Chinese Asianism, 1894-1945
by Craig A. Smith
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Overview
Chinese Asianism examines Chinese intellectual discussions of East Asian solidarity, analyzing them in connection with Chinese nationalism and Sino–Japanese relations. Beginning with texts written after the first Sino–Japanese War of 1894 and concluding with Wang Jingwei’s failed government in World War II, Craig Smith engages with a period in which the Chinese empire had crumbled and intellectuals were struggling to adapt to imperialism, new and hegemonic forms of government, and radically different epistemes. He considers a wide range of writings that show the depth of the pre-war discourse on Asianism and the influence it had on the rise of nationalism in China.
Asianism was a “call” for Asian unity, Smith finds, but advocates of a united and connected Asia based on racial or civilizational commonalities also utilized the packaging of Asia for their own agendas, to the extent that efforts towards international regionalism spurred the construction of Chinese nationalism. Asianism shaped Chinese ideas of nation and region, often by translating and interpreting Japanese perspectives, and leaving behind a legacy in the concepts and terms that persist in the twenty-first century. As China plays a central role in regional East Asian development, Asianism is once again of great importance today.
Product Details About the Author Table of Contents
Product Details
ISBN-13: 9780674260245
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Publication date: 10/12/2021
Series: Harvard East Asian Monographs , #444
Pages: 320
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Table of Contents
List of Figures xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction 1
Asianism 4
Writing on Japanese Asianism 9
Writing on Chinese Asianism 12
China, Japan, and East Asia 14
Chapter Breakdown 16
1 Lips and Teeth: Uniting with Japan: Enthusiasm and Disdain 21
The Reformers' Strategic Turn toward Japan 23
The Rise of Asianist Institutions in China 25
The Translation of Pro-Japanese News 31
Chinese Voices at the Chinese Progress Promote Alliance with Japan 36
Translating Race, Nation, and Asianism 40
The Complications of Translating Tarui Asianism 44
Conclusion 49
2 Jaw and Jowls: Confucian Asianism in Japan's Chinatowns 52
The Reformers and the Toa Dobunkai 54
The Establishment of the Datong Schools 58
Sino-Japanese Elite Cooperation and the Datong School 64
Yamamoto Ken 66
Xu Qin: The Primary Educator at the Datong School 69
The Datong School and Layers of Identity 72
Conclusion 75
3 Same Script, Same Race 77
Late Nineteenth-Century Chinese Writings on Race 79
Race and Race War 80
Yellow Peril 82
Subverting the Yellow Peril and Taking Pride in Race 84
Tongzhong and Yizhong 86
Anti-Manchu Nationalism and Race 89
Liu Shipei 92
Chen Tianhua, the Beginning of the People's News, and the End of the "Golden Decade" 94
The Revolutionaries Are Introduced to India 98
The Asiatic Humanitarian Brotherhood 102
Conclusion 105
4 Asia for the Asians: Eastern Civilization and the Great War 107
The Eastern Miscellany under Du Yaquan 109
Translators at the Eastern Miscellany 110
The Great War in the Eastern Miscellany 113
Du Yaquan and Civilization 115
Establishing Dichotomies, Defining China and the East 116
Conflict: Race War or Clash of Civilizations 121
Synthesis of East and West 123
Civilizational Leadership and Pan-Americanism 125
Kodera's Greater Asianism: Eastern Civilization under Japan 129
Conclusion 130
5 Toward Datong: Li Dazhao and Cosmopolitan Regionalization 132
New Asianism and New New Asianism 134
Asian Leadership and the Imbrication of Nationalism and Asianism 136
Trotskyist Internationalism 140
Cosmopolitan Criticism of Li's Asianism 144
New Asianism Clarified 147
Conclusion 149
6 The Kingly Way: Sun Yat-sen's Reconceptualization of Asia 150
Returning to Sun Yat-sen's Asianism in Historiography 151
Sun Yat-sen's Early Asianist Inclinations 153
Sun's Asianist Speeches: Strategic Alliance under Japanese Leadership 156
The Guomindang's Push for Asian Cooperation in 1913 161
Contradictions and Continuities: Sun Yat-sen, 1913-1918 164
1924: Is Japan Still Asian? 169
The Mixed Reception Outside of Japan and Issues of Nationalism 175
Conclusion 180
7 The Weak and Small Nations: Organizing Asian Unity in Shanghai and Beijing 183
The Failure of the League of Nations 185
Beijing and Shanghai Intellectuals after the May Thirtieth Movement of 1925 188
Beijing's Asian Nations' Alliance 189
Shanghai's Asiatic Society 192
The Asian Nations Conferences 194
Asia's Response to the League of Nations: The League of Asian Nations 197
The Media Backlash and the Turn to Ruoxiao Nations 199
Conclusion 201
8 The International of Nations: The Guomindang as Asia's Leader 202
The Limits of China and New Asia 203
Ruoxiao Nations: Reunderstanding the Colonial Situation 209
Chinese Paternalism and the Asian Elder Brother 211
On the International of Nations 214
The Guomindang Leading the Ruoxiao Nations 218
Cultural Superiority 221
Differentiating Chinese Asianism from Japanese Monroism 222
Conclusion 225
9 Mutual Glory: Wartime Propaganda and Peace with Japan 227
Historians Climb a Mountain of Sources 228
Legitimacy and Collaboration: Establishing the Reorganized Government 230
The Wang Regime's Use of Asianism and the Kingly Way 235
The New Citizens' Movement and the East Asian League 238
The Propaganda Bureau and Its Publications 242
Conclusion 245
Conclusion 247
China and Japan 248
China as the Center of Neoliberal Asia 249
The Imbrication of Nationalism with Asianism: Wealth and Power 252
Bibliography 255
Index 279
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