Cinema of Taiwan
Cinema of Taiwan | |
---|---|
No. of screens | 784 (2017)[1] |
Gross box office (2017)[2] | |
Total | $10.6 billion |
National films | $729 million (6.90%) |
The cinema of Taiwan (Chinese: 臺灣電影 or 台灣電影) is deeply rooted in the island's unique history. Since its introduction to Taiwan in 1901 under Japanese rule, cinema has developed in Taiwan under ROC rule through several distinct stages. It has also developed outside the Hong Kong mainstream and the censorship of the People's Republic of China in the mainland.
Characteristics[edit]
Taiwanese directors[edit]
In recent years, Taiwan's film industry has received recognition due to a number of internationally respected filmmakers, such as Hou Hsiao-hsien, Edward Yang, and the Malaysian-Chinese Tsai Ming-liang.
Important Taiwanese directors from the 1990s include Chen Kuo-fu, Tsui Siu Ming, and independent producer Huang Ming-chuan Lai.
Influence of the government[edit]
From the late Japanese colonial period to martial law in Taiwan, the development of Taiwanese film was dominated by the official camp studio development. The film produced during that stage was mainly news footage taken by the government-run studio (Taiwan film companies, the Central Motion Picture Corporation, China Film Studio) and political propaganda. Even today, the Taiwanese government maintains a "Film Fund" to financially support the film industry of the country. The fund is somewhat controversial yet is still well supported.
The Government Information Office is in charge of the film grant. Grants are divided into two groups of $5 million and $800 million. The production cost works out to be around a minimum of $120 million across 15 films. The application contains certain specifications to allow the correct amount of money to be allocated to a given film's production, for example the purpose of the $5 million grant is to encourage new directors directing a feature film for the first time.
Documentaries[edit]
In recent years, documentary films from Taiwan have also become more popular. The development of Taiwanese documentaries began after lifting of martial law in 1987 and the rise in popularity of small electronic camcorders, as well as the support and promotion provided by the Taiwan Council for Cultural Affairs. Documentaries also receive support from other government agencies and private corporations. A variety of film festivals and awards have been established to encourage the production of documentaries.
Taiwanese documentaries often deal with themes related to the filmmaker or their family, and explore serious social or political issues. These documentaries have started to gain international attention gradually, and many have gone on to win awards at international film festivals.
Early cinema, 1900–1945[edit]
The first film was introduced into Taiwan by Toyojirō Takamatsu (高松豊次郎; see 高松豐次郎) in 1901. Taiwanese cinema was the first, and from 1900 to 1937, one of the most important of Japan's colonial film markets during the era of Japanese rule. In 1905, Takamatsu raised 10,000 Japanese yen in donations to the Japanese military from the proceeds of films screened in Taiwan about the Russo-Japanese War. By 1910, the Taiwan Colonial Government coordinated the efforts of independent filmmakers such as Takamatsu and others to establish a more organized approach to the production of film in the colony of Taiwan. Films played a vital role in enabling the larger colonial project of imperialization or cultural assimilation of Taiwanese subjects into the Japanese empire. The first silent film produced in Taiwan was An Introduction to the Actual Condition of Taiwan, a propaganda documentary that Takamatsu directed in 1907.[3] Takamatsu noted that early films were produced mostly for Japanese audiences rather than for local Taiwanese. Hence, early films tended to be educational in nature, lauding Japan's modernizing presence on the island. Other films catered to Japanese audiences exotic desires for Taiwan as a place of adventure and danger such as Conquering Taiwan's Native Rebels (1910) and Heroes of the Taiwan Extermination Squad (1910).[4]
Many conventions in Japanese films were adopted by the Taiwanese filmmakers. For example, the use of a benshi (narrator of silent films), which was a very important component of the film-going experience in Japan, was adopted and renamed piān-sū[5] by the Taiwanese. This narrator was very different from its equivalent in the Western world. It rapidly evolved into a star system but one based on the Japanese system. In fact, people would go to see the very same film narrated by different benshi, to hear the other benshi's interpretation. A romance could become a comedy or a drama, depending on the narrator's style and skills. Lu, a famous actor and benshi in Taiwan wrote the best reference book on Taiwanese cinema. The first Taiwanese benshi master was a musician and composer named Wang Yung-feng, who had played on a regular basis for the orchestra at the Fang Nai Ting Theatre in Taipei. He was also the composer of the music for the Chinese film Tao hua qi xue ji (China, Peach girl, 1921) in Shanghai. Other famous Taiwanese benshi masters were Lu Su-Shang and Zhan Tian-Ma. Lu Su-shang, is not primarily remembered for his benshi performances, but mainly for writing the inestimable history of cinema and drama in Taiwan. The most famous benshi of all was possibly Zhan Tian-ma, whose story is told in a recent Taiwanese biographical film, March of Happiness (Taiwan, 1999, dir: Lin Sheng-shing).[6] Benshi masters frequently were intellectuals: many spoke Japanese, often traveled to Japan and/or China, and some were poets who wrote their own librettos for each film. From 1910, films started to be distributed with a script, but the benshi often preferred to continue with their own interpretations. Notable films during this period include Song of Sadness (哀愁の歌, 1919), The Eyes of Buddha (仏陀の瞳, 1922), and Whose Mistake? (誰の過失, 1925).[7]
