Now a New York Times bestseller
We have a strong instinct to belong to small groups defined by clear purpose and understanding--"tribes." This tribal connection has been largely lost in modern society, but regaining it may be the key to our psychological survival.
Decades before the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin lamented that English settlers were constantly fleeing over to the Indians-but Indians almost never did the same. Tribal society has been exerting an almost gravitational pull on Westerners for hundreds of years, and the reason lies deep in our evolutionary past as a communal species. The most recent example of that attraction is combat veterans who come home to find themselves missing the incredibly intimate bonds of platoon life. The loss of closeness that comes at the end of deployment may explain the high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder suffered by military veterans today.
Combining history, psychology, and anthropology, TRIBE explores what we can learn from tribal societies about loyalty, belonging, and the eternal human quest for meaning. It explains the irony that-for many veterans as well as civilians-war feels better than peace, adversity can turn out to be a blessing, and disasters are sometimes remembered more fondly than weddings or tropical vacations.
TRIBE explains why we are stronger when we come together, and how that can be achieved even in today's divided world.
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Junger has raised one of the most provocative ideas of this campaign season--and accidentally written one of its most intriguing political books."―The New York Times
"There are three excellent reasons to read Sebastian Junger's new book: the clarity of his thought, the elegance of his prose, and the provocativeness of his chosen subject. Within a compact space, the sheer range of his inquiry is astounding."―S. C. Gwynne, New York Times bestselling author of Rebel Yell and Empire of the Summer Moon
"Sebastian Junger has turned the multifaceted problem of returning veterans on its head. It's not so much about what's wrong with the veterans, but what's wrong with us. If we made the changes suggested in TRIBE, not only our returning veterans, but all of us, would be happier and healthier. Please read this book."―Karl Marlantes, New York Times bestselling author of Matterhorn and What It Is Like to Go to War
"Junger uses every word in this slim volume to make a passionate, compelling case for a more egalitarian society."―Booklist
"The author resists the temptation to glorify war as the solution to a nation's mental ills and warns against the tendency "to romanticize Indian life," but he does succeed in showing "the complicated blessings of 'civilization,' " while issuing warnings about divisiveness and selfishness that should resonate in an election year. The themes implicit in the author's bestsellers are explicit in this slim yet illuminating volume."―Kirkus Reviews
"Thought-provoking...a gem."―The Washington Post
"TRIBE is an important wake-up call. Let's hope we don't sleep through the alarm."―Minneapolis Star Tribune
"Compelling...Junger...offers a starting point for mending some of the toxic divisiveness rampant in our current political and cultural climate."―The Boston Globe
"Junger argues with candor and grace for the everlasting remedies of community and connectedness."―O Magazine
"TRIBE is a fascinating, eloquent and thought-provoking book..packed with ideas...It could help us to think more deeply about how to help men and women battered by war to find a new purpose in peace."―The Times of London
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-------
Editorial Reviews
Review
"Junger has raised one of the most provocative ideas of this campaign season--and accidentally written one of its most intriguing political books."―The New York Times
"There are three excellent reasons to read Sebastian Junger's new book: the clarity of his thought, the elegance of his prose, and the provocativeness of his chosen subject. Within a compact space, the sheer range of his inquiry is astounding."―S. C. Gwynne, New York Times bestselling author of Rebel Yell and Empire of the Summer Moon
"Sebastian Junger has turned the multifaceted problem of returning veterans on its head. It's not so much about what's wrong with the veterans, but what's wrong with us. If we made the changes suggested in TRIBE, not only our returning veterans, but all of us, would be happier and healthier. Please read this book."―Karl Marlantes, New York Times bestselling author of Matterhorn and What It Is Like to Go to War
"Junger uses every word in this slim volume to make a passionate, compelling case for a more egalitarian society."―Booklist
"The author resists the temptation to glorify war as the solution to a nation's mental ills and warns against the tendency "to romanticize Indian life," but he does succeed in showing "the complicated blessings of 'civilization,' " while issuing warnings about divisiveness and selfishness that should resonate in an election year. The themes implicit in the author's bestsellers are explicit in this slim yet illuminating volume."―Kirkus Reviews
"Thought-provoking...a gem."―The Washington Post
"TRIBE is an important wake-up call. Let's hope we don't sleep through the alarm."―Minneapolis Star Tribune
"Compelling...Junger...offers a starting point for mending some of the toxic divisiveness rampant in our current political and cultural climate."―The Boston Globe
"Junger argues with candor and grace for the everlasting remedies of community and connectedness."―O Magazine
"TRIBE is a fascinating, eloquent and thought-provoking book..packed with ideas...It could help us to think more deeply about how to help men and women battered by war to find a new purpose in peace."―The Times of London
-------------
About the Author
Sebastian Junger is the #1 New York Times bestselling author of Tribe, War, The Perfect Storm, Fire, and A Death in Belmont. Together with Tim Hetherington, he directed the Academy Award-nominated film Restrepo, which won the Grand Jury Prize at Sundance. He is a contributing editor to Vanity Fair and has been awarded a National Magazine Award and an SAIS Novartis Prize for journalism. He lives in New York City.
