2026-01-08

Cultures of War: Dower, John W.

Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq : Dower, John W.: Amazon.com.au: Books




Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq Hardcover – 11 November 2011
by John W. Dower (Author)
4.5 4.5 out of 5 stars (39)

Foreword: Should We Talk About the End of Israel?
Part One: The Collapse
1 The Demise of the Peace Orthodoxy
2 Fatal Cracks and the Collapse of Zionism
Part Two: The Way Forward
3 How to Build a New Strategy for the Palestinian National Movement?
4 How to Implement Transitional and Restorative Justice?
5 How to Implement the Right of Return?
6 What Should be the Future of the Jewish Settlements in the West Bank?
7 How to Reconnect Palestine to the Mashreq?
8 How to Redefine the Jewish Collective in the New State?
9 Can We Redefine Politics?
Part Three: Post-Israel Palestine
Preface: Post-Israel Palestine May 2048
Yawmiyat Moni, 2027-2034
After the Wathba, 2040-2048
Epilogue: Touring the New Palestine 2049
Acknowledgements
Select Bibliography
Notes
Index



Over recent decades, John W. Dower, one of America's preeminent historians, has addressed the roots and consequences of war from multiple perspectives. In War Without Mercy (1986), winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award, he described and analyzed the brutality that attended World War II in the Pacific, as seen from both the Japanese and the American sides. Embracing Defeat (1999), winner of numerous honors including the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, dealt with Japan's struggle to start over in a shattered land in the immediate aftermath of the Pacific War, when the defeated country was occupied by the U.S.-led Allied powers.

Turning to an even larger canvas, Dower now examines the cultures of war revealed by four powerful events-Pearl Harbor, Hiroshima, 9-11, and the invasion of Iraq in the name of a war on terror. The list of issues examined and themes explored is wide-ranging: failures of intelligence and imagination, wars of choice and "strategic imbecilities," faith-based secular thinking as well as more overtly holy wars, the targeting of noncombatants, and the almost irresistible logic-and allure-of mass destruction. Dower's new work also sets the U.S. occupations of Japan and Iraq side by side in strikingly original ways.

One of the most important books of this decade, Cultures of War offers comparative insights into individual and institutional behavior and pathologies that transcend "cultures" in the more traditional sense, and that ultimately go beyond war-making alone.
Read less


Report an issue with this product


Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq
Read sample
Follow the author
John W. Dower
John W. DowerJohn W. Dower
Follow
Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq Hardcover – 11 November 2011
by John W. Dower (Author)
4.5 4.5 out of 5 stars   (39)
See all formats and editions
Or $12.04 /payment at 0% (Pay in 4). View 2 plans 
Over recent decades, John W. Dower, one of America's preeminent historians, has addressed the roots and consequences of war from multiple perspectives. In War Without Mercy (1986), winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award, he described and analyzed the brutality that attended World War II in the Pacific, as seen from both the Japanese and the American sides. Embracing Defeat (1999), winner of numerous honors including the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, dealt with Japan's struggle to start over in a shattered land in the immediate aftermath of the Pacific War, when the defeated country was occupied by the U.S.-led Allied powers.

Turning to an even larger canvas, Dower now examines the cultures of war revealed by four powerful events-Pearl Harbor, Hiroshima, 9-11, and the invasion of Iraq in the name of a war on terror. The list of issues examined and themes explored is wide-ranging: failures of intelligence and imagination, wars of choice and "strategic imbecilities," faith-based secular thinking as well as more overtly holy wars, the targeting of noncombatants, and the almost irresistible logic-and allure-of mass destruction. Dower's new work also sets the U.S. occupations of Japan and Iraq side by side in strikingly original ways.

One of the most important books of this decade, Cultures of War offers comparative insights into individual and institutional behavior and pathologies that transcend "cultures" in the more traditional sense, and that ultimately go beyond war-making alone.

Read less
Report an issue with this product
===

From other countries

LEE
5.0 out of 5 stars Rich in Analysis - Shows How Close We May Have Come to Total War
Reviewed in the United States on 16 September 2010
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
If you like history and often find true events stranger than fiction, you'll find Cultures of War entertaining. Some readers will be alarmed because this book is highly critical of the Bush Administration's use of history to prepare the American people for the decision to go to war in Iraq. Author John W. Dower, Harvard PhD and winner of the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, strips out propaganda and presents a viewpoint of what happened and what almost happened in our recent military conflicts.

The book, Cultures of War, juxtaposes Pearl Harbor with 9-11 to amazing effect. Here we get the impression that nothing is new under the sun. We see political leaders playing the same set of cards, populations falling in line as hoped, empires growing and waning - and tragedy. Nothing changes because human nature doesn't change.

For example, the leaders of imperial Japan that launched a surprise attack against the U.S. at Pearl Harbor believed they would emerge at the head of the largest unified territory in the history of the world. They planned an East Asia Cooperative Body that would include much of the Middle East, Australia, India and some of the Soviet Union, with the Yamato race occupying the seat of authority. This type of grand thinking is compared to that of former Vice President Cheney. In an interview with BBC in November 2001, Cheney spoke of targeting "as many as 40 to 50" nations for a range of actions including military force for harboring enemy terrorist cells. In their times, this all seemed somewhat plausible.