Unlike Japanese-occupied Manchuria, Taiwan never became an important production market for Japan but rather was a vital exhibition market. Japanese-produced newsreels, shorts, educational, and feature films were widely circulated throughout Taiwan from the mid-1920s through 1945 and even after decolonization. As in Japan's other colonial film markets, the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 marked the beginning of an era of enhanced mobilization for the Japanese war effort throughout Asia and Taiwan's film markets were purged of American and Chinese films as a result. The Japanese strove to transform the locals into Japanese citizens, giving them Japanese names, a Japanese education, encouraging them to wear Japanese clothes and the men to cut their long hair. Films such as Japanese Police Supervise a Taiwanese Village (1935) illustrated how "proper" imperial subjects should dress and act as well as promoting their superior farming skills thanks to the Japanese overlords.[8] Taiwanese directors would vividly revisit the legacy of this process of cultural annexation in such films as Hou Hsiao-hsien's City of Sadness (1989) and The Puppetmaster (1993), as well as Wu Nien-jen's A Borrowed Life (1994).[9]
After 1949[edit]
Taiwanese cinema grew again after 1949, when the end of the Chinese civil war brought many filmmakers sympathetic to the Nationalists to Taiwan. Even then, the majority of films were still made in Taiwanese Hokkien and this continued for many years. In 1962, out of a total of 120 films produced, only seven were made in Mandarin; the rest were made in Taiwanese. However, the production of films in Taiwanese began to decline due to a variety of reasons, ranging from limited scope and waning interest for such films, to the Nationalist government's promotion of Standard Chinese in mass media and its deeming of Taiwanese as too "coarse". The last movie filmed entirely in Taiwanese was made in 1981.
The 1960s marked the beginning of Taiwan's rapid modernization. The government focused strongly on the economy, industrial development, and education, and in 1963 the Central Motion Picture Corporation (CMPC; see 中影公司) introduced the "Health Realism" melodrama. This film genre was proposed to help build traditional moral values, which were deemed important during the rapid transformation of the nation's socioeconomic structure. During this time, traditional kung fu films as well as romantic melodramas were also quite popular. The author Chiung Yao is especially famous for the movies made in this time period which were based on her widely read romantic novels.
Taiwanese cinema of this period is related to censorship in the Republic of China and propaganda in the Republic of China.
New Taiwanese Cinema, 1982–1990[edit]
By the early 1980s, the popularity of home video made film-watching a widespread activity for the Taiwanese. However, the Taiwanese film industry faced serious challenges, including the entry of Hong Kong films into the Taiwanese market. In order to compete with Hong Kong films, the CMPC began an initiative to support several fresh, young directors. In 1982, the film In Our Time (1982), which featured four young talented directors (Edward Yang, Te-Chen Tao, I-Chen Ko, and Yi Chang), began what would be known as the rejuvenation of Taiwanese cinema: the New Taiwanese Cinema.
In contrast to the melodrama or kung-fu action films of the earlier decades, New Taiwanese Cinema films are
- known for their realistic, down-to-earth, and sympathetic portrayals of Taiwanese life. These films sought to portray genuine stories of people living either in urban or rural Taiwan, and are often compared stylistically to the films of the Italian neorealism movement.
- This emphasis on realism was further enhanced by innovative narrative techniques. For example, the conventional narrative structure which builds the drama to a climax was abandoned and the story progressed at the pace as it would in real life.
Due to its honest portrayal of life, New Taiwanese Cinema films examined many of the important issues facing Taiwanese society at the time, such as urbanization, the struggle against poverty, and conflicts with political authority.
For instance,
Hou Hsiao-hsien's A City of Sadness portrays the tensions and the conflicts between the local Taiwanese and the newly arrived Chinese Nationalist government after the end of the Japanese occupation.
Chen Kunhou's 1983 film Growing Up provides a nuanced perspective on the experience of a very young boy, from an ordinary family, getting into progressively more trouble.
Edward Yang's Taipei Story (1985) and A Confucian Confusion (1994) talk about the confusion of traditional values and modern materialism among young urbanites in the 1980s and 1990s.
His nearly four-hour film A Brighter Summer Day (1991), considered by many to be his masterpiece and the defining work of the New Taiwanese Cinema, deals with Taiwan's struggle in the 1960s to find its identity after the Kuomintang took control of Taiwan and brought numerous Chinese immigrants to the new republic, who expected to return to China once the Communists had been defeated.[10]
The New Taiwanese Cinema films therefore create a fascinating chronicle of Taiwan's socio-economic and political transformation in modern times.