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Product details
Hardcover: 192 pages
Publisher: Twelve; 1 edition (May 24, 2016)
Language: English
Product Dimensions: 5.1 x 0.4 x 7.4 inches
Shipping Weight: 7.2 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
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More about the author
› Visit Amazon's Sebastian Junger Page
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Biography
Sebastian Junger is the #1 New York Times bestselling author of War, The Perfect Storm, Fire, and A Death in Belmont. Together with Tim Hetherington, he directed the Academy Award-nominated film Restrepo, which won the Grand Jury Prize at Sundance. He is a contributing editor to Vanity Fair and has been awarded a National Magazine Award and an SAIS Novartis Prize for journalism. He lives in New York City.
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#66 in Books > History
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Matthew P. Hoh
1.0 out of 5 stars
Junger's PTSD claims are unsupported by facts, evidence or realityJune 10, 2016
Format: Hardcover
The below is from a letter I sent to the NPR Ombudsman in response to Sebastian Junger's interview regarding the book and his claim that PTSD is an American cultural invention that does not pre-date the Vietnam generation:
I just became aware of Sebastian Junger's interview with Scott Simon regarding Junger's new book. In the interview, as well as in the book and in other interviews, Junger makes assertions about Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, as well as about PTSD that are incorrect and that are easily checked.
For example, Junger states that 40% of Afghan and Iraq veterans have claimed PTSD as a disability. That is incorrect. According to the VA 10-20% of Afghan and Iraq veterans have PTSD. Junger confuses and misreports the 40% stat. 40% is the number of veterans from the Afghan and Iraq wars who have claimed service related disabilities; some of those claims are PTSD, but the majority of claims are not PTSD. According to Junger's own source that he uses in the book, the number of Afghan and Iraq veterans who have filed disability claims of all kinds is 45%. Of that number, 35% have filed for PTSD. So, according to Junger's own source, the number of Afghan and Iraq veterans who have filed for PTSD is about 16%. Junger's source material then goes on to say that 8% of Afghan and Iraq veterans are receiving compensation for PTSD related disability. Junger's own source material discredits his entire thesis. You can view his error here:
[...]
Junger is wrong in his assertion that PTSD rates in Afghan and Iraq war veterans are higher than for Vietnam veterans. A VA study conducted in the 1980s found Vietnam veterans had a 30% rate of PTSD, while a VA study in 2003 found that the rate of PTSD had increased to 80% of Vietnam veterans (PTSD has a latency that is often oversimplified or misunderstood). Additionally, there is no empirical evidence, that I have found, of Vietnam veterans getting better from their PTSD because of 9/11. The evidence that is available, from the VA, universities, the CDC, Congressional Research Service, etc is that PTSD is a chronic condition in Vietnam veterans that has not improved since 9/11 due to the terrorist attacks.
As for Junger's comments about only 1% of Israeli soldiers having PTSD, Junger fails to mention the study's authors cautioned that the real number was probably much higher due to the requirement of self-reporting for the study. What nearly all other Israeli studies have shown is that historical PTSD rates for combat soldiers and veterans in Israel have been comparable to those of American combat soldiers and veterans. For example, the IDF Medical chief stated in 2013 that the PTSD rate for Israeli soldiers in the Yom Kippur War in 1973 was 35-40%. Most recently an Israeli army study of soldiers who fought in the Gaza War in 2014 and had been engaged in combat showed a PTSD rate of 70% for those soldiers. Additionally, the notion that Israelis as a whole have a society immune from PTSD doesn't seem to be backed by evidence, as the Israel Center for the Treatment of Psychotrauma reports a civilian PTSD rate higher in Israel than in the USA.
Finally Junger's claim that PTSD wasn't a problem in World War II is absurd. Of the 1.4 million American ground combat troops in World War II, 37% of them were discharged for psychiatric reasons. As far as the number of WW2 veterans with PTSD the answer is unknowable, as the National Center for PTSD Research detailed in 1991:
“The prevalence of PTSD in this group [WW2 veterans] is unknown because no study has used a sample representative of the larger popu¬lation. The estimates of PTSD prevalence, which seem tragically high, have been derived from patient groups or POWs. However, as in Vietnam combat veterans, a signifi¬cant number of older veterans have experienced PTSD. “
The notion that PTSD is a new thing, and not related to combat, but caused by American culture is demonstrably untrue, and is a dangerous idea.
My sources for the above are below, however a simple Google search or a search of NBCI's Pubmed.gov database will provide many, many studies that show the prevalence of PTSD in veterans, the link between combat and PTSD, and the fact that PTSD is not something culturally invented after Vietnam as Junger claims.