Dower explains the tendency toward groupthink that nurses risky military policy. It takes awhile for aggressive new policy ideas to gain traction, but thanks to the influence of the media and the skilled use of propaganda/advertising, almost anything can be made to seem normal. He traces the doctrine of preemptive war to military policy guidelines authored by Paul Wolfowitz in 1992. These guidelines were derided when leaked to the media at the time. However, years later the same guidelines went mainstream in the Bush Doctrine. This was the ideological underpinning used to justify preemptive war even if the threat was not immediate; unilateral withdrawals from international treaties; a policy to spread democracy around the world in order to combat terrorism; and a willingness to use the military to accomplish foreign policy goals.

Cultures of War shows how setbacks and failure sow the seeds of renewal. The rise of Japan as an economic powerhouse after World War II is examined and then compared in some ways to the American response to the quagmire that the Iraq War had become. In 2007 when Americans had reached a tipping point of opinion about the war, General Petraeus was promoted to commanding general to lead all U.S. troops in Iraq. Petraeus announced, "The people are the prize." With this new counterinsurgency strategy - to win the support of the local populations in Iraq by becoming one with them, U.S. fortunes on the battlefield greatly improved in that theater of operations.

There is much more to say about Cultures of War including the use of racist propaganda by all sides, all war belligerents. The analysis on what makes an occupation successful or not alone justifies the price of this book for political and military leaders. I highly recommend Cultures of War.
90 people found this helpful
Report

Oceanre
4.0 out of 5 stars 必見の価値
Reviewed in Japan on 22 April 2015
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
米国の見方は国内の教科書には全く書かれていない視点。これから海外に目を向ける人は読んでいたが良い。邦訳されていないだけに意味がある。
4 people found this helpful
Report
Translate review to English

Alan D. Cranford
4.0 out of 5 stars Needs Work--Suffers from Groupthink!
Reviewed in the United States on 2 July 2015
Verified Purchase
“Cultures of War” is thought-provoking but several items needed work.
I'll never win a Pulitzer by prattling “group-think is no cure for group-think.” John Dower demonstrated group-think with “rocket-propelled grenade launcher” on page 136 and by repeating the notion that the main reason for Truman authorizing the use of nuclear weapons on Japan was to keep the USSR in line.
The “RPG” in RPG-7 translates as “hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher,” not as the common backronym “rocket-propelled grenade.” Want to be really confused? During World War Two the USSR fielded two RPG's, the RPG-40 and RPG-43, and both were hand grenades; back then, “RPG” stood for “hand-held anti-tank grenade.” No rocket, and the launcher was Ivan's strong right arm (horrible thing that a good leftist had to use the strong right!). That's a minor example of group-think; “everybody calls it a rocket-propelled grenade” and “everybody” is wrong, even if it does describe the RPG-2 (fielded in 1949) and RPG-7 (fielded in 1961).
Poor Truman—betrayed by Stalin. Japan was talking peace while the first bombs fell on Oahu. Airfields first, then Battleship Row. Japan was seeking peace all through the war. Trouble for Japan was that Japan attempted to broker a peace through the “neutral” USSR. Stalin was party to both the Cairo (1943) and Potsdam (1945) declarations—and those peace terms were unpalatable to the Japanese government. Peace feelers were extended to the “friendly” USSR before Curtis LeMay launched the firebombing raids that burned out more than 60 Japanese cities. Part of the blame extends back to the Treaty of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918) and fears that the Russian Bear would drop out of World War Two just as it had in the Great War. The simplistic “Unconditional Surrender” formula was group-think. It was the lowest common denominator. Japan was doomed to being occupied. Yet the Japanese strategy of filling American coffins until the infantile USA gave up and accepted Japan's generous peace offers wasn't a total pipe dream. Even with falsified public opinion polls in 1940 and 1941 (courtesy of the BSC) there was a significant pacifist/isolationist element AFTER Pearl Harbor, and war weariness was obvious as early as the fall of 1942 even though “we have yet begun to fight!”
War weariness was a significant if unrecognized factor in the decision to use nuclear weapons on Japan. Poison gas was considered and rejected several times—but was a done deal for invading the home islands because Japanese resistance was expected to be worse than anything to date. Nobody was looking forward to storming the beaches of Honshu. The original air war plans of Air Marshal Giulio Douhet for air war over 1920's Europe included a mixture of 10% high explosives, 30% incendiaries and 60% Lewisite gas—in an effort to avoid repeating the blood-soaked stalemate of the Western Front trenchs. That bloody stalemate was repeated on several Japanese islands including Okinawa, but with greater US firepower on isolated garrisons cut off from all hope of reinforcement and resupply that trench warfare lasted only a matter of weeks instead of years. War weariness is a forgotten factor today—evidence of group-think.
I had other problems with “Cultures of War.” What is a “weapon of mass destruction?” Page 27 states; ' “Weapons of mass destruction” were certainly available in superabundance to the protagonists in World War Two. One need only consider the toll of the war globally—at least sixty million dead—to be reminded that mass slaughter did not require nuclear weapons.' Saddam's air force fled to Iran—mostly--prior to the invasion. Saddam launched multiple ballistic missile attacks during the initial phase of the invasion. A dozen Al Samoud II ballistic missiles were found south of Baiji, Iraq on 21 July 2003. Post-invasion there were THOUSANDS of calls for chemical weapon disposal teams. If none of these were weapons of mass destruction, then Adolf Hitler had no weapons of mass destruction either. Take your pick. Or the anti-Bush faction can admit that they were stupid enough to believe that Saddam was handing out nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles to bin Laden and company.
Iraq had long been designated a “state sponsor of terrorism,” a label that could have been applied with equal justice to the United States. Not all terrorists were al Qaeda! There is also this nasty little fact: blockades are acts of war, whether they're called sanctions or quarantines or boycotts. Unfortunately, too many people in public service have talked themselves into believing that it is war ONLY when the other nation does it.”The fight started when he hit me back!”
I was REALLY bothered when the museum ship CV-11 Intrepid was called a “battleship.” The Intrepid is an Essex-class aircraft carrier! Can't tell a battleship from an aircraft carrier?
On page 119 the lower photo is captioned: “April 9: U. S. marines cover one another with assault weapons as they take over one of Saddam Hussein's palaces in Baghdad.” Say what? “Assault weapons” are civilian toys—unless you are speaking of the Rifleman Assault Weapon (“RAW” packs 2 pounds of high explosive in a five-inch round ball and projects it nearly a mile) or the Shoulder-launched Multi-purpose Assault Weapon Mk153. I see an M16A2 rifle, another M16A2 rifle with a mounted M203 grenade launcher and the butt of the third weapon may be the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon, but I don't see any RAW or SMAW.
Or how about this: at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, one bomb (modified 16 inch naval gun shell) dropped from a Kate torpedo bomber from 10,000 feet altitude in the level bomber role caused more than half of the fatalities during that raid. That bomb detonated one of the magazines aboard the Arizona. It was one of three wonder weapons that the Imperial Japanese Navy for that operation. The midget submarine doesn't get much glory but was used in other operations. The modified torpedo and the converted 16-inch shell were not used elsewhere.
Minor points—but enough to bother me. These points look easy to fix—but then, I haven't published a book. Four stars is perhaps low—but calling the Intrepid a battleship is hard to overlook!
4 people found this helpful
Report