Second New Wave, 1990–2010[edit]
The New Taiwanese Cinema gradually gave way to what could be informally called the Second New Wave, which are slightly less serious and more amenable to the populace, although just as committed to portraying the Taiwanese perspective.
For example, Tsai Ming-liang's Vive L'Amour, which won the Golden Lion at the 1994 Venice Film Festival, portrays the isolation, despair, and love of young adults living in the upscale apartments of Taipei. Stan Lai's The Peach Blossom Land (1992) is a tragi-comedy involving two groups of actors rehearsing different plays on the same stage; the masterful juxtaposition and the depth of the play's political and psychological meanings helped it win recognition at festivals in Tokyo and Berlin.
Ang Lee is perhaps the most well-known of the Second New Wave directors. His early films Pushing Hands (1991), The Wedding Banquet (1993), and Eat Drink Man Woman (1994) focus on the generational and cultural conflicts confronting many modern families. His Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) revived the wuxia genre successfully. Although not in the tradition of New Wave or Second New Wave, it is a commercial success which placed Asian films firmly in the international domain.
The recent films Eternal Summer (2006), Prince of Tears (2009) and Winds of September (2009) have pushed the boundaries of Taiwanese film-making and broken the island's long-standing taboos about the depiction of controversial subject matter.
Taiwanese cinema faced difficult times competing with Hollywood blockbusters in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Box office for local films dwindled to less than 20 films annually and many Taiwanese viewers preferred watching Hong Kong or Hollywood productions, causing the country's film industry to be dominated by foreign repertoire.[citation needed] Taiwan's film industry went into decline in 1994 and collapsed in 1997 because of the growing popularity of movie piracy.[11] The high box office takings of Cape No. 7 (2008) by Wei Te-sheng and Taiwanese films after 2008 proved that the local film industry had recovered from its slump. Cape No. 7 was so popular in Taiwan that on 1 November 2008 it became its highest grossing domestic film, second in the country's cinematic history to Titanic (1997). It raked in 530 million TWD (17.9 million USD) domestically, setting an all-time box office record for a Taiwanese film, and is currently the highest grossing Taiwanese domestic film of all time.[12] It has won 15 awards to date, such as The Outstanding Taiwanese Film of the Year at the 45th Golden Horse Awards in 2008.
Revival, 2010–present[edit]
After the success of Cape No. 7, the Taiwanese movie industry began to recover from a slump that had lasted for about 10 years.[13] Some notable films that led the revival of Taiwanese cinema are Monga (2010), Seven Days in Heaven (2010), Night Market Hero (2011), Love (2012). The head of the Government Information Office stated that "2011 will be a brand new year and a new start for Taiwanese films". [14] The director of Cape No. 7, Wei Te-sheng's follow-up movie, Seediq Bale (comprising a part 1 and part 2) was released in September 2011, with part 1 (The Sun Flag) being the 2nd highest grossing Taiwanese domestic film of all time and part 2 (The Rainbow Bridge) being the 7th highest grossing Taiwanese domestic film of all time. [15] It was shown in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival and it was selected as a contender for nomination for the 84th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film in 2011[16][17] and was one of nine films shortlisted to advance to the next round of voting for nomination.[18]
Other notable films include: The Killer Who Never Kills (2011), which is based on a short story in the Killer series written by Giddens Ko. Additionally, the popular 2009 TV series Black & White resulted in two feature films entitled: Black & White Episode I: The Dawn of Assault (2012) (a prequel to the TV series) and Black & White: The Dawn of Justice (2014) (another prequel to the TV series but a sequel to the 2012 film). In 2012, Giddens Ko's romance You Are the Apple of My Eye (2012) earned about NTD 425 million, making it the 4th highest grossing domestic Taiwanese film of all time, followed by Fung Kai's Din Tao: Leader of the Parade (2012) which earned NTD 317 million, making it the 8th highest grossing domestic Taiwanese film of all time. In 2013, Chiu Li-kwan's film David Loman (2013) earned NTD 428 million, making it The 3rd highest grossing domestic Taiwanese film of all time.
In 2015, female director Yu Shan Chen (a.k.a. Frankie Chen) released a film entitled Our Times (2015), which was the highest-grossing domestic Taiwanese film of the year, grossing over NT$410 million ($17.1 million US dollars), thereby making it the 5th highest grossing domestic Taiwanese film of all time.[19] The film also starred Vivian Sung from another box-office success, Café. Waiting. Love (2014), the 11th highest grossing domestic Taiwanese film of all time. In 2014, Umin Boya directed a baseball film entitled Kano (2014), which ended up grossing over NT$330 million, making it the 6th highest grossing domestic Taiwanese film of all time.
The 9th-15th highest grossing Taiwanese domestic films of all time are, in order: Zone Pro Site (2013) (#9 with NTD 305 million), Ang Lee's Lust, Caution (2007) (#10 with NTD 280 million), Café. Waiting. Love (2014) (#11 with NTD 260 million), Monga (2010) (#12 with NTD 258 million), The Wonderful Wedding (2015) (#13 with NTD 250 million), Beyond Beauty: Taiwan from Above (2013) (#14 with NTD 220 million), and Twa-Tiu-Tiann (2014) (#15 with NTD 210 million).