One last thing, please take the time to understand the difference between a veteran and a soldier currently on active duty, and the difference between those who have been deployed as opposed to those who have actually seen combat. Very important nuance is lost when those distinctions are not understood.
Update: I wanted to include some information regarding pre-WWII PTSD and the British, as there is an abundance of information and data.
As late as 1934, 50,000 American veterans were still hospitalized for psychiatric conditions in US government hospitals, while the rate of PTSD, then of course known as "shell shock", for the British Army in WWI is estimated by Yale University at 20% (the British government deliberately under-reported the numbers), which is the high end estimation for the current generation of American Afghanistan and Iraq veterans (again there is no explosion in the rate of PTSD among veterans, it's constant). In 1939, 15% of British veterans of WWI were receiving pensions for shell shock or Efforts Syndrome as it was also known, again in line with the current generation of American veterans. Similarly, over the last 18 months, the UK government has drastically increased in its admission of British veterans with PTSD and other psychological troubles. One recent survey of British veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan found nearly 13% admitted that they have committed acts of violence since returning home.
Update 2: Please see the below comments for more information on how Junger's statement that only 10% of Iraq and Afghan veterans have seen combat is false, according to multiple sources, including some Junger cites himself, the actual rate of combat exposure for Iraq and Afghan veterans is higher than any other war of the past 100 years, various studies have found rates between 60 and 80%. Junger provides no source or evidence for his claim that it is only a 10% rate or exposure to combat for Iraq and Afghan war veterans.
Also, in the below comments is information on veterans suicides, including that Junger's own source, a NY Times article he lists, on the link between combat and suicide contradicts him (again). A 2015 review of published studies done for the American Association of Suicidology by the Center for Veterans Studies at the University of Utah found that in 22 published studies reviewed on the connection between combat and suicide: "Across all suicide-related outcomes (i.e., suicide ideation, suicide attempt, and death by suicide), the relation of specific combat exposure with suicide-related out- comes was twice as large (r = .12) as the relation of general deployment across all suicide-related outcomes" and when the one study of the 22 noted to be an outlier (a study Junger cites actually) was excluded: "the difference between the relation of combat-specific experience and general deployment history with suicide- related outcomes was significant". The report goes on to say that being involved in combat increases the likelihood of suicide in veterans by 43%. The reports, again a study of 22 published studies on the relationship between combat and suicide in veterans, also contradicts Junger's claim that the suicides by older veterans are not related to the trauma or horrors of war (p83). "The strength of the relationship between combat exposure and suicide-related outcomes has also been found to strengthen with age (Bryan et al., 2013), suggesting that risk is highest among those who first experienced combat in the more distant past. More recent data further indicate that risk for suicide death increases during service members’ first deployment and remains elevated over time, even after they return from deployment (Schoenbaum et al., 2014). Combat exposure therefore seems to emerge as a risk factor for suicide- related outcomes over time and may remain “in the background” relative to other, more proximal triggers. From a clinical and pre- vention perspective, this suggests that for veterans exposed to combat, especially killing and atrocities, risk for suicide-related outcomes may persist for many years after military service." Of course ask someone who has lived through war and they will tell you that it never goes away. "Only the dead have seen the end of war" as Plato said. Junger's contention about the memories and effects of war diminishing with age is unsourced by him.
Finally, there are several other errors that to need to be addressed, although there is more than I have time to list or anyone cares to read:
One such horrible error that Junger makes is on p88, in implying that many veterans are malingering, that soldiers “no longer have to cite a specific incident – a firefight, a roadside bomb – in order to be eligible for disability compensation. They simply had to claim “a credible fear of being attacked” during deployment.” He then goes on to compare veterans' PTSD claims to welfare fraud.
First, Junger confuses the term soldier and veteran, which he often does in both his book, magazine article and interviews, and which is incredibly misleading and confusing (for example on p83 he confuses the rate of suicide in the US Army with the rate of suicide for veterans. In 2008 the suicide rate in the US Army surpassed that of the civilian population, however Junger claims that this is the veteran suicide rate. I am unsure how he makes such a fundamental error - sort of like confusing college students with college graduates of all ages - but he does. In reality the veteran suicide rate is well above the rate for civilians. For example, by 2006 the suicide rate for veterans of the Iraq and Afghan war was already 2x their civilian peers, within a couple of years it had climbed to 4x that of their civilian peers.)
Secondly, as the information above and below clearly shows many more Afghan and Iraq veterans are experiencing combat and trauma than are filing for PTSD disability. The army of veterans filing for PTSD disability without cause or in much greater numbers than experienced combat or trauma, as Junger is tragically informing America, is a phantom army, it doesn't exist. The reality is that many more Iraq and Afghanistan veterans saw combat (63%) than have filed for PTSD compensation (16%).