Michael Dellaperute
5.0 out of 5 stars Beyond a compendium of facts
Reviewed in the United States on 25 December 2010
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
Your copy of Cultures is something you may want others to read, yet find difficult to part with. Filled with research, comparison, and commentary, this kind of historical treatise shows war in light of it's existential coinherence with the a human tendency to embrace folly, a tendency especially attractive to the class of the powerful elite, worldwide. In our day it is useful for configuring issues on a daily basis. The author artfully shows our world leaders co-opting elements of past tragedies for use in an assualt upon the short-leashed, value driven nationalistic mindset.
2 people found this helpful
Report

Flamecooler
5.0 out of 5 stars He Succeeds
Reviewed in the United States on 16 August 2012
Verified Purchase
A great historian, according to my understanding, is one who examines ALL primary sources for the topic, understands ALL of them, and then forms conclusions based on ALL of them. To the extent to which John Dower has not lived up to this ideal, the one-star reviews are valid. However, I believe that John Dower is a sufficiently accomplished historian to have lived up to this ideal extremely well and sufficiently well to warrant five stars.

I appreciate the last line in his book. After discussing our culture of groupthink, herd mentality, stovepiping, imbecility, selective loss of memory, etc., he says that constructive change and deep cultures of peace will come, if at all, incrementally; and that is where hope must reside.

Maybe one more increment will happen in my lifetime. We need governors, a president, Congress, and Supreme Court that have the intellectual capacity to absorb this book and lead us in that direction.
3 people found this helpful
Report

richard e whitelock
4.0 out of 5 stars A Pretense To Wage War- Our National Culture
Reviewed in the United States on 22 September 2014
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
The author presents a most intellectually stimulating argument concerning nations that have developed a real culture for war. It should come as no surprise that the US, known earlier as the United Colonies, have had a well defined culture for making war from its very inception. Prior to the Revolutionary War we were decimating entire nations of Indians. And then comes the Revolution in which our independence was won by war. Then the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Civil War simply fed our appetite for war. Then the Spanish American War, WWI and WW II, then come Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan and now ISES. We can't keep our guns in our holsters because we have a culture to wage war predicated on a standing army, a large munitions-industrial complex, and a culture of war that dictates that America must continue waging war. Even Jefferson stated that the tree of democracy needed to be watered by the blood of her patriots. Fight first then try to figure out an end game. Our culture has allowed America to win the war and lose the peace in many cases and fight without a clearly defined outcome.

And finally the atomic bomb was developed to save millions of American lives by keeping us from having to invade Japan during WW II. Truth be known, the Japanese citizens living in Nagasaki and Hiroshima were simply guiena pigs to show what the power the bomb could do to humans. This was to be a warning to Russia not to tread on the US. I doubt we ever would have invaded Japan. Like Germany, they were beaten.