Taiwanese filmmakers have attempted to cater to the Mainland Chinese market, and any films released on the mainland must comply with censorship that often involves downplaying or removing any indicators that Taiwan is a separate country from China.[20] Such films include Hou Hsiao-hsien's The Assassin (2015),[20] Yu Shan Chen's Our Times (2015), Gidden Ko's You Are the Apple of My Eye (2012), and The Wonderful Wedding (2015). All of these focus on cross-cultural themes marketable on the mainland and other parts of Asia, while purposefully avoiding use of the Taiwanese dialect and common symbols of Taiwanese nationality, like the flag.[21] This is even the case in The Wonderful Wedding, which relies on comedic misunderstandings between the families of a mainland Chinese groom and Taiwanese bride, but attributes them to cultural differences on the regional level not the national level, something that has been described as a 'political whitewash'.[22] Despite this, the film was more successful in Taiwan due to the variety of Taiwanese dialect comedic puns on Mandarin Chinese words.[21] Successful films that focus on Taiwan have therefore predominantly been independent, low-budget, and aimed at the local market,[20][23] such as John Hsu's Detention, which received five awards including Best Director at the 56th Golden Horse Awards.[24]
Profit Sharing[edit]
Teng Sue-feng used Cape No. 7 as an example to discuss how profit is shared in Taiwan. Teng estimated the revenue to be NTD 520 million, and the production cost to be NTD 50 million. After deducting costs, 60% of the profit goes to movie theaters, and 10% to the distributor. The director gets about NT$140 million.[25]
Notable directors, actors and actresses[edit]
- Sylvia Chang
- Chen Kuo-fu
- Chang Chen
- Chin Han
- Charlie Chin Hsiang-lin
- Jay Chou
- Chu Ke-liang
- Gwei Lun-mei
- Hou Hsiao-hsien
- Hsu Feng
- King Hu
- Sibelle Hu
- Richie Jen
- Takeshi Kaneshiro
- Cynthia Khan
- Ang Lee
- Li Han-hsiang
- Tom Lin Shu-yu
- Ruby Lin
- Brigitte Lin
- Jimmy Lin
- Joan Lin
- Rene Liu
- Sihung Lung
- Shu Qi
- Alec Su
- Tsai Ming-liang
- Wei Te-sheng
- Jacklyn Wu
- Nicky Wu
- Wu Nien-jen
- Jerry Yan
- Yang Kuei-Mei
- Edward Yang
Awards[edit]
- Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards (GHA)
- Taipei Film Festival and Awards
- Golden Harvest Awards for Outstanding Short Films
- South Taiwan Film Festival
See also[edit]
- Chinese Culture and Movie Center
- Cinema of the world
- Culture of Taiwan
- Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards (Taipei)
- List of Taiwanese actresses
- List of Taiwanese submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film
References[edit]
- ^ "電影片映演業統計" (PDF). Ministry of Culture. 6 February 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
- ^ "全台院線映演中華民國影片、港陸影片暨其他外片之票房" (PDF). Ministry of Culture. 27 February 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ Lee, Daw Ming (2013). "An Introduction to the Actual Condition of Taiwan". Historical Dictionary of Taiwan Cinema. The Scarecrow Press. pp. 43–44.
- ^ Baskett (2008), pp. 13–20.
- ^ 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011. #13170.
- ^ Deslandes, Jeanne (1 November 2000). "Dancing shadows of film exhibition: Taiwan and the Japanese influence". Screening the Past. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- ^ Baskett (2008), pp. 14–5.
- ^ Baskett (2008), p. 17.
- ^ Davis, Darrell W. (2001). "Borrowing Postcolonial: Dou-san and the Memory Mine". Post Script: Essays in Film and the Humanities. 20 (2 and 3): 94–114. ISSN 0277-9897.
- ^ Cheshire, Godfrey (22 March 2016). "A Brighter Summer Day: Coming of Age in Taipei". The Criterion Collection. The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ "International recording industry discusses anti-piracy actions with Taiwan government". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. 17 October 2002. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- ^ Wang, George Chun Han (2012). No Signs of Slowing Down: The Renaissance of Taiwanese Cinema. In Abraham Ferrer (Ed.) Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival Program Catalog (pp. 24-29). Los Angeles: Visual Communications
- ^ Lin, Hermia (8 December 2008). "Marketing helps "Cape No.7" shine in Taiwan film market". Taiwan Culture Portal. Culture Taiwan. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ^ 中華民國行政院新聞局全球資訊網 (in Chinese). 行政院新聞局. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- ^ "「賽德克.巴萊」殺青,分上、下集明年暑假上映". 台灣電影網. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- ^ The Hollywood Reporter Academy Releases Foreign-Language Oscar List 13 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-14
- ^ "'Seediq Bale' to vie for Oscars' best foreign film". focustaiwan. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
- ^ "9 Foreign Language Films Vie for Oscar". oscars.org. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ Boon Chan, Straits Times, Why these Taiwanese films are box-office hits, http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/why-these-taiwanese-films-are-box-office-hits
- ^ ab c Horton, Chris (1 December 2019). "Ignored by China, Taiwan cinema walks its own road". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- ^ ab Udden, James (2018). "Taiwanese comedies under the shadow of the Chinese market". Journal of Chinese Cinemas. 12 (2): 174–186. doi:10.1080/17508061.2018.1475970. S2CID 194850995.