Finally, I would urge you to actually look at what the VA requires of veterans to file for disability for PTSD. VA Form 21-0781 (August 2014) STATEMENT IN SUPPORT OF CLAIM FOR SERVICE CONNECTION FOR POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) is a separate and additional form that a veteran must submit with his claim for PTSD. This form requires the veteran to describe a specific incident or incidents for their PTSD disability claim. The veteran, despite what Junger says, is required to include date, location, a description of the incident, unit they belonged to, dates of assignment, medals or citations received because of the incident, and information on any service-members killed or wounded in the incident. This form is in addition to the standard claim information that veterans must provide describing their disability and impairment, which often includes witness statements from friends, families, co-workers, etc. If the veteran is claiming that he has employment restrictions or hardships due to PTSD he/she is required to fill out another form and his/her employer must fill out a form as well. The veteran’s mental health care provider must provide a diagnosis of PTSD and treatment record, plus an up to date evaluation. Then the veteran is interviewed and examined by an unrelated mental health provider and that mental health care provider makes an evaluation. All that information, along with the notes from the veteran’s mental health care provider and any other sources, including the veteran’s service and medical records from his/her time in the military, is then examined by a VA claims examiner. By no means is PTSD disability simply rubber-stamped and handed out as Junger claims, to the discredit of veterans. Again, referring to Junger’s own source, 16% of Afghan and Iraq veterans have requested PTSD disability, but only 8% have received it.
Junger’s comment on p89 about a “recent” investigation by the VA Inspector General regarding PTSD fraud was actually not so recent. It was from 2005 and it examined 92 cases. Unlike what Junger asserts, without evidence, the VA does review PTSD disability ratings as many veterans receive a non-permanent disability rating and ratings can, and many times are, reduced as a veteran gets better through therapy. Additionally, if a veteran does not attend treatment, the VA will reduce the rating accordingly, whether the veteran is at 100% or lower. This is well known among veterans and just does not apply to veterans with PTSD. For example veterans with sleep apnea who do not use their breathing assistance device at night will have their compensation reduced or eliminated. Overall, more than half of veterans have a rating 30% or below, which means they receive less than $500 a month. In 2011, a VA Inspector General audit of the 239,000 veterans receiving 100% disability found that 27,500 (11.5%) of the total were receiving 100% disability without current medical evidence (meaning that they may have once been 100% disabled, but had improved since the original rating). The Veterans Benefit Administration reported that it followed the Inspector General’s recommendation to remedy those ratings and to prevent future occurrences.
Other sections of the book and of Junger’s interviews are equally false. One statement he makes on p116 and then continually states in interviews is the relationship of PTSD and 9/11. Junger claims that after 9/11 that there were no mass shootings in the US for two years; suicide, violent crime and psychiatric problems dropped in New York City; and veterans experienced a drop in their symptoms.
The only evidence Junger provides for these statements is a link to a Mother Jones database on mass shootings in the US. However, the editors at Mother Jones are very upfront that their database is a subjective and selective listing of mass shootings. If you refer to the FBI and the Department of Justice statistics for mass shootings, and other sources, such as that reported by the Congressional Research Service in July 2015, you will see that there were dozens of mass shootings in the US in 2002 and 2003 and that there were more in 2002 and 2003 than in 2000 and 2001. However, if you were to use the data from Mother Jones, which, again, Mother Jones itself states is incomplete, nothing in the Mother Jones analysis suggests any connection to 9/11. Junger is confusing correlation with causation.
Junger’s claims about the other “beneficial” aspects of 9/11 are un-sourced, but easily disproved through Google:
-Two studies in 2009 found no change in the suicide rate in NYC after 9/11, whether an increase or a decrease in the rate.
-The Guardian reported, in 2002, a 200% increase in PTSD among people in Manhattan.
-In 2004 the National Center for PTSD Studies looked at the studies of mental health done after 9/11 for New Yorkers and others. In all twelve studies examined rates of PTSD, depression, anxiety, substance abuse etc went up, significantly, after 9/11. One study noted a “significant increase” in psychiatric prescriptions filled for first-time patients in New York City as opposed to Junger’s claim that this did not happen.
-In that same examination by the National Center for PTSD Studies, two studies were examined concerning veterans. One reported no impact on veteran PTSD by the events of 9/11 and the other reported increased PTSD issues for veterans because of 9/11.
-In 2011 the National Center for PTSD Studies did another review of published studies on PTSD and psychiatric effects. Its review found: “Overall, the reviews of the effects of 9/11 concluded that the burden of PTSD and other mental health problems was substantial in both the short- and long-term and strongly associated with direct exposure to the attacks.”