Read this book with an open mind and a great deal of interest. The fact that it may go against your belief and your culture doesn't make it wrong. You decide for yourself. Great reading! REW
5 people found this helpful
Report

William M. Hess
5.0 out of 5 stars Contemporary Events put in Historical Context
Reviewed in the United States on 20 January 2013
Verified Purchase
John Dower has made significant contributions to our understanding of the War in the Pacific and the cultural context in which it ocurred. In Cultures of War, he puts our more recent experiences of 9/11 and the War in Iraq in an historical context that is so often been lacking in our public discussions and understanding of recent events. The book reads well and is a significant in presenting a coherent frame for seeing the United States in at the end of the postwar period.
One person found this helpful
Report

Terence A. Dodge
5.0 out of 5 stars Good listening while driving.
Reviewed in the United States on 1 November 2014
Verified Purchase
Interesting deconstruction of the Bush era propaganda which used WW2 language for marketing ( includes justifications on religious, "moral", historical rationals ) of the Iraq invasion/occupation.

Roots of WW2 and denial by both the Americans and Japanese of what is going to happen ( or as much as anyone could foresee futures ) if country X attacks country Z.

Long drive listening companion, on my third listening. Wealth of history in this work.
2 people found this helpful
Report

Amazon Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars John Dower is still my favorite American Japanese historian
Reviewed in the United States on 12 October 2016
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
This is my third book from professor Dower. And, like the others, it is superbly researched and written. Whether you are a historian or just interested in the history of Japan, and her significance on the greater region and the world, John Dower never disappoints.
One person found this helpful
Report

DUSA
5.0 out of 5 stars Understanding human nature
Reviewed in the United States on 15 October 2013
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
Award-winning historian, John W. Dower offers the best explanation of why humans resort to slaughter instead of reason.
Examining the history of Pearl Habor, Hiroshima/Nagasaki, Sept 11, 2001, and the 2003 war against Iraq, Dower provides history at its best: fact, detail, and cogent analysis. No one does it better.
Report


=
Herb Depke
1.0 out of 5 stars Not a History!
Reviewed in the United States on 24 January 2011
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
I heard/saw the author interviewed on Book TV [CSPAN-2] and thought this book might answer some questions about the whys and wherefores of war. It does not! I was, and remain, opposed to the Iraq War so am not opposed to strong criticism of the Bush Administration. However, I expect some semblance of objectivity from a professional historian. The reader will not find that in this book. I gave up at page 103. The author was producing nothing but highly partisan propaganda. Same theme over and over and over.
17 people found this helpful
Report

Byron K. Marshall
5.0 out of 5 stars First rate
Reviewed in the United States on 26 December 2013
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
Dower is the most knowledgeable and insightful of experts on Japan in WWII. "Embracing Defeat" is another of his works I highly recommend
Report

larry abbott
5.0 out of 5 stars The cultures of war review
Reviewed in the United States on 8 January 2013
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
the writing is excellent, scholarly yet clear; the book makes strong connections among different events; very thorough analysis and development of his argument
Report
==
Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq : Dower, John W ----------------- 1,000 단어 요점+평론 써주세요

한국어 (약 1,000단어) | <요점 + 평론>

<요점: 이 책이 무엇을 하려는가>

John W. Dower의 <Cultures of War>는 “전쟁의 문화”를 민족성 같은 고정된 “문화”로 설명하기보다, 특정 사건이 촉발할 때 반복 출현하는 <정책 엘리트의 사고 습관>, <국가적 자기서사>, <제도적 병리>, <기술·파괴의 유혹>을 비교해 드러내려는 책입니다. 저자는 네 개의 사건—<진주만>, <히로시마>, <9·11>, <이라크 침공>—을 서로 비추는 거울로 삼되, 단순한 “역사적 유추”가 정치적 선동과 집단사고를 낳는 방식 자체를 해부합니다. Los Angeles Review of Books+1

<구성(큰 줄기)>

  • 1부 <“진주만”이라는 코드>: 정보 실패와 상상력 실패, “선택된 전쟁”의 자기정당화, 전쟁을 부르는 언어(무고함/악/자유의 수사), 그리고 진주만과 “이라크 자유작전”을 나란히 두며 정책결정의 집단사고를 본다. archive.org

  • 2부 <1945의 그라운드 제로와 2001의 그라운드 제로>: 대규모 파괴(특히 공중전·도시폭격·원폭)의 논리와 미학, “민간인” 범주의 지워짐, 그리고 “그라운드 제로”라는 상징이 어떻게 재사용되는지 추적한다. archive.org+1

  • 3부 <전쟁과 점령>: <점령기 일본>과 <점령기 이라크>를 비교해 “전쟁에서 이기고 평화에서 지는” 메커니즘(사후통치 계획, 법/정의의 운용, 탈군사화, 시장근본주의와 민영화된 국가재건)을 분석한다. archive.org