- ^ Udden, James (2018). "Taiwanese comedies under the shadow of the Chinese market". Journal of Chinese Cinemas. 12 (2): 182. doi:10.1080/17508061.2018.1475970. S2CID 194850995.
- ^ Su, Alice (26 November 2019). "Threatened by the 'Chinese Oscars,' China rips the world of Chinese movies in two". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- ^ Grater, Tom (23 November 2019). "'A Sun', 'Detention' Top Winners At Taiwan's Golden Horse Awards". Deadline. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ Teng Sue-feng (February 2009). tr. by Christopher J. Findler. "Biggest Production in Taiwan Film History-Seediq Bale". Taiwan Panorama. Retrieved 28 February 2012. [The Chinese version is more detailed]
Bibliography[edit]
- Baskett, Michael (2008). The Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3223-0.
External links[edit]
- Chinese Taipei film Archive (in Chinese)
- Chinacinema.fr A French site on Chinese/Taiwanese cinema (in French)
- Database of Taiwan Cinema (in Chinese)
- Taiwanderful Taiwan Movie Guide - A community index of Taiwanese movies.
- Taiwan Cinema
- Taiwan Movies at GMOAT
台湾映画
台湾映画(たいわんえいが)は、主に台湾の資本と人材によって製作された映画のこと。
中国語の映画は、それぞれ独自に発展した中国映画、香港映画、台湾映画に分類することができる。台湾映画は、香港映画の流れや中華人民共和国政府による検閲とは一線を画し、独特で急速に変化する台湾の歴史の中で発展した。台湾映画の傾向として、アート映画やミニシアターが多くある。
歴史[編集]
台湾 |
人口 - 経済 |
教育 - 交通 |
言語 - 軍事 |
政治 |
文化 |
遺跡 - 映画 |
芸術 - 文学 |
演劇 - 舞踊 |
宗教 - 民俗 |
世界遺産候補地 |
歴史建築百景 - 台流 |
地理 |
温泉 - 国立公園 |
歴史 |
先史時代 |
オランダ統治時代 |
鄭氏政権 |
清朝統治時代 |
台湾民主国 |
日本統治時代 |
中華民国時代 |
カテゴリ |
政府機構 - 社会 - 文化 |
生物 - 博物館 - 台湾人 |
スポーツ - 原住民 - 古跡 |
行政区分 - メディア - 交通 |
食文化 - 教育 - 経済 |
組織 - 言語 - 地理 |
歴史 - 画像 - 政治 |
1900年、高松豊次郎により映画が台湾に紹介されて以来、日本統治時代には数多くの映画が台湾で制作された。1937年に日中戦争が勃発すると、映画産業は活動を妨げられ、1945年まで実質的に作品を供給することができなかった。
国共内戦の終結に伴い中国国民党を支持する中国大陸の映画製作者が台湾へと渡ってきたことで、1949年以降台湾映画は再び発展し始める。この時期に製作された映画は政府によって公認された「国語」(北京官話)によるものだった。政府は、国語を推進することで国家の統一を図ろうとし、方言は制限されたため、台湾語などによる映画は徐々に減少していった。
1960年代は、台湾は近代化の入り口にいた。政府は、経済・産業・教育の発展に重点を置き、1963年には中央電影公司(CMPC, Central Motion Picture Corporation)がメロドラマ“健康写実主義(Health Realism)”を売り出した。この映画ジャンルは、社会経済構造が急速に変化する中で重要だと考えられていた、伝統的な道徳観を養うものとしてとらえられていた。この時期には、伝統的なカンフー映画も恋愛メロドラマと同程度の人気を博していた。瓊瑤はこの時期の映画の基となった恋愛小説の著者として特に有名である。
1975、76年には日本の東映と手を組んで日台合作映画シリーズ『閃電騎士』が公開された。内容はそれぞれ、日本の『仮面ライダー対ショッカー』、『仮面ライダー対じごく大使』、『仮面ライダーV3対デストロン怪人』、『五人ライダー対キングダーク』の台湾リメイク映画である。
この時代の台湾映画は中華民国による検閲、プロパガンダと密接に関係している。
1982年以降[編集]