-The murder rate in NYC did go down after 9/11 relative to the previous month by 11%, and that was widely reported. I have found no evidence of the 40% drop Junger claims. However by the end of the year the rate was back up. I found no mention in any of the sources that the “positive” effects of 9/11 were to do with the drop in that rate. What was mentioned as a cause was the fact the crime rate began dropping in the mid-90s, the National Guard was on the streets of NYC, there was a massive police presence on the streets, people were more vigilant, on-guard and watchful, there were less visitors to the city, etc. So the crime rate in the immediate months after 9/11 did go down in New York City, but no one, except Junger, says it was because of “positive reasons”, but rather it seems because everyone was afraid, more watchful and because there were soldiers and cops everywhere.
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----------------
Froggy
4.0 out of 5 stars
Format: Hardcover
The below is from a letter I sent to the NPR Ombudsman in response to Sebastian Junger's interview regarding the book and his claim that PTSD is an American cultural invention that does not pre-date the Vietnam generation:
I just became aware of Sebastian Junger's interview with Scott Simon regarding Junger's new book. In the interview, as well as in the book and in other interviews, Junger makes assertions about Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, as well as about PTSD that are incorrect and that are easily checked.
For example, Junger states that 40% of Afghan and Iraq veterans have claimed PTSD as a disability. That is incorrect. According to the VA 10-20% of Afghan and Iraq veterans have PTSD. Junger confuses and misreports the 40% stat. 40% is the number of veterans from the Afghan and Iraq wars who have claimed service related disabilities; some of those claims are PTSD, but the majority of claims are not PTSD. According to Junger's own source that he uses in the book, the number of Afghan and Iraq veterans who have filed disability claims of all kinds is 45%. Of that number, 35% have filed for PTSD. So, according to Junger's own source, the number of Afghan and Iraq veterans who have filed for PTSD is about 16%. Junger's source material then goes on to say that 8% of Afghan and Iraq veterans are receiving compensation for PTSD related disability. Junger's own source material discredits his entire thesis. You can view his error here:
[...]
Junger is wrong in his assertion that PTSD rates in Afghan and Iraq war veterans are higher than for Vietnam veterans. A VA study conducted in the 1980s found Vietnam veterans had a 30% rate of PTSD, while a VA study in 2003 found that the rate of PTSD had increased to 80% of Vietnam veterans (PTSD has a latency that is often oversimplified or misunderstood). Additionally, there is no empirical evidence, that I have found, of Vietnam veterans getting better from their PTSD because of 9/11. The evidence that is available, from the VA, universities, the CDC, Congressional Research Service, etc is that PTSD is a chronic condition in Vietnam veterans that has not improved since 9/11 due to the terrorist attacks.
As for Junger's comments about only 1% of Israeli soldiers having PTSD, Junger fails to mention the study's authors cautioned that the real number was probably much higher due to the requirement of self-reporting for the study. What nearly all other Israeli studies have shown is that historical PTSD rates for combat soldiers and veterans in Israel have been comparable to those of American combat soldiers and veterans. For example, the IDF Medical chief stated in 2013 that the PTSD rate for Israeli soldiers in the Yom Kippur War in 1973 was 35-40%. Most recently an Israeli army study of soldiers who fought in the Gaza War in 2014 and had been engaged in combat showed a PTSD rate of 70% for those soldiers. Additionally, the notion that Israelis as a whole have a society immune from PTSD doesn't seem to be backed by evidence, as the Israel Center for the Treatment of Psychotrauma reports a civilian PTSD rate higher in Israel than in the USA.
Finally Junger's claim that PTSD wasn't a problem in World War II is absurd. Of the 1.4 million American ground combat troops in World War II, 37% of them were discharged for psychiatric reasons. As far as the number of WW2 veterans with PTSD the answer is unknowable, as the National Center for PTSD Research detailed in 1991:
“The prevalence of PTSD in this group [WW2 veterans] is unknown because no study has used a sample representative of the larger popu¬lation. The estimates of PTSD prevalence, which seem tragically high, have been derived from patient groups or POWs. However, as in Vietnam combat veterans, a signifi¬cant number of older veterans have experienced PTSD. “
The notion that PTSD is a new thing, and not related to combat, but caused by American culture is demonstrably untrue, and is a dangerous idea.
My sources for the above are below, however a simple Google search or a search of NBCI's Pubmed.gov database will provide many, many studies that show the prevalence of PTSD in veterans, the link between combat and PTSD, and the fact that PTSD is not something culturally invented after Vietnam as Junger claims.
One last thing, please take the time to understand the difference between a veteran and a soldier currently on active duty, and the difference between those who have been deployed as opposed to those who have actually seen combat. Very important nuance is lost when those distinctions are not understood.
Update: I wanted to include some information regarding pre-WWII PTSD and the British, as there is an abundance of information and data.