<핵심 논지 1: “유추”는 이해의 다리이면서 위험한 정치기술>

9·11 직후 미국의 공론장에서 “새로운 진주만”이라는 프레임이 얼마나 빠르게 굳어졌는지, 그리고 그 프레임이 복잡한 역사(원인·맥락·대안)를 납작하게 만들면서 <도덕적 긴급성>과 <선악 이분법>을 강화해 정책의 선택지를 좁혀 갔는지를 비판합니다. 동시에 저자는 유추 자체를 금지하기보다, <정교한 유추>가 드러내는 제도적 습관(정보기관/군/정치지도부의 상호작용)을 보여주려 합니다. Los Angeles Review of Books

<핵심 논지 2: “정보 실패”와 “상상력 실패”는 반복된다>

진주만에서도 9·11에서도 경고 신호와 단서가 없었던 게 아니라, 조직이 그것을 <묶어 읽지 못하는 방식>으로 작동했다는 점(사후조사, 책임공방, 고정관념)을 대비합니다. “그들이 그런 일을 할 리 없다”라는 편견은 상대를 과소평가하고, 위협을 특정 틀로만 해석하게 만들어 결과적으로 ‘놀람’을 생산합니다. archive.org+1

<핵심 논지 3: “무고함/악/기억상실”의 순환>

국가는 자신을 <피해자-무고한 존재>로 이야기하면서, 상대를 <절대악>으로 도식화하는 경향이 있습니다. 그런데 이 도식은 종종 자신이 행사한 폭력(예: 도시폭격, 민간인 피해, 비밀구금 등)을 주변화하거나 ‘예외’로 처리하는 기억정치를 동반합니다. 저자는 이런 “이전의 폭력에 대한 망각”이 다음 전쟁을 도덕적으로 더 쉽게 만든다고 봅니다. archive.org+1

<핵심 논지 4: 대규모 파괴는 ‘필요’만이 아니라 ‘유혹’이 된다>

2부에서 특히 강력한 대목은, 대규모 파괴가 단지 군사적 수단이 아니라 <기술적·미학적·관료적 추진력>을 얻는 과정입니다. “더 큰 충격”, “더 빠른 종결”, “압도적 우위” 같은 언어가, 도시·민간인에 대한 폭력의 문턱을 낮춥니다. “그라운드 제로”라는 말이 1945와 2001을 묶어버릴 때, 피해의 서사가 다른 피해를 가리기도 합니다. archive.org+1

<핵심 논지 5: 점령 비교(일본 vs 이라크)는 ‘국가재건’ 담론을 해체한다>

저자는 점령기 일본이 흔히 “성공한 점령”으로 신화화되는 방식과, 이라크 점령에서 드러난 계획부재·전문성 배제·국제협력의 거부·민영화된 재건이 초래한 혼돈을 대조합니다. 핵심은 단순히 “의지의 문제”가 아니라, <전쟁을 설계한 집단의 인식틀>이 사후통치(치안, 법, 경제, 사회)를 어떻게 ‘보이지 않게’ 만들었는가입니다. archive.org+1


<평론: 장점, 한계, 읽는 포인트>

<장점 1: 전쟁을 “사건”이 아니라 “사고 양식”으로 본다>

이 책의 미덕은 전쟁을 도덕적 판단의 선언으로 끝내지 않고, 전쟁을 가능케 하는 <언어의 관성>, <제도의 자기보호>, <기술과 파괴의 결합>을 집요하게 추적한다는 데 있습니다. 그래서 독자는 “왜 또 이런 선택이 반복되는가”를 ‘인물 비난’보다 더 깊은 층위에서 보게 됩니다. archive.org

<장점 2: “비교”의 윤리를 스스로 경계한다>

유추가 얼마나 쉽게 선동으로 타락하는지(“새로운 진주만” 프레임) 보여주면서도, 그럼에도 비교가 제공하는 통찰(정보·상상력 실패, 점령의 구조)을 놓치지 않습니다. 이 균형감이 책을 단순한 시사비평이 아니라 장기적으로 남는 분석으로 만듭니다. Los Angeles Review of Books

<장점 3: 한국 독자에게도 익숙한 질문을 던진다>

한국에서도 “국가적 피해/정당성/기억”은 자주 정치화됩니다. 이 책은 특정 국가만 겨냥하기보다, ‘피해의 상징’이 어떻게 <다른 폭력의 가림막>이 될 수 있는지 보여주기 때문에, 동아시아의 기억정치(전쟁기억, 점령기 서사, 민간인 피해) 문제를 사유하는 데도 유용합니다.

<한계 1: 방대한 논점이 때로 ‘무거운 산문’이 된다>

교차비교가 많아 독서 리듬이 느려질 수 있고, 세부가 핵심을 덮는 순간도 있습니다(당대 문서·위원회·보고서의 촘촘한 추적이 장점이면서 동시에 부담). 이런 평가는 동시대 서평에서도 언급됩니다. Los Angeles Times

<한계 2: “미국 중심”의 문제의식은 남는다>

저자의 목표가 미국의 전쟁·점령을 재해석하는 데 크게 놓여 있어, 다른 행위자(이라크 내부의 다층 행위자들, 동맹국들의 상이한 계산, 국제기구의 역할 등)는 상대적으로 덜 입체적일 수 있습니다. 다만 이것은 책의 기획(네 사건을 관통하는 ‘정책문화’ 분석)에서 어느 정도 불가피한 선택이기도 합니다.