1980年代初期、台湾におけるホームビデオの普及は、映画(フィルム)鑑賞という行動を一般化させた。しかし、台湾の映画産業界は高い娯楽性を有することで知られていた香港映画などの流入という深刻な問題に直面していた。香港映画に対抗するため、CMPCは若い監督の育成に乗り出す。楊徳昌(エドワード・ヤン)、陶徳辰、柯一正、張毅の4人の若く優秀な監督による1982年の映画『光陰的故事』は、台湾映画の若返り、ニューウェーブの始まりとして知られている。
それまでの十数年来のメロドラマやカンフー映画とは対照的に、ニューウェーブ映画は台湾人を写実的で現実的、共感的な描写を特徴とする。これらの映画は、台湾の都市部あるいは地方に住む人の真実の物語を描き出そうとし、しばしばイタリアの新写実主義運動の映画と比較される。ニューウェーブ映画におけるリアリズムの追求は、革新的なストーリー構成によってさらに強化された。例として、従来のクライマックスまでストーリーを構築する手法の放棄が挙げられる。物語はむしろ実生活に基づいたペースで展開されるようになるのである。
実生活を率直に描写するため、ニューウェーブ映画ではこの時代に台湾社会が直面していた重要な課題を克明に調査している。例えば、侯孝賢(ホウ・シャオシェン)は『悲情城市』で、日本統治時代後、中国大陸から移住してきた外省人と本省人の緊張を描いている。また、楊徳昌(エドワード・ヤン)は『台北ストーリー』(青梅竹馬、1985年)、『エドワード・ヤンの恋愛時代』(1994年)で1980年代と1990年代の都市部の若者たちが感じている伝統的な価値観と現代的な実利主義との葛藤を表している。このことによって、この時代の映画は、近現代の台湾の社会経済・政治構造を表した年代記として捉えることができる。
この時代の台湾映画については、台湾ニューシネマも参照のこと。
1990年代以降[編集]
1990年代に入ると、ニューウェーブ映画は引き続き台湾を描写しながらも、俗に第2次ニューウェーブと呼ばれるものへと変化していく。
例えば、1994年のヴェネツィア国際映画祭で金獅子賞を獲得した蔡明亮(ツァイ・ミンリャン)の『愛情萬歳』では、台北の高級アパートに住んでいるヤングアダルトたちの孤独と絶望、恋愛模様が描かれている。
また、頼聲川(スタン・ライ)の『楽園のかなたに』(暗戀桃花源、The Peach Blossom Land, 1992年)は、異なる脚本で同じ舞台に立つ2組の俳優のリハーサル中の悲喜劇を描写している。この作品も東京やベルリンの映画祭で高い評価を得た。
李安(アン・リー)は、おそらく第2次ニューウェーブでももっともよく知られた映画監督であろう。彼の初期の作品である『推手』(Pushing Hands, 1991年)、『ウェディング・バンケット』(喜宴、1993年)、『恋人たちの食卓』(飲食男女、1994年)では、現代の家族の世代的、文化的衝突にフォーカスしている。その後の作品である『グリーン・デスティニー』(臥虎藏龍、2000年)では武侠ジャンルを復活させることに成功している。
2000年以降[編集]
長い間低迷を続けていた台湾映画界も2010年ごろから好調に転じた。そのきっかけとなったのが2008年の魏徳聖(ウェイ・ダーション)監督作品『海角七号 君想う、国境の南』で、監督も俳優も無名だったにもかかわらず、台湾映画業界史上、ハリウッド映画の『タイタニック』に次ぐ、歴代2位の興行成績を収めた。その後、同監督の『セデック・バレ』、葉天倫監督の『鶏排英雄』、九把刀(ギデンズ・コー)監督の『あの頃、君を追いかけた』とヒット作が続き、国内だけでなく、中国をはじめ、海外でも好成績を上げている[1]。
近年では、馮凱監督の『陣頭』(2012年)、陳玉勲(チェン・ユーシュン)監督の『祝宴!シェフ』(2013年)、邱瓈寬監督の『大尾鱸鰻』(2013年)、馬志翔(マー・ジーシアン)監督の『KANO 1931海の向こうの甲子園』(2014年)、葉天倫監督の『大稻埕』(2014年)が3億円以上の興行収入をあげるヒット作となった。
なお、2000年代にヒットした『海角七号 君想う、国境の南』『セデック・バレ』『KANO 1931海の向こうの甲子園』『大稻埕』はいずれも日本統治時代を舞台としているが、同時代を描いたかつての映画(1975年『梅花』、1987年『稻草人』、1989年『悲情城市』、1994年『多桑/父さん』など)に比べ、台湾アイデンティティ(中華民国としてより台湾としての共同体への帰属意識[2])を強く持つ層に支持されている。同じ理由で、台湾語や方言を使った映画も増えている。
脚注[編集]
出典[編集]
- ^ 奇跡の成長期を迎えた台湾映画暉峻創三、台湾情報誌『交流』2012.2 No.851
- ^ 新台湾人『現代アジア事典』長谷川啓之、図書出版 文眞堂, 2009
関連項目[編集]
대만 영화
대만 뉴시네마
대만 뉴시네마 | |
---|---|
각종 표기 | |
번체 : | 꼼꼼한 신전영 |
간체 : | 대만 신진영 |
늑대음 : | Táiwān Xīndiànyĭng |
주음 부호 : | ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ ㄒ|ㄣㄉ|ㄢˋ|ㄥˇ |
발음: | 타이완 신데엔 인 |
대만 뉴시네마 (타이완 뉴시네마)는, 80년대 부터 90년대에 걸쳐 대만 의 젊은 영화 감독 을 중심으로 전개된, 종래의 상업 베이스로의 영화 제작과는 선을 획한 장소로부터, 대만 사회 를 더 깊게 파헤친 테마의 영화 작품을 만들어내려는 일련의 운동 이다.
대만 영화계에 그동안과는 전혀 다른 신조류를 가져왔다는 의미에서 프랑스 영화 의 누벨버그 에 해당하는 운동이라고 할 수 있다.
배경 [ 편집 ]
제2차 세계대전 이후 잠시 동안 대만은 중국 국민당 정부의 대만으로의 철수, 2·28 사건 이나 계엄령 시행 등에 상징되는 성적 모순 을 배경으로 한 내정 문제, 중국 대륙 에서의 중국 공산당 정권 성립에 수반하는 유엔 탈퇴나 제외와의 국교 단절 등 일련의 정치적 혼란 속에서, 사회적· 경제적 으로도 정체가 계속되고 있었다.
그러나 1970년대 에 들어서자 당시 행정원장이었던 울경국 의 지도하에 10대 건설 에 기반한 인프라 정비가 진행되는 등 경제발전이 가속되었다. 대만사회가 농업 사회에서 공업 사회로 변모를 이루고 경제력을 붙여가는 가운데 사람들의 삶에도 점차 여유가 태어나 70년대에는 영화가 시민의 오락 으로 정착하기에 이르렀다. 그런 상황에서 사람들의 수요에 대답하기 위해 액션 영화 와 연애 영화 등 오락 장르를 중심으로 수많은 작품이 대만에서도 만들 수 있게 되었다.
그러나, 이들 작품의 내용은 점차 패턴화·만네리화해 관객에게 질리게 되고, 사람들의 눈이 홍콩 영화 나 서양화 등을 향하게 되어 갔다. 香港映画が従来のコメディー路線に加え、アン・ホイなど「新浪潮」(香港ニューウェーブ)の旗手たちの手による写実的な作品を台湾の映画市場に参入させ、電影金馬奨など台湾国内の映画상을 잇달아 수상하는 한편, 국제 영화제 는 물론, 국내 영화 콘테스트에서도 상을 수 없는 수준의 작품 밖에 만들 수 없는 등, 80년대 초의 대만 영화계는 크게 침체해, 또 관객 동원수도 감소했다.
뉴 시네마 시작 [ 편집 ]
そのような台湾映画界の低迷した状況を打開すべく、80年代初めに当時行政院新聞局長だった宋楚瑜を中心として、政府が台湾映画の芸術性や国際性を高めるような一連の改革に나왔다. 개혁의 일환으로, 당영기업인 중앙전영공사 에 오노(소설가) (샤오예), 오 념진 등의 젊은 스탭을 기용, 이들 스탭 가 채산에 얽매이지 않는 영화 만들기를 모색하기 시작한 것이 운동의 융화가 되었다.
そのような動きの中、まず1982年に楊徳昌(エドワード・ヤン)、陶徳辰ら若手4人の新人監督によるオムニバス映画、『光陰的故事』が台湾ニューシネマの最初の作品として제작·공개되어 일정한 성공을 거뒀다. 그 후, 첸아쓰후 , 후효 효 (호・샤오 셴 ), 만인 , 왕동 등, 운동에 공명하는 많은 젊은 영화 감독에 의해 대만 뉴 시네마의 계열에 속하는 작품이 잇달아 만들어 가게 된다.
80年代は総統の蔣経国の政治改革のもとで、政党結成の容認、大陸への親族訪問解禁など、後半を中心に社会の自由化傾向が強まったときでもあり、そのような時代背景の가운데 검열에 의한 작품 통제 가 점차 완화 된 것도 대만 뉴시네마 발전 위의 추풍이 되었다.
「전영 선언」[ 편집 ]
1987년 에 후효현 등 영화 관계자의 손으로 운동의 총괄이라고도 할 수 있는 ' 전영선언 '이 나왔다. 이 선언은 영화의 창작 활동, 민족적 전통 계승을 위한 문화 활동으로서의 측면을 언급한 다음, 종래의 상업 베이스에 준한 영화와는 「다른 종류의 영화」, 즉 문화적·예술 적 작품의 존재 의의와 사회 공헌에의 높이를 강조하고, 다시 한번, 이들 작품에의 지지를 정부 와 언론 에 요구하는 것과 같은 내용이 되고 있다.
