Struggling for Legitimacy
Spirit-Writing and Redemptive Societies in Republican China
Series: Religion in Chinese Societies, Volume: 20
Author: Matthias Schumann
The Republican period was a time of radical change in which existing knowledge was questioned in light of newly introduced ideas. It seems puzzling that it was exactly during this period that the Chinese practice of spirit-writing, which had..which had a history of more than a thousand years, experienced a boost in popularity. This book sets out to explain this puzzle. Focusing on the study of two newly founded redemptive societies, the Wushanshe and the Daoyuan, it shows how spirit-writing practitioners legitimized the practice by combining it with ideas and activities drawn from the fields of religion, Confucianism, and philanthropy. These legitimation strategies not only enabled spirit-writing practitioners to gain political acceptance, but also turned them into important actors in the social, cultural, and intellectual history of modern China.
Copyright Year: 2026
E-Book (PDF)
Availability: PublishedISBN: 978-90-04-75209-2
Publication: 12 Jan 2026

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Preliminary Material
Author:
Matthias Schumann
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Author:
Matthias Schumann
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Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 From Divination to Redemption: a Brief History of Chinese Spirit-Writing
Chapter 3 Members, Institutions, and Practices: from Local Spirit-Writing Altar to National Redemptive Society
Chapter 4 Between jiao and zongjiao: Religion as a Site of Appropriation and Resistance
Chapter 5 Reestablishing the Dao: the Confucian Dimension of Spirit-Writing
Chapter 6 Reconfiguring Philanthropy (cishan): Religion, the Red Cross, and New Forms of Philanthropic Activism
Chapter 7 Limits of Legitimacy: Adapting to the Changing Political Context
Chapter 8 General Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
Free access
Preliminary Material
Author:
Matthias Schumann
Download PDF
Author:
Matthias Schumann
Restricted Access
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 From Divination to Redemption: a Brief History of Chinese Spirit-Writing
Chapter 3 Members, Institutions, and Practices: from Local Spirit-Writing Altar to National Redemptive Society
Chapter 4 Between jiao and zongjiao: Religion as a Site of Appropriation and Resistance
Chapter 5 Reestablishing the Dao: the Confucian Dimension of Spirit-Writing
Chapter 6 Reconfiguring Philanthropy (cishan): Religion, the Red Cross, and New Forms of Philanthropic Activism
Chapter 7 Limits of Legitimacy: Adapting to the Changing Political Context
Chapter 8 General Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
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