<추천 독자 / 읽는 법>

  • <추천>: 전쟁사를 “전투”보다 “정당화·기억·점령·기술”의 문제로 읽고 싶은 독자, 9·11 이후 세계를 단선적 서사에서 꺼내고 싶은 독자.

  • <읽는 법>: 1부(진주만-9·11 유추 비판) → 2부(그라운드 제로/대규모 파괴) → 3부(점령 비교)를 따라가면, “사건”이 아니라 “패턴”이 보입니다.


English (about 1,000 words) | <Key points + review>

<What Dower is doing in this book>

In <Cultures of War>, John W. Dower is not arguing that “culture” in the sense of national character causes wars. He uses four shock events—Pearl Harbor, Hiroshima, 9/11, and the Iraq invasion—to expose recurring <habits of mind> among decision-makers, the <myths nations tell about themselves>, and the <institutional pathologies> that make catastrophic choices feel normal. A major target is the way historical analogy (“a new Pearl Harbor”) can become a political technology: it compresses complexity into a moral script and narrows the range of imaginable responses. Los Angeles Review of Books

<Architecture of the argument>

  • Part I, <“Pearl Harbor” as code>, links “wars of choice,” intelligence failures, failures of imagination, and the moral language of innocence/evil/amnesia, explicitly juxtaposing Pearl Harbor with “Operation Iraqi Freedom.” archive.org

  • Part II, <Ground Zero 1945 and Ground Zero 2001>, tracks the long arc of air war against cities, the erasure of “noncombatant” boundaries, and the seductive logic (and even aesthetics) of mass destruction—while interrogating how “Ground Zero” migrated from 1945 to 2001. archive.org+1

  • Part III, <Wars and occupations>, compares occupied Japan and occupied Iraq to show how states can “win the war and lose the peace,” focusing on planning, law/justice, demilitarization, corruption, market fundamentalism, and the privatization of “nation-building.” archive.org

<Key claim 1: Analogy is both cognitive shortcut and political weapon>

Dower takes seriously the post-9/11 rush to frame the attacks as “our Pearl Harbor.” He argues that this analogy—used bluntly—turns history into a cracked mirror: it encourages a Manichean moral urgency and discourages genealogical questions (“how did we get here?”). Yet he does not ban comparison; he tries to do it responsibly, showing what careful analogy can reveal about bureaucratic dysfunction and elite groupthink. Los Angeles Review of Books

<Key claim 2: “Failure of intelligence” and “failure of imagination” are patterned>

In both 1941 and 2001, the problem is not simply missing information. Institutions fail to connect signals, and stereotypes about the adversary (“they can’t pull this off”) shape what is deemed plausible. The result is a manufactured “unthinkability,” followed by predictable postmortems and blame cycles that often protect the deeper assumptions that made the surprise possible. archive.org+1

<Key claim 3: Innocence, evil, and amnesia reinforce one another>

A striking through-line is how national self-description gravitates toward innocence and victimhood, while “evil” is exported onto the other side. This moral distribution can invite amnesia about one’s own violence—city bombing, civilian death, coercive practices—by recoding them as exceptional, reluctant, or necessary. For Dower, that selective memory is not a footnote: it lubricates the next cycle of righteous war-making. Los Angeles Times+1

<Key claim 4: Mass destruction is not only “instrumental”; it becomes alluring>

Part II is especially sharp on the momentum of technological power. The logic of escalation can be framed as humanitarian (“ending the war faster”) or managerial (“shock,” “morale,” “psychological warfare”), but Dower also emphasizes technocratic momentum and even aesthetic fascination with overwhelming force. The “Ground Zero” motif becomes a way to ask: whose suffering becomes iconic, and whose disappears behind the icon? archive.org+1

<Key claim 5: Japan vs Iraq occupation is a critique of “nation-building” myths>

Dower places the “model occupation” narrative of Japan beside the Iraq occupation’s improvisations and contradictions. His point is less about moral superiority than about <planning, expertise, legitimacy, and institutional vision>. Where postwar governance was treated as secondary—or outsourced and privatized—the peace became harder to win than the war. archive.org+1


<Review: strengths, limits, and why it still matters>

<Strength 1: War as a reproducible mindset>

The book’s lasting value is that it treats war as a set of reproducible cognitive and institutional practices—language, myth, bureaucratic incentives—not just as battlefield events. That shift helps readers see why “strategic blunders” recur even among experienced elites. archive.org

<Strength 2: A self-aware method of comparison>

Many writers use analogy casually; Dower makes analogy itself a topic, showing how it functions in media and state rhetoric while demonstrating how to compare without flattening differences. This methodological honesty is one reason the book has traveled well across disciplines.