As late as 1934, 50,000 American veterans were still hospitalized for psychiatric conditions in US government hospitals, while the rate of PTSD, then of course known as "shell shock", for the British Army in WWI is estimated by Yale University at 20% (the British government deliberately under-reported the numbers), which is the high end estimation for the current generation of American Afghanistan and Iraq veterans (again there is no explosion in the rate of PTSD among veterans, it's constant). In 1939, 15% of British veterans of WWI were receiving pensions for shell shock or Efforts Syndrome as it was also known, again in line with the current generation of American veterans. Similarly, over the last 18 months, the UK government has drastically increased in its admission of British veterans with PTSD and other psychological troubles. One recent survey of British veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan found nearly 13% admitted that they have committed acts of violence since returning home.
Update 2: Please see the below comments for more information on how Junger's statement that only 10% of Iraq and Afghan veterans have seen combat is false, according to multiple sources, including some Junger cites himself, the actual rate of combat exposure for Iraq and Afghan veterans is higher than any other war of the past 100 years, various studies have found rates between 60 and 80%. Junger provides no source or evidence for his claim that it is only a 10% rate or exposure to combat for Iraq and Afghan war veterans.
Also, in the below comments is information on veterans suicides, including that Junger's own source, a NY Times article he lists, on the link between combat and suicide contradicts him (again). A 2015 review of published studies done for the American Association of Suicidology by the Center for Veterans Studies at the University of Utah found that in 22 published studies reviewed on the connection between combat and suicide: "Across all suicide-related outcomes (i.e., suicide ideation, suicide attempt, and death by suicide), the relation of specific combat exposure with suicide-related out- comes was twice as large (r = .12) as the relation of general deployment across all suicide-related outcomes" and when the one study of the 22 noted to be an outlier (a study Junger cites actually) was excluded: "the difference between the relation of combat-specific experience and general deployment history with suicide- related outcomes was significant". The report goes on to say that being involved in combat increases the likelihood of suicide in veterans by 43%. The reports, again a study of 22 published studies on the relationship between combat and suicide in veterans, also contradicts Junger's claim that the suicides by older veterans are not related to the trauma or horrors of war (p83). "The strength of the relationship between combat exposure and suicide-related outcomes has also been found to strengthen with age (Bryan et al., 2013), suggesting that risk is highest among those who first experienced combat in the more distant past. More recent data further indicate that risk for suicide death increases during service members’ first deployment and remains elevated over time, even after they return from deployment (Schoenbaum et al., 2014). Combat exposure therefore seems to emerge as a risk factor for suicide- related outcomes over time and may remain “in the background” relative to other, more proximal triggers. From a clinical and pre- vention perspective, this suggests that for veterans exposed to combat, especially killing and atrocities, risk for suicide-related outcomes may persist for many years after military service." Of course ask someone who has lived through war and they will tell you that it never goes away. "Only the dead have seen the end of war" as Plato said. Junger's contention about the memories and effects of war diminishing with age is unsourced by him.
Finally, there are several other errors that to need to be addressed, although there is more than I have time to list or anyone cares to read:
One such horrible error that Junger makes is on p88, in implying that many veterans are malingering, that soldiers “no longer have to cite a specific incident – a firefight, a roadside bomb – in order to be eligible for disability compensation. They simply had to claim “a credible fear of being attacked” during deployment.” He then goes on to compare veterans' PTSD claims to welfare fraud.
First, Junger confuses the term soldier and veteran, which he often does in both his book, magazine article and interviews, and which is incredibly misleading and confusing (for example on p83 he confuses the rate of suicide in the US Army with the rate of suicide for veterans. In 2008 the suicide rate in the US Army surpassed that of the civilian population, however Junger claims that this is the veteran suicide rate. I am unsure how he makes such a fundamental error - sort of like confusing college students with college graduates of all ages - but he does. In reality the veteran suicide rate is well above the rate for civilians. For example, by 2006 the suicide rate for veterans of the Iraq and Afghan war was already 2x their civilian peers, within a couple of years it had climbed to 4x that of their civilian peers.)
Secondly, as the information above and below clearly shows many more Afghan and Iraq veterans are experiencing combat and trauma than are filing for PTSD disability. The army of veterans filing for PTSD disability without cause or in much greater numbers than experienced combat or trauma, as Junger is tragically informing America, is a phantom army, it doesn't exist. The reality is that many more Iraq and Afghanistan veterans saw combat (63%) than have filed for PTSD compensation (16%).
