the young Pizza Shidae manager in a way that is completely inappropriate in traditional Korean culture, where respecting elders is practiced scrupulously. The traditional value of elder-respect is supplanted by the foreign (capitalist pizza company) imposition of corporate and class hierarchy. The character is probably old enough to remember a time before this inversion of values had occurred.
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36
“Parasite” and the Plurality of Empire – Books Magazine on June 23, 2020 at 9:42 pm
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[…] Militarism—a major presence in The Host—manifests also in Parasite: from walkie-talkies to Morse code, we see the language of American militarism as the only means Geun-sae and, eventually, Ki-taek have to connect with the South Korean world above. Geun-sae uses the analog light switches to communicate with the Parks’ son, and eventually so does Ki-taek, with his own son. The camera zooms in on the Morse code chart Geun-sae has taped on the bunker wall, showing that it’s published by the Korean Cub Scouts Association (a branch of the American Boy Scouts). These hallmarks of long-term American militarism and settler colonialism—as exemplified by the appropriated Native American objects—are presented throughout the film, as other critiques have noted. […]
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37
"Parasite" and the Plurality of Empire - Usebook Blog on June 30, 2020 at 4:27 am
Reply

[…] Militarism—a major presence in The Host—manifests also in Parasite: from walkie-talkies to Morse code, we see the language of American militarism as the only means Geun-sae and, eventually, Ki-taek have to connect with the South Korean world above. Geun-sae uses the analog light switches to communicate with the Parks’ son, and eventually so does Ki-taek, with his own son. The camera zooms in on the Morse code chart Geun-sae has taped on the bunker wall, showing that it’s published by the Korean Cub Scouts Association (a branch of the American Boy Scouts). These hallmarks of long-term American militarism and settler colonialism—as exemplified by the appropriated Native American objects—are presented throughout the film, as other critiques have noted. […]
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38
"Parasite" and the Plurality of Empire | Public Books » worldauthenticnews.com on August 17, 2020 at 8:09 am
Reply

[…] Militarism—a major presence in The Host—manifests also in Parasite: from walkie-talkies to Morse code, we see the language of American militarism as the only means Geun-sae and, eventually, Ki-taek have to connect with the South Korean world above. Geun-sae uses the analog light switches to communicate with the Parks’ son, and eventually so does Ki-taek, with his own son. The camera zooms in on the Morse code chart Geun-sae has taped on the bunker wall, showing that it’s published by the Korean Cub Scouts Association (a branch of the American Boy Scouts). These hallmarks of long-term American militarism and settler colonialism—as exemplified by the appropriated Native American objects—are presented throughout the film, as other critiques have noted. […]
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39
BGW: Lovecraft Country Ep. 6, “Meet Me in Daegu,” with Ju-Hyun Park – Black Girl Watching on September 21, 2020 at 9:41 am
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[…] Read Ju-Hyun’s amazing essay “Reading Colonialism in Parasite” here: https://tropicsofmeta.com/2020/02/17/reading-colonialism-in-parasite/ […]
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40
“Parasite” and the Plurality of Empire – infoauric on November 20, 2020 at 4:48 am
Reply

[…] Militarism—a major presence in The Host—manifests also in Parasite: from walkie-talkies to Morse code, we see the language of American militarism as the only means Geun-sae and, eventually, Ki-taek have to connect with the South Korean world above. Geun-sae uses the analog light switches to communicate with the Parks’ son, and eventually so does Ki-taek, with his own son. The camera zooms in on the Morse code chart Geun-sae has taped on the bunker wall, showing that it’s published by the Korean Cub Scouts Association (a branch of the American Boy Scouts). These hallmarks of long-term American militarism and settler colonialism—as exemplified by the appropriated Native American objects—are presented throughout the film, as other critiques have noted. […]
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41
Favourites of 2020 | Nice Marmot Film Reviews on December 21, 2020 at 5:41 pm
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[…] With ever-shifting tones and layers that reward repeat watches, the story follows the Kim family, who live a small basement apartment, scraping together a living through piecemeal part-time jobs. When an opportunity arises to for the son (Choi Woo-shik) to tutor English to the daughter of the wealthy Kim family, he wastes no time getting his sister (Park So-dam) in on the act too, scamming the Parks into paying her to teach art to their young son. This eventually leads the all of Kims, their relationship unbeknownst to their hosts, taking jobs in the household. What follows is an incredible drama that undulates with director Bong’s trademark tonal shifts, uncovering the ingrown inequality, exploitation and violence in Korean (read all Western influenced) society. Though the reasons behind its success in Hollywood may be questionable, Parasite unquestionably deserves all the plaudits and is another excellent picture from Bong Joon-ho. Also, I really recommend this outstanding piece to read after a first viewing! https://tropicsofmeta.com/2020/02/17/reading-colonialism-in-parasite/ […]
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Front of house: What this year’s Oscar nominations mean for diversity in Hollywood | The Student Life on March 19, 2021 at 6:45 am
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[…] blogger juhyundred pointed out, celebration of the inclusion of diverse films in the Oscars lineup is simply upholding the idea […]
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Teaching PARASITE! | Gerry Canavan on April 5, 2021 at 10:49 pm
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[…] Ju-Hyun Park, “Reading Colonialism in Parasite” […]
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NoIdentification on April 8, 2021 at 2:52 am
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This is the most ignorant article I think I’ve ever read. To call South Korea a colony in comparable to its northern brother is absolutely admonish-able and disgusting. My family came to America from a peasant country without any English skills , and was able to build a decent business within ten years of speaking Yiddish and Russian. I truly wish I didn’t have to write about this article for a school paper, but I genuinely urge you to go live in North Korea for a week, and than go live in South Korea. And then complain about “colonialism ” of a country that has its own electoral system and constitution. You are a disgrace.
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The Dark Side Of Capitalism in Asian Cinema: Modernity as Contagion – Synergy: The Journal of Contemporary Asian Studies on November 23, 2021 at 9:29 am
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[…] Park, Ju-Hyun. “Reading Colonialism in ‘Parasite.” Accessed 10 Oct. 2020. https://tropicsofmeta.com/2020/02/17/reading-colonialism-in-parasite/ […]
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