<Strength 3: A powerful lens on memory politics>

Even if your main interest is not U.S. history, Dower’s framework clarifies how “victim icons” and “sacred dates” can be mobilized to authorize new violence or to occlude older violence. For readers concerned with East Asian memory conflicts, this is an unusually portable analytic tool.

<Limit 1: Density and pace>

Dower’s evidentiary richness can slow the narrative. A contemporary review notes that the detail sometimes makes the prose feel sluggish, even while the core arguments remain compelling. Los Angeles Times

<Limit 2: Center of gravity remains American>

Because the book interrogates U.S. war-making and its mirrors, other actors can appear more as reflecting surfaces than as fully developed worlds. Readers may want to supplement it with work centered on Iraqi society and politics, or on transnational dynamics of the “war on terror.”

<How to read it>

If you want the shortest path to the “engine,” read Part I (Pearl Harbor/9/11 as code) and then Part III (Japan/Iraq occupations). If you want the moral and symbolic core, dwell on Part II’s “Ground Zero” argument.

원하시면, 이 책을 세진님 프로젝트 맥락(동아시아 기억정치/피해자 서사/점령 비교)으로 끌어와서 <쟁점 8–10개 요약표> 형태로도 재정리해 드릴게요.

==

존 도어(John W. Dower)의 저서 <전쟁의 문화: 진주만, 히로시마, 9-11, 이라크(Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq)>에 대한 요점 정리와 평론입니다. 이 책은 <패배를 껴안다>로 퓰리처상을 수상한 존 도어가 2차 대전(태평양 전쟁)과 21세기의 '테러와의 전쟁'을 비교 역사학적 관점에서 분석한 역작입니다.

요청하신 대로 별표(**) 대신 꺾쇠괄호(< >)를 사용하여 강조하고, 존댓말로 작성하겠습니다.


도서 개요: <전쟁의 문화>

  • 저자: 존 도어 (John W. Dower)

  • 출판 연도: 2010년

  • 핵심 주제: 미국과 일본이라는 두 제국이 전쟁을 일으키고 수행하는 방식에서 나타나는 <전쟁의 문화>와 심리적, 이념적 유사성 비교. 특히 진주만 공습과 9.11 테러, 히로시마 원폭 투하와 이라크 침공을 병치하여 분석합니다.


1. 요점 정리 (Summary)

1) 비교 역사의 틀: 진주만과 9.11, 히로시마와 이라크

도어 교수는 두 가지의 거대한 역사적 사건을 짝지어 분석합니다.

  • 피해의 기억 (진주만 vs 9.11): 두 사건 모두 미국 본토(혹은 영토)에 대한 기습 공격이었으며, 이는 미국인들에게 깊은 트라우마와 <순수한 희생자>라는 의식을 심어주었습니다. 이 '치욕(Infamy)'의 기억은 이후 복수를 위한 무제한적인 전쟁 수행을 정당화하는 도구가 되었습니다.

  • 보복의 방식 (히로시마 vs 이라크): 2차 대전 당시 일본에 대한 미국의 핵무기 사용(전략폭격 포함)과 9.11 이후 이라크에 대한 <충격과 공포(Shock and Awe)> 작전은, 압도적인 물리력으로 적의 심리를 붕괴시키려는 전략적 공통점을 가집니다.

2) 전략적 저능 (Strategic Imbecility)

이 책의 가장 도발적이고 핵심적인 주장은 부시 행정부의 이라크 침공 결정 과정이 1941년 일본 제국이 진주만을 공격하기로 한 결정 과정과 놀라울 정도로 닮았다는 것입니다. 도어는 이를 <전략적 저능>이라고 명명합니다.

  • 장밋빛 환상: 일본 군부는 미국을 공격하면 단기 결전으로 끝날 것이며, 미국이 협상에 응할 것이라는 근거 없는 낙관론을 가졌습니다. 마찬가지로 부시 행정부는 이라크를 침공하면 '해방자'로 환영받고, 손쉽게 민주주의를 이식할 수 있을 것이라는 망상(wishful thinking)에 빠져 있었습니다.

  • 관료적 합리화: 두 경우 모두, 반대 의견은 묵살되었고, 정보는 지도부의 입맛에 맞게 가공되었습니다. 이성적 판단 대신 집단적 사고(Groupthink)가 지배했습니다.

3) 타자화와 비인간화

전쟁의 문화 속에서 적은 철저히 <타자화>됩니다.

  • 자살 공격의 해석: 미국은 일본의 가미카제와 이슬람 테러리스트들의 자살 공격을 모두 <이성적이지 않은 광신도들의 야만적 행위>로 규정했습니다. 그러나 도어는 이러한 행위 역시 그들의 논리 내에서는 고도로 계산된 정치적, 군사적 행위였음을 지적합니다. 적을 '미치광이'로만 치부하면 그들의 진정한 동기를 파악하지 못하게 됩니다.

  • 민간인 희생의 정당화: 2차 대전 당시 미국은 일본의 도시들을 소이탄으로 불태우며 민간인을 대량 살상했고, 이는 히로시마/나가사키로 이어졌습니다. 이라크 전쟁에서도 정밀 타격을 표방했으나 수많은 민간인 사상자가 발생했습니다. 도어는 미국이 '정의로운 전쟁'이라는 명분 아래 민간인 희생을 <부수적 피해(Collateral Damage)>로 축소하며 도덕적 책임을 회피하는 방식을 비판합니다.