대만 뉴시네마의 특징 [ 편집 ]
대만 뉴시네마에 속하는 작품군과 그때까지의 대만 영화에서 가장 다른 점은 그 사실성 에 있다. 기존의 대만 영화가 정치 선전적 색채 국책 영화 나, 현실 사회와는 유리한 소위 히어로의 중심이었던 것에 비해, 대만 뉴 시네마의 작품에는, 대만인 의 일상생활 이나 대만 사회가 안는 문제 등에 직접 마주하고 그것을 정성껏 쫓는 것을 통해 때로는 대만사회의 암부에까지 빛을 비춘다는 내용의 작품이 많다.
또, 황춘명 등, 이른바 향토 작가의 문예 작품을 적극적으로 소재에 다루고 있는 것, 그때까지 공공장소에서의 사용이 금지되어 온 대만어 등의 방언 을 대사에 사용하는 등, 획기적 한 방법을 도입하는 것도 큰 특징이다.
그 외, 스토리 전개가 분명하지 않은 것, 슬로우 템포 로, 억양 을 억제한 전개의 것이 많은 것도 특징으로서 들 수 있다.
대만 사회에서 뉴 시네마의 의미 [ 편집 ]
대만사회의 일상과 디테일 을 정성껏 그려내는 것을 통해서 또 '비 정성시 '처럼 그때까지 봉인되어 온 역사 의 암부에 빛을 비추어 사람들 사이에 활발한 논의를 일으키는 것을 통해 대만 사람들 대만 사회와 대만인으로서의 각자의 정체성 과 마주하는 계기를 만들었다는 점에서, 게다가 대만 영화계를 담당해 나가는 새로운 세대의 감독을 다수 배출시켰다는 점에서, 대만 뉴 시네마가 대만 사회에 주는 영향은 의미 있는 것이었다고 할 수 있다. 또한 2002년부터 시작된 대만의 프리페이퍼 붐 때 뉴시네마를 되돌아보는 많은 에세이와 논평이 발표되었다. 일본에서는 후호 효현 감독작품 ' 커피 시코 '의 주연을 맡은 가수의 일 청굴 , 아시아 문예, 의장 분야에서 활동하고 있는 작가인 쿄야 야스코 와 야마시타 유키 등이 기획 참가하고 있다 . 뉴시네마 회고에 의해 대만 문화에 대한 일본인의 입장과 인식, 특히 젊은이로부터의 인식을 재고시켰다는 의의는 크다.
관련작품 [ 편집 ]
※ 당해 리스트는 하기 「관련 문헌」을 참고로, 작품을 공개 연별에 정리한 것. 작품의 일본어 번역이 복수 있는 것에 대해서는 「/」로 병기했다. 또한, () 안은 작품의 원제.
- 1982년
- 1983년
- 1984년
- 「며느리 하는 날 (기름 마나기)」 만인 감독
- 「겨울 겨울의 여름방학 (겨울 겨울적 휴기)」후효 켄 감독
- 「동년왕사 때의 흐름 (동년왕사)」후효현 감독
- 「노병의 봄 (노막적 제2개 춘천 )」이유녕 감독
- 1985년
- 1986년
- 1987년
- 1988년
- ' 쿠 삼촌의 마지막 가을 (노과적 마지막 하나 추천)' 이유녕 감독
- 1989년
- 1991년
- 「염령가 소년 살인 사건 (정령가 소년 살인 사건)」 양덕창 감독
- 1992년
- 「무언의 언덕 (무언적 산 언덕)」왕동 감독
- 1993년
- 1994년
- ' 연인들의 식탁 (음식 남녀)' 이안 감독
- ' 에드워드 양의 연애 시대 (獨立時代)' 양덕창 감독
- 「다쿠와/아버지 (다쿠와)」오넨 마코토 감독
- 1995년
- Chen Yu-hsun 감독의 " Tropical Fish (Movie) (Hot Fish)"
- 1996년
- " 커플 (아사스스무)"楊徳Akira 감독
관련 문헌 [ 편집 ]
- 타카하시 신이치 『대만――미려도의 사람과 생활 재발견』삼수사 , 1997년, ISBN 4384010753
- 타무라 시즈에다 『후타카 켄의 세계――대만 뉴 시네마의 기수』이와나미 서점 [ 이와나미 소책자 ], 1990년, ISBN 4000031155
- 다무라 시즈에다 『대만 발견――영화가 그리는 「미지」의 섬』아사히 신문사 , 1997년, ISBN 4022611979
- 타무라 시즈에다 저 「스크린 맞은편에 보이는 대만」(타바타 서점), 1989년, ISBN 4803802203
- 요모타 이누히코 저 , "오와라베론" 별책 보물섬 127호, "섬과 대만의 신비" 등재, JICC 출판청(현 다카라지마샤 ), 1991년, ISBN 4796691278
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