Finally, I would urge you to actually look at what the VA requires of veterans to file for disability for PTSD. VA Form 21-0781 (August 2014) STATEMENT IN SUPPORT OF CLAIM FOR SERVICE CONNECTION FOR POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) is a separate and additional form that a veteran must submit with his claim for PTSD. This form requires the veteran to describe a specific incident or incidents for their PTSD disability claim. The veteran, despite what Junger says, is required to include date, location, a description of the incident, unit they belonged to, dates of assignment, medals or citations received because of the incident, and information on any service-members killed or wounded in the incident. This form is in addition to the standard claim information that veterans must provide describing their disability and impairment, which often includes witness statements from friends, families, co-workers, etc. If the veteran is claiming that he has employment restrictions or hardships due to PTSD he/she is required to fill out another form and his/her employer must fill out a form as well. The veteran’s mental health care provider must provide a diagnosis of PTSD and treatment record, plus an up to date evaluation. Then the veteran is interviewed and examined by an unrelated mental health provider and that mental health care provider makes an evaluation. All that information, along with the notes from the veteran’s mental health care provider and any other sources, including the veteran’s service and medical records from his/her time in the military, is then examined by a VA claims examiner. By no means is PTSD disability simply rubber-stamped and handed out as Junger claims, to the discredit of veterans. Again, referring to Junger’s own source, 16% of Afghan and Iraq veterans have requested PTSD disability, but only 8% have received it.
Junger’s comment on p89 about a “recent” investigation by the VA Inspector General regarding PTSD fraud was actually not so recent. It was from 2005 and it examined 92 cases. Unlike what Junger asserts, without evidence, the VA does review PTSD disability ratings as many veterans receive a non-permanent disability rating and ratings can, and many times are, reduced as a veteran gets better through therapy. Additionally, if a veteran does not attend treatment, the VA will reduce the rating accordingly, whether the veteran is at 100% or lower. This is well known among veterans and just does not apply to veterans with PTSD. For example veterans with sleep apnea who do not use their breathing assistance device at night will have their compensation reduced or eliminated. Overall, more than half of veterans have a rating 30% or below, which means they receive less than $500 a month. In 2011, a VA Inspector General audit of the 239,000 veterans receiving 100% disability found that 27,500 (11.5%) of the total were receiving 100% disability without current medical evidence (meaning that they may have once been 100% disabled, but had improved since the original rating). The Veterans Benefit Administration reported that it followed the Inspector General’s recommendation to remedy those ratings and to prevent future occurrences.
Other sections of the book and of Junger’s interviews are equally false. One statement he makes on p116 and then continually states in interviews is the relationship of PTSD and 9/11. Junger claims that after 9/11 that there were no mass shootings in the US for two years; suicide, violent crime and psychiatric problems dropped in New York City; and veterans experienced a drop in their symptoms.
The only evidence Junger provides for these statements is a link to a Mother Jones database on mass shootings in the US. However, the editors at Mother Jones are very upfront that their database is a subjective and selective listing of mass shootings. If you refer to the FBI and the Department of Justice statistics for mass shootings, and other sources, such as that reported by the Congressional Research Service in July 2015, you will see that there were dozens of mass shootings in the US in 2002 and 2003 and that there were more in 2002 and 2003 than in 2000 and 2001. However, if you were to use the data from Mother Jones, which, again, Mother Jones itself states is incomplete, nothing in the Mother Jones analysis suggests any connection to 9/11. Junger is confusing correlation with causation.
Junger’s claims about the other “beneficial” aspects of 9/11 are un-sourced, but easily disproved through Google:
-Two studies in 2009 found no change in the suicide rate in NYC after 9/11, whether an increase or a decrease in the rate.
-The Guardian reported, in 2002, a 200% increase in PTSD among people in Manhattan.
-In 2004 the National Center for PTSD Studies looked at the studies of mental health done after 9/11 for New Yorkers and others. In all twelve studies examined rates of PTSD, depression, anxiety, substance abuse etc went up, significantly, after 9/11. One study noted a “significant increase” in psychiatric prescriptions filled for first-time patients in New York City as opposed to Junger’s claim that this did not happen.
-In that same examination by the National Center for PTSD Studies, two studies were examined concerning veterans. One reported no impact on veteran PTSD by the events of 9/11 and the other reported increased PTSD issues for veterans because of 9/11.
-In 2011 the National Center for PTSD Studies did another review of published studies on PTSD and psychiatric effects. Its review found: “Overall, the reviews of the effects of 9/11 concluded that the burden of PTSD and other mental health problems was substantial in both the short- and long-term and strongly associated with direct exposure to the attacks.”
-The murder rate in NYC did go down after 9/11 relative to the previous month by 11%, and that was widely reported. I have found no evidence of the 40% drop Junger claims. However by the end of the year the rate was back up. I found no mention in any of the sources that the “positive” effects of 9/11 were to do with the drop in that rate. What was mentioned as a cause was the fact the crime rate began dropping in the mid-90s, the National Guard was on the streets of NYC, there was a massive police presence on the streets, people were more vigilant, on-guard and watchful, there were less visitors to the city, etc. So the crime rate in the immediate months after 9/11 did go down in New York City, but no one, except Junger, says it was because of “positive reasons”, but rather it seems because everyone was afraid, more watchful and because there were soldiers and cops everywhere.
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Froggy
4.0 out of 5 stars
Tremendous exposition on Why, but not so much on How to fix itMay 25, 2016
Format: Hardcover|Verified Purchase
As an active PTSD peer counselor and combat veteran, I looked forward to this book after having read his article on PTSD in Vanity Fair. The conclusions that he reached as to the causes and persistence of PTS mirror much of what we see in the men that come to our Fight Club program. As a Board Member of the Mighty Oaks Foundation, I see these issues of PTS as a spiritual injury rather than the result of evolutionary adaptations, but at the end of the day, the issues regarding the deficiencies of modern society and their effect on returning veterans are just what he describes. As much as it pains me to admit it, the devolution of our society along political lines clearly is a massive contributor to the toxic and soulless nature of our world today. The lack of cohesive and sacrificial tendencies (which are in abundance in a combat zone) are damaging to the spirit and returning veterans who have deeply experienced the bonds of brotherhood in combat are easily some of the most vulnerable among us. I contacted Junger about visiting with us at Mighty Oaks after reading his article, but he declined understandably due to his focus on this book. I think he made a mistake because what this book sorely lacks are plausible solutions that can be enacted within the context of society as we are living in it.
While his admonitions regarding societal level changes that could be made to ameliorate these problems not only for vets but for us all are inspiring, they are also unrealistic. The closest he comes is to describe American Indian rituals which are not particularly available to the average suffering veteran. We are seeing dramatic results from our Fight Club program having more than 900 alumni to date with no suicides while treating a particularly high risk segment of the veteran PTSD population. Put simply, we are reestablishing the ethos that kept us alive in combat, seeking out brotherhood amongst each other, taking ownership of our lives and our behaviors, and most importantly giving our lives to Christ. We are airing our faults and triumphs to each other, looking out for each other, and praying for each other. We are rededicating ourselves to our wives and children, contacting long lost war buddies, and we are rejecting the title of victim.
I am deeply grateful that an author with the stature and credibility of Junger decided to approach this issue in a way that most people would never expect, and I will affirm that once the bonds of brotherhood in war are created, living without them can be terrible. The fact is that societal evolution has reached a point that it may actually be better to never engage communally like soldiers do rather than to have engaged only to struggle a lifetime trying to find your way back. Nevertheless, there is hope and healing in Christ and there are ways to restructure our own lives so that we can enjoy our fellowship even in this isolating and contemptible society. We are doing it. Come and see for yourself Sebastian.
[...]
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Format: Hardcover|Verified Purchase
As an active PTSD peer counselor and combat veteran, I looked forward to this book after having read his article on PTSD in Vanity Fair. The conclusions that he reached as to the causes and persistence of PTS mirror much of what we see in the men that come to our Fight Club program. As a Board Member of the Mighty Oaks Foundation, I see these issues of PTS as a spiritual injury rather than the result of evolutionary adaptations, but at the end of the day, the issues regarding the deficiencies of modern society and their effect on returning veterans are just what he describes. As much as it pains me to admit it, the devolution of our society along political lines clearly is a massive contributor to the toxic and soulless nature of our world today. The lack of cohesive and sacrificial tendencies (which are in abundance in a combat zone) are damaging to the spirit and returning veterans who have deeply experienced the bonds of brotherhood in combat are easily some of the most vulnerable among us. I contacted Junger about visiting with us at Mighty Oaks after reading his article, but he declined understandably due to his focus on this book. I think he made a mistake because what this book sorely lacks are plausible solutions that can be enacted within the context of society as we are living in it.
While his admonitions regarding societal level changes that could be made to ameliorate these problems not only for vets but for us all are inspiring, they are also unrealistic. The closest he comes is to describe American Indian rituals which are not particularly available to the average suffering veteran. We are seeing dramatic results from our Fight Club program having more than 900 alumni to date with no suicides while treating a particularly high risk segment of the veteran PTSD population. Put simply, we are reestablishing the ethos that kept us alive in combat, seeking out brotherhood amongst each other, taking ownership of our lives and our behaviors, and most importantly giving our lives to Christ. We are airing our faults and triumphs to each other, looking out for each other, and praying for each other. We are rededicating ourselves to our wives and children, contacting long lost war buddies, and we are rejecting the title of victim.
I am deeply grateful that an author with the stature and credibility of Junger decided to approach this issue in a way that most people would never expect, and I will affirm that once the bonds of brotherhood in war are created, living without them can be terrible. The fact is that societal evolution has reached a point that it may actually be better to never engage communally like soldiers do rather than to have engaged only to struggle a lifetime trying to find your way back. Nevertheless, there is hope and healing in Christ and there are ways to restructure our own lives so that we can enjoy our fellowship even in this isolating and contemptible society. We are doing it. Come and see for yourself Sebastian.
[...]
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