4) 전후 처리와 점령의 실패

도어는 1945년 일본 점령의 성공(민주화, 비군사화)이 2003년 이라크 점령에서는 왜 재현되지 못했는지 분석합니다.

  • 일본의 경우, 기존 관료 조직이 살아있었고 천황제를 이용한 통치가 가능했기에 미국의 점령 정책이 하향식으로 전달될 수 있었습니다.

  • 반면 이라크에서는 바트당 해체와 군대 해산 등 기존 사회 구조를 완전히 파괴해버림으로써 치안 공백과 내전을 초래했습니다. 미국 지도부는 역사적 맥락(종파 갈등, 부족 사회 등)에 대한 무지로 인해 '일본 모델'을 이라크에 억지로 끼워 맞추려다 실패했습니다.


2. 평론 (Review)

1) 미국 예외주의에 대한 통렬한 내부 고발

<전쟁의 문화>는 단순한 역사서가 아닙니다. 이 책은 미국의 주류 역사관인 <미국 예외주의(American Exceptionalism)>에 대한 강력한 도전장입니다. 보통 미국 역사에서 2차 대전은 '선한 전쟁(Good War)'으로, 일본 제국은 '악의 축'으로 묘사됩니다. 그러나 도어는 <우리가 그토록 경멸했던 일본 제국의 독단적이고 비합리적인 전쟁 결정 방식이, 60년 뒤 미국의 이라크 침공 결정 과정에서 그대로 반복되었다>고 주장합니다. 이는 미국 독자들에게는 매우 불편하지만, 외면할 수 없는 진실을 마주하게 합니다.

2) 비교사의 힘: 과거는 현재의 거울

존 도어의 학문적 탁월함은 전혀 다른 시공간(1940년대 일본 vs 2000년대 미국)을 연결하는 통찰력에 있습니다. 그는 단순히 표면적인 사건의 나열이 아니라, 전쟁을 기획하고 수행하는 지도부의 <심성(Mentality)>과 <문화(Culture)>를 비교합니다. 특히 <전략적 저능>이라는 개념을 통해, 최고의 엘리트들이 모인 집단(일본 대본영, 미국 백악관/펜타곤)이 어떻게 집단적 최면에 걸려 파국적인 결정을 내리게 되는지를 규명하는 과정은 섬뜩할 정도로 설득력이 있습니다. 이는 단순히 과거의 비판이 아니라, 현재와 미래의 권력 집단에 대한 경고로 읽힙니다.

3) '희생자 의식'의 위험성 경고

이 책의 또 다른 미덕은 <피해자됨(Victimhood)>이 권력에 의해 어떻게 오용되는지를 파헤친 점입니다. '히로시마'와 '그라운드 제로(9.11)'는 숭고한 추모의 공간이지만, 동시에 정치 권력이 외부의 적을 향한 증오를 동원하고 무력을 정당화하는 성지로 활용되기도 합니다. 도어는 우리가 피해의 기억에만 매몰될 때, 가해자로서 저지른 행동(도쿄 대공습, 이라크 민간인 학살 등)에 대해서는 눈을 감게 되는 도덕적 마비 현상을 날카롭게 지적합니다.

4) 한계점과 비판적 시각

물론 이 책에도 비판의 여지는 있습니다.

  • 비교의 과잉: 2차 대전 당시의 전체주의 군국 일본과 민주주의 국가인 미국을 직접 비교하는 것은, 체제의 근본적 차이를 간과하고 지나치게 도식화했다는 비판을 받을 수 있습니다.

  • 정치적 편향성 논란: 부시 행정부에 대한 비판이 매우 강력하기 때문에, 보수적인 독자나 역사학자들에게는 학술서라기보다 정치적 팜플렛에 가깝다는 비판을 받기도 했습니다.

5) 결론: 평화를 위한 성찰

<전쟁의 문화>는 전쟁이 단순히 무기와 전략의 대결이 아니라, 그 사회가 가진 가치관, 공포, 그리고 오만함이 투영된 결과물임을 보여줍니다. 존 도어는 미국이 '진주만'과 '9.11'의 트라우마를 넘어, 자신이 행사하는 힘의 본질을 성찰하지 않는다면, 또 다른 <전략적 저능>을 반복할 것이라고 경고합니다.

이 책은 한국 독자들에게도 시사하는 바가 큽니다. 강대국들의 전쟁 논리에 휘말리기 쉬운 지정학적 위치에 있는 우리에게, 지도자들의 오판과 맹목적인 신념이 국가를 어떻게 파국으로 몰고 가는지, 그리고 전쟁이라는 광기 속에서 이성이 어떻게 마비되는지를 생생하게 보여주는 반면교사의 텍스트라 할 수 있습니다.


Would you like me to focus on a specific chapter, such as the detailed comparison between the "Pearl Harbor planning" and the "Iraq War planning," for further discussion?

No comments: