2026-05-07

폴케 베르나도테 - 위키백과 Folke Bernadotte Count of Wisborg

폴케 베르나도테 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

폴케 베르나도테






위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
폴케 베르나도테
1940년대 중반의 모습
1940년대 중반의 모습
신상정보
출생일1895년 1월 2일
출생지스웨덴 스톡홀름
사망일1948년 9월 17일(53세)
사망지예루살렘

폴케 베르나도테 비스보리 백작(스웨덴어: Folke Bernadotte Count of Wisborg, 1895년 1월 2일 ~ 1948년 9월 17일)은 스웨덴의 귀족, 외교관이다. 제2차 세계대전 당시 협상을 통해 450명의 덴마크 유대인을 포함한 31,000명을 독일 테레자인슈타트(Theresienstadt) 강제 수용소에서 구해냈다. 1945년 나치 친위대의 총수 하인리히 힘러가 베르나도테에게 항복을 제안하였으나 연합군에 의해 거부되었다.

전후 베르나도테는 국제연합 안전보장이사회에 의해 1947년~1948년 아랍-이스라엘 분쟁 중재자로 선임되었다. 1948년 예루살렘에서 임무를 수행하던 와중 시온주의 무장단체 레히에게 암살당했다. 베르나도테의 암살 이후 랠프 번치가 임무를 이어받아 이스라엘과 이집트 간 1949년 휴전 협정을 이끌어냈다.

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Folke Bernadotte

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Folke Bernadotte
Count of Wisborg
Bernadotte in the mid 1940s
Born2 January 1895
Stockholm, Sweden
Died17 September 1948 (aged 53)
Jerusalem
Cause of deathAssassinated by Lehi
Burial
Northern Cemetery, Solna
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1928)​
Issue
  • Count Gustaf Eduard
  • Count Folke
  • Count Fredrik Oscar
  • Count Bertil Oscar
HouseBernadotte
FatherPrince Oscar Bernadotte
MotherEbba Munck af Fulkila
SignatureFolke Bernadotte's signature

Folke Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (Swedish: [fɔ̂l.kɛ̂ bæɳaˈdɔtː]; 2 January 1895 – 17 September 1948) was a Swedish nobleman and diplomat. In World War II, he negotiated the release of about 450 Danish Jews and 30,550 non-Jewish prisoners of many nations from the Nazi German Theresienstadt Ghetto.[a] They were released on 14 April 1945.[4][5] In 1945 he received a German surrender offer from Heinrich Himmler, though the offer was ultimately rejected by the allies.

After the war, Bernadotte was unanimously chosen to be the United Nations Security Council mediator in the Arab–Israeli conflict of 1947–1948. He was assassinated in Jerusalem in 1948 by the Zionist paramilitary group Lehi while pursuing his official duties. Upon his death, Ralph Bunche took up his work at the UN, successfully mediating the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and Egypt.

Early life

Folke Bernadotte was born in Stockholm into the House of Bernadotte, the Swedish royal family. His father, Prince Oscar Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (formerly Prince Oscar of Sweden, Duke of Gotland), was the second son of King Oscar II of Sweden; his mother, Ebba Munck af Fulkila, had been a lady-in-waiting to Victoria of Baden, the wife of Crown Prince Gustaf. Oscar had married Ebba without the consent of the King, and so was forced to renounce his Swedish titles; in 1892, he was granted the titles of Prince Bernadotte and Count of Wisborg by his uncle, Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg.[6][7]

Bernadotte attended school in Stockholm, after which he entered training to become a cavalry officer at the Royal Military Academy. He took the officer's exam in 1915, was commissioned a lieutenant in 1918, and subsequently was promoted to the rank of major.

Bernadotte represented Sweden in 1933 at the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition, and later served as Swedish commissioner general at the New York World's Fair in 1939–40. Bernadotte had long been involved with the Swedish Boy Scouts (Sveriges Scoutförbund), and took over as director of the organization in 1937. At the outbreak of World War II, Bernadotte worked to integrate the scouts into Sweden's defense plan, training them in anti-aircraft work and as medical assistants. Bernadotte was appointed Vice Chairman of the Swedish Red Cross in 1943.[8]

Diplomatic career

World War II

Count Folke Bernadotte (left) talking to Australian prisoners of war in Sweden during a prisoner exchange, 1943

During the autumns of 1943 and 1944, he organized prisoner exchanges which brought home 11,000 prisoners from Germany via Sweden. While Vice-President of the Swedish Red Cross in 1945, Bernadotte attempted to negotiate an armistice between Germany and the Allies. He also led several rescue missions in Germany for the Red Cross. In April 1945, Heinrich Himmler asked Bernadotte to convey a peace proposal to Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Harry S. Truman without the knowledge of Adolf Hitler. The main point of the proposal was that Germany would surrender only to the Western Allies (the United Kingdom and the United States), but would be allowed to continue resisting the Soviet Union. According to Bernadotte, he told Himmler that the proposal had no chance of acceptance, but nevertheless he passed it on to the Swedish government and the Western Allies. It had no lasting effect.[3]: 36–38 [9]: 151–152 

White Buses

Main article: White Buses
A White Bus passes through Odense, Denmark, 17 April 1945.

Upon the initiative of the Norwegian diplomat Niels Christian Ditleff in the final months of the war, Bernadotte acted as the negotiator for a rescue operation transporting interned Norwegians, Danes and other western European inmates from German concentration camps to hospitals in Sweden.

In the spring of 1945, Bernadotte was in Germany when he met Heinrich Himmler, who was briefly appointed commander of an entire German army following the assassination attempt on Hitler the year before. Bernadotte had originally been assigned to retrieve Norwegian and Danish POWs in Germany. He returned on 1 May 1945, the day after Hitler's death. Following an interview, the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet wrote that Bernadotte succeeded in rescuing 15,000 people from German concentration camps, including about 8,000 Danes and Norwegians and 7,000 women of French, Polish, Czech, British, American, Argentinian, and Chinese nationalities. The missions took around two months, and exposed the Swedish Red Cross staff to significant danger, both due to political difficulties and by taking them through areas under Allied bombing.

The mission became known for its buses, painted entirely white except for the Red Cross emblem on the side, so that they would not be mistaken for military targets. In total it included 308 personnel (about 20 medics and the rest volunteer soldiers), 36 hospital buses, 19 trucks, seven passenger cars, seven motorcycles, a tow truck, a field kitchen, and full supplies for the entire trip, including food and gasoline, none of which was permitted to be obtained in Germany. A count of 21,000 people rescued included 8,000 Danes and Norwegians, 5,911 Poles, 2,629 French, 1,615 Jews, and 1,124 Germans.

After Germany's surrender, the White Buses mission continued in May and June and about 10,000 additional liberated prisoners were thus evacuated.

Bernadotte recounted the White Buses mission in his book The End. My Humanitarian Negotiations in Germany in 1945 and Their Political Consequences, published on June 15, 1945 in Swedish.[9]

Postwar controversy

Following the war, some controversies arose regarding Bernadotte's leadership of the White Buses expedition, some personal and some as to the mission itself. One aspect involved a long-standing feud between Bernadotte and Himmler's personal masseur, Felix Kersten, who had played a role in facilitating Bernadotte's access to Himmler,[10][11] but whom Bernadotte resisted crediting after the war.[10]: 46–48  The resulting feud between Bernadotte and Kersten came to public attention through British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper.[3]: 41  In 1953, Trevor-Roper published an article based on an interview and documents originating with Kersten.[12] The article stated that Bernadotte's role in the rescue operations was that of "transport officer, no more". Kersten was quoted as saying that, according to Himmler, Bernadotte was opposed to the rescue of Jews and understood "the necessity of our fight against World Jewry".

Shortly following the publication of his article, Trevor-Roper began to retreat from these charges. At the time of his article, Kersten had just been nominated by the Dutch government for the Nobel Peace Prize for thwarting a Nazi plan to deport the entire Dutch population, based primarily on Kersten's own claims to this effect.[12] A later investigation by Dutch historian Louis de Jong concluded that no such plan had existed, however, and that Kersten's documents were partly fabricated.[b] Following these revelations and others, Trevor-Roper told journalist Barbara Amiel in 1995 that he was no longer certain about the allegations, and that Bernadotte may merely have been following his orders to rescue Danish and Norwegian prisoners.[c] Several other historians have also questioned Kersten's account, concluding that the accusations were based on a forgery or a distortion devised by Kersten.[3]: 43–45 [17]

Some controversy regarding the White Buses trip has also arisen in Scandinavia, particularly regarding the priority given to Scandinavian prisoners.[1][2] Political scientist Sune Persson judged these doubts to be contradicted by the documentary evidence. He concluded, "The accusations against Count Bernadotte ... to the effect that he refused to save Jews from the concentration camps are obvious lies" and listed many prominent eyewitnesses who testified on Bernadotte's behalf, including the World Jewish Congress representative in Stockholm in 1945.[1]: 264 

UN mediator

Folke Bernadotte in 1948
Count Bernadotte street sign in Gaza City, Gaza Strip
Main article: Bernadotte plan

In 1948, Bernadotte played a central but brief role in the expanding Arab-Israeli conflict, a role which culminated in his assassination.

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations passed Resolution 181 for the Partition of Palestine, endorsing an independent Jewish state. Violence immediately broke out between Zionist forces and Palestinian fighters; this first phase of conflict, known as the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, lasted until May 14, 1948, when the Zionist leadership proclaimed the independent State of Israel and Britain began the termination of its 27-year control of Palestine. Arab nations bordering Israel immediately joined the battle on the Palestinian side, marking the commencement of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The United Nations Security Council demanded an immediate cease-fire, and the secretary general appointed Bernadotte as "United Nations Mediator in Palestine."[18]

It was the first official mediation in the UN's history - Bernadotte's assigment was to effect a cease-fire between the Zionist and Arab forces and then seek a peaceful resolution by proposing partition plans.[19] Bernadotte succeeded in achieving an initial truce, which went into effect on June 11 and lasted until July 8.

Achieving a satisfactory resolution to the conflict was significantly more difficult; Bernadotte wrote that "in putting forward any proposal for the solution of the Palestine problem, one must bear in mind the aspirations of the Jews, the political difficulties and differences of opinion of the Arab leaders, the strategic interests of Great Britain, the financial commitment of the United States and the Soviet Union, the outcome of the war, and finally the authority and prestige of the United Nations."[20][21]

Bernadotte's first proposal, which he submitted to the various parties at the end of June 1948, avoided granting statehood to either Israelis or Palestinians; this plan gained no traction.[citation needed] His final report, submitted to the United Nations in September, proposed that the Negev was to become Arab territory and the western Galilee, intended for the Arab state in the partition plan, would be included in the Jewish state.[22] The disposition of the Arab part of Palestine was to be decided by the Arab states in consultation with the Palestinians, with a recommendation of a merger with Transjordan.[22]

Assassination

Prince Oscar Bernadotte's family tomb at the Northern Cemetery in Stockholm where the remains of Folke Bernadotte also are interred

On Friday 17 September 1948, four members of the Zionist paramilitary militant organization Lehi, sometimes referred to in the West as the Stern Gang, dressed in the uniforms of IDF soldiers and attacked Bernadotte's UN convoy as it drove through West Jerusalem, killing him as well as the French officer riding next to him, Colonel André Serot.

Planning and background

The Stern Gang saw Bernadotte as a puppet of the British and the Arabs and therefore a serious threat to the emerging State of Israel.[23]: 239–255  Since a truce was in force, Lehi feared that the Israeli leadership would agree to Bernadotte's peace proposals, which it considered disastrous.[23]: passim [24] The group was unaware the Israeli government had already decided to reject Bernadotte's plan.[3]: 200–201 [25]

The killing was approved by the three-man 'center' of Lehi: Yitzhak Yezernitsky (the future Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Shamir), Nathan Friedmann (also called Natan Yellin-Mor) and Yisrael Eldad (also known as Scheib). A fourth leader, Emmanuel Strassberg (Hanegbi) was also suspected by the Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion of being part of the group that ordered the assassination.[3]: 194 [26][27][28] The assassination was planned by Lehi's Jerusalem operations chief, Yehoshua Zettler.[29]

The attack

 In the Katamon quarter, we were held up by a Jewish Army type jeep placed in a road block and filled with men in Jewish Army uniforms. At the same moment, I saw an armed man coming from this jeep. I took little notice of this because I merely thought it was another checkpoint. However, he put a Tommy gun through the open window on my side of the car, and fired point blank at Count Bernadotte and Colonel Serot. I also heard shots fired from other points, and there was considerable confusion. [...]
 Colonel Serot fell in the seat in back of me, and I saw at once that he was dead. Count Bernadotte bent forward, and I thought at the time he was trying to get cover. I asked him: 'Are you wounded?' He nodded, and fell back. [...]
 When we arrived [at the Hadassah hospital] I carried the Count inside and laid him on the bed [...] I took off the Count's jacket and tore away his shirt and undervest. I saw that he was wounded around the heart and that there was also a considerable quantity of blood on his clothes about it.
 When the doctor arrived, I asked if anything could be done, but he replied that it was too late.

— General Åge Lundström, who was in the UN vehicle[30]

A four-man team, consisting of Yehoshua Cohen, Yitzhak Ben-Moshe (Markovitz), Avraham Steinberg, and Meshulam Makover, ambushed Bernadotte's motorcade in Jerusalem's Katamon neighborhood. The team left a Lehi base in a Jeep and set up a makeshift roadblock at Ben Zion Guini Square, off Hapalmach Street, and waited in the jeep. When Bernadotte's motorcade approached, Cohen, Ben-Moshe, and Steinberg got out and approached it, while Makover, the driver, remained in the jeep. Captain Moshe Hillman, the motorcade's Israeli liaison officer, who was sitting in the leading UN vehicle, called out in Hebrew to let them through, but was ignored.

Cohen came up to Bernadotte's sedan and fired through an open window, pumping six shots into Bernadotte's chest, throat and arms and 18 into Colonel André Serot who was seated to his left, killing both.[5] Serot had swapped places in the motorcade to join Bernadotte - they had become friends after Bernadotte was instrumental in saving Serot's wife's life in a German concentration camp.[5] Ben-Moshe and Steinberg shot at the tires of the UN vehicles, while Cohen finished the magazine by firing at the radiator. The driver of the sedan, Colonel Frank M. Begley, got out and tried to grapple with Cohen as he fired his last shots, but was burned in the face by the gun flashes. Ben-Moshe and Steinberg then rushed back and mounted the jeep, which quickly accelerated down a side road, while Cohen ran away from the scene across a roadside field.[29][31][32][33]

All four members of the hit team made it to the religious community of Shaarei Pina, where they hid with local Haredi sympathizers. After a few days in hiding, they fled to Tel Aviv in the back of a furniture truck.[34]

Following the shooting, Bernadotte's car sped to Hadassah Mount Scopus Hospital, despite damage to the radiator; the lead vehicle followed as its tires came apart. At the hospital, Bernadotte was pronounced dead. His body was moved to the YMCA, after which it was taken to Haifa and flown back to Sweden. Bernadotte was granted a state funeral, Abba Eban attended on behalf of Israel. Bernadotte was survived by a widow and two sons, a 12-year-old and a 17-year-old. He was buried in Prince Oscar Bernadotte's family tomb at the Northern Cemetery in Stockholm.[35]

Investigation

The Israel Police, along with the military police and security services, investigated the assassination, but failed to identify any of the participants in the assassination, and the case was eventually closed without any of the participants having been identified. It has been suggested that the reasons for the failure of the investigation were poor coordination between these bodies, which resulted in information that may have assisted the police not being turned over to them, and the lack of proficiency among police officers and investigators in the early days of the Israel Police.[36] The murder case was identified as 148/48 in Israeli police records.[37]

Natan Yellin-Mor (center) and Matityahu Shmueliwitz in front of the Acre prison, after their release in 1949

Lehi leaders initially denied responsibility for the attack.[38] Only later did Lehi take responsibility for the killings in the name of Hazit Hamoledet (the Homeland Front), a name they copied from a war-time Bulgarian resistance group.[d][23]: 252–253 

In the wake of universal condemnation of the killing, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion moved to shut down Zionist paramilitary groups like the Lehi and the Irgun permanently.[40] These groups were publicly discredited and disavowed, their members were forcibly disarmed, and many were arrested.

Yellin-Mor and another Lehi member, Mattityahu Shmulevitz, were charged with belonging to a terrorist organization. They were found guilty but immediately released and pardoned. Yellin-Mor had meanwhile been elected to the first Knesset.[23]: 261–270  Betty Knut-Lazarus, a Lehi militant, and the granddaughter of composer Alexander Scriabin, was also imprisoned for being allegedly involved in the killing, before being subsequently released.[41]

Years later, Cohen's role was uncovered by David Ben-Gurion's biographer Michael Bar Zohar, while Cohen was working as Ben-Gurion's personal bodyguard. The first public admission of Lehi's role in the killing was made on the anniversary of the assassination in 1977.[42] The statute of limitations for the murder had expired in 1971.[27][3]: 193  In 1988, two years after Cohen's death, Zettler and Makover publicly confessed their role in the assassination and confirmed that Cohen had killed Bernadotte.[37] In the late 1960s, Israeli journalist Baruch Nadel published a book in which he also claimed to have taken part in planning the murder.[43]

The weapon which was used in the assassination (an MP 40, serial number 2581)[37] was lost, and was only found again in 2018 during an inventory check in the Heritage House of the Israel Police [he], when an unidentified box was found to contain an MP 40 machine pistol and the curator, Shlomi Shitrit, decided to identify the history of the weapon. Prior to finding it, it was believed to have been destroyed.[37]

Aftermath

Folke Bernadotte's funeral: From left: Sir Alexander Cadogan, Ernest Bevin, George Marshall, William Lyon Mackenzie King

The day after the murders, by means of Security Council Resolution 57, the United Nations Security Council condemned the killing of Bernadotte as "a cowardly act which appears to have been committed by a criminal group of terrorists in Jerusalem while the United Nations representative was fulfilling his peace-seeking mission in the Holy Land."[44]

The Swedish government believed that Bernadotte had been assassinated by Israeli government agents.[3]: 224  They publicly attacked the inadequacy of the Israeli investigation, and campaigned unsuccessfully to delay Israel's admission to the United Nations.[3]: 238  In 1950, Sweden recognized Israel, but relations remained frosty despite Israeli attempts to mollify Sweden, such as through the planting of a Bernadotte Forest by the Jewish National Fund in Israel.[3]: 241  At a ceremony in Tel Aviv in May 1995, attended by the Swedish deputy prime minister, Israeli Foreign Minister and Labor Party member Shimon Peres issued a "condemnation of terror, thanks for the rescue of the Jews and regret that Bernadotte was murdered in a terrorist way", adding that "We hope this ceremony will help in healing the wound."[45][46][47]

Ralph Bunche, Bernadotte's American deputy, succeeded him as UN mediator. Bunche was successful in bringing about the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements, for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize.

Awards and memorials

In 1998, Bernadotte was posthumously awarded one of the first three Dag Hammarskjöld Medals, given to UN peacekeepers who are killed in the line of duty.[48]

Folke Bernadotte Memorial in Uppsala, Sweden

The university library at Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, Minnesota, US is named after him.[49][50]

Count Benadotte Road, South Remal, Gaza is named after him.

The Yad Vashem Holocaust museum in Jerusalem features one of the "white buses" of Bernadotte's mission to Nazi Germany, which it recognises as rescuing 25,000 prisoners including several thousand Jews.[51][52] However, Yad Vashem did not award him the "Righteous Among the Nations" title.[53]

Wife and children

In 1928 in Pleasantville, New York,[54] Folke Bernadotte married Estelle Romaine Manville (1904–1984), whose family had founded part of the Johns-Manville Corporation. They had four sons, two of whom died in childhood.

  • Count Gustaf Eduard Bernadotte of Wisborg (1930–1936)
  • Count Folke Bernadotte of Wisborg (born 1931), married Christine Glahns
  • Count Fredrik Oscar Bernadotte of Wisborg (1934–1944)
  • Count Bertil Oscar Bernadotte of Wisborg (born 1935) married Rose-Marie Heering (1942–1967) and Jill Georgina Rhodes-Maddox

Seven grandchildren were all born after Folke Bernadotte's death. His widow Estelle Bernadotte remarried in 1973.

In September 2008, it became official that before his marriage Bernadotte had a daughter with actress Lillie Ericson-Udde [sv] (1892–1981):[55]

  • Jeanne Birgitta Sofia Kristina Matthiessen, née Ericson (1921–1991), who was adopted by Carl G. W. Matthiessen (1886–1951) when he married Lillie Ericson in 1925.

Books

  • Bernadotte, Folke (1945). The Curtain Falls. Translated by Count Eric Lewenhaupt. New York: A. A. Knopf. LCCN 45008956. (Swedish title: Slutet.)
  • Bernadotte, Folke (1948). Instead of arms: autobiographical notes. Stockholm; New York: Bonniers. ISBN 978-1-125-28453-7.
  • Bernadotte, Folke (1947). Människor jag mött [People I Met] (in Swedish). Stockholm: A. Bonniers.
  • Bernadotte, Folke (1976) [1951]. To Jerusalem. Translated by Joan Bulman. Westport, Connecticut: Hyperion Press.

See also

References

Notes

  1.  The precise number is not officially recorded. A count of the first 21,000 included 8,000 Danes and Norwegians, 5,911 Poles, 2,629 French, 1,615 stateless Jews and 1,124 Germans. The total number of Jews was 6,500 to 11,000 depending on definitions.[1][2][3]: 37 
  2.  The original results were published by de Jong in 1972 and republished in a German translation in 1974.[13]
  3.  In 1956, for the introduction of Kersten's Memoirs (1956), Trevor-Roper wrote "It is important to note that although Bernadotte seems to have been understood by Himmler as using the language of anti-Semitism—which may have been a tactical necessity—there is no reason to suppose that his motive in refusing to take the Jews was anti-Semitic. Indeed the evidence points in the other direction, for Bernadotte also refused to take French and Polish prisoners. It seems that he genuinely misunderstood his instructions, thinking that he was only authorized to take Scandinavians. The fact that he could so misunderstand, and be so overruled, is evidence of the subordinate position which he occupied in these negotiations."[14]: 16  The introduction was reprinted with minor changes in a 1957 Commentary magazine article.[15] In 1995, Trevor-Roper clarified this earlier statement, quoted in a Barbara Amiel review of Kati Marton's book as saying, "I am not certain that Bernadotte refused to take Jews. I have some reservations about the documentation here. If he did, it may well have been that he simply had no instructions except in respect of Norwegians and Danes."[16] Trevor-Roper earlier had made similar concessions.[3]: 262 
  4.  The text of the announcement was reprinted in 1988.[39]

Citations

  1.  Persson, Sune (2000). "Folke Bernadotte and the White Buses". Journal of Holocaust Education. 9 (2): 237–268. doi:10.1080/17504902.2000.11087111. ISSN 1359-1371.
  2.  David Cesarani; Paul A. Levine, eds. (2002). Bystanders to the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation. Routledge. ISBN 9780714682433.
  3.  Ilan, Amitzur (1989). Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc. ISBN 0-312-03259-5.
  4.  Fox, Frank. "A Jew talks to Himmler". Archived from the original on 2011-03-21.
  5.  Macintyre, Donald (2008-09-18). "Israel's forgotten hero: The assassination of Count Bernadotte–and the death of peace". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  6.  Government, Luxembourg (April 2, 1892). "English: Letters patent issued by Grand Duke Adolph of Luxembourg re: titles of nobility for his nephew Prince Oscar Bernadotte & familyPlace: National Archives, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg" – via Wikimedia Commons.
  7.  Documentation by Government of Luxembourg 1892-04-02
  8.  "Folke Bernadotte Biography". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
  9.  Bernadotte, Folke (1945). The Curtain Falls: Last Days of the Third Reich. Translated by Count Eric Lewenhaupt (First American ed.). New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  10.  Palmer, Raymond (1994). "Felix Kersten and Count Bernadotte: A Question of Rescue". Journal of Contemporary History. 29 (1): 39–51. doi:10.1177/002200949402900102.
  11.  Bauer, Yehuda (1994). Jews for Sale? Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945. Yale University Press. pp. 241–149. ISBN 0-300-05913-2.
  12.  Trevor-Roper, H. R. (February 1953). "Kersten, Himmler and Count Bernadotte". The Atlantic. Vol. 7. pp. 43–45. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  13.  Wilhelm, Hans-Heinrich; de Jong, Louis (1974). "Zwei Legenden aus dem dritten Reich : quellenkritische Studien" [Two legends from the Third Reich: source-critical studies]. Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 28. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag: 79–142. doi:10.1524/9783486703573. ISBN 978-3-486-70357-3.
  14.  Kersten, Felix; Trevor-Roper, H. R. (1956). "Introduction". The Kersten Memoirs 1940–1945. Translated by Constantine Fitzgibbon; James Oliver (English ed.). Hutchinson. pp. 9–21.
  15.  Trevor-Roper, H. R. (April 1957). "The Strange Case of Himmler's Doctor". Commentary. Vol. 23. pp. 356–364.
  16.  Amiel, Barbara (Summer 1995). "A Death in Jerusalem (book review)". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20.
  17.  Fleming, Gerald (1978). "Die Herkunft des 'Bernadotte-Briefs' an Himmler vom 10. März 1945" (PDF). Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 26 (4): 571–600. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  18.  UNGA@unispal, Resolution 186 (S-2). Appointment and terms of reference of a United Nations Mediator in Palestine Archived 2011-01-03 at the Wayback Machine (doc.nr. A/RES/186 (S-2)), 14 May 1948
  19.  Gordis, Daniel, Israel: A Concise History of a Nation Reborn, Harper Collins, New York, 2016, pp. 176-178
  20.  Diary of Folke Bernadotte, To Jerusalem, Hodder & Stoughton, 1951, pp. 114–115
  21.  Sachar, Howard M. (1998). "Chapter 1: The Pangs of Withdrawal". Israel and Europe: An Appraisal in History. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-45434-2.
  22.  Folke Bernadotte, Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator on Palestine, United Nations General Assembly, Supplement 11 (A/648), September 1948, page 18.
  23.  Heller, Joseph (1995). The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror 1940–1949. Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-4106-5.
  24.  Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. Political Assassinations by Jews. SUNY Press 1993 ISBN 978-0-7914-1165-0, pp. 267–274.
  25.  Shamir, loc. cit., p. 241.
  26.  J. Bowyer Bell, Assassination in International Politics, International Studies Quarterly, vol 16, March 1972, 59–82.
  27.  Haberman, Clyde (February 22, 1995). "Terrorism Can Be Just Another Point of View". Books of the Times. New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-28. Mr. Shamir, nearly 80, still speaks elliptically about the Bernadotte assassination. Years later, when Ben-Gurion moved to a kibbutz in the Negev desert, Sdeh Bokker, one of his closest friends there was Yehoshua Cohen, who had been one of the assassins. Review of Kati Marton's biography.
  28.  Cowell, Alan. "The Middle East Talks: Reporter's Notebook; Syria Offers Old Photo to Fill an Empty Chair".
  29.  Kifner, John (12 September 1988). "2 Recount '48 Killing in Israel". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  30.  "General Lundstrom Gives Eyewitness Account of Bernadotte's Death, PAL/298" (Press release). United Nations Department of Public Information. 18 September 1948. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22.
  31.  Rubinstein, Danny (September 29, 2006). "A Murder Waiting to Happen [book review of Nesikh yerushalayim by Ofer Regev]". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  32.  Bell, J. Bowyer (1976). Terror out of Zion. Avon Books. pp. 338–339. ISBN 0-380-39396-4.
  33.  Bar Am, Aviva (January 25, 2010). "Katamon – Independence Day miracle". The Jerusalem Post.
  34.  "The Assassination of Count Bernadotte". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
  35.  Arhammar, Anders (October 7, 2016). "Bernadottegraven". Norra begravningsplatsen.
  36.  "ההתנקשות הפוליטית הראשונה בישראל – מתווך האו"ם, הרוזן ברנדוט | Israel Defense". www.israeldefense.co.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2019-06-11.
  37.  "תיק סגור: כלי הנשק שנמצא וחשף סוד עתיק של מדינת ישראל" (PDF). www.makorrishon.co.il. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  38.  "Jews launch great manhunt". Spokane Daily Chronicle. 1945-09-18. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  39.  Stanger, Cary David (1988). "A haunting legacy: The assassination of Count Bernadotte". The Middle East Journal. 42 (2). Middle East Institute: 260–272. JSTOR 4327737.
  40.  Gordis, Israel: A Concise History, p. 189
  41.  Lazaris, V. (2000). Три женщины. Tel Aviv: Lado, pp. 363–368
  42.  Yair Amikam, Yediot Aharonot, 28 February 1977: interview with Yehoshua Zetler and Yisrael Eldad. English translation in Journal of Palestine Studies, vol 6, no. 4 (1977) 145–147.
  43.  "Falscher Brief". Der Spiegel (in German). 1970-09-27. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
  44.  "57 (1948). Resolution of 18 September 1948". United Nations Security Council. Archived from the original on 18 January 2009.
  45.  "Israel belatedly condemns U.N. negotiator's murder". Reuters News. 15 May 1995.
  46.  "Israel tries to ease tensions with Sweden". Reuters News. 15 May 1995.
  47.  "Peres apologizes for assassination of Bernadotte". Jerusalem Post. 15 May 1995. p. 1.
  48.  The First Dag Hammarskjöld Medals: Biographical Notes.
  49.  Beyer, Max (2011-11-11). "Gustie of the Week: King Gustav II Adolf". The Gustavian Weekly. Retrieved 2025-09-09.
  50.  "Library". Gustavus Adolphus College. Archived from the original on 2025-09-09. Retrieved 2025-09-09.
  51.  Yad Vashem. "Yad Yashem map". Retrieved 21 February 2025.
  52.  Yad Vashem. "Bernadotte, Folke". Retrieved 21 February 2025.
  53.  "Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem by 1 January 2022" (PDF). www.yadvashem.org.
  54.  "Count today weds Estelle Manville: Union of Count Bernadotte and American to be first nupitals of Royalty on our soil". The New York Times. 1 December 1928. p. 12.
  55.  "Bernadotte's unknown daughter" Fokus, 12 September 2008.

General sources

Further reading

  • Ben-Dror, Elad (2015). Ralph Bunche and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Mediation and the UN 1947–1949, Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-78988-3.
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1] 폴케 베르나도테의 암살자들의 동기는 무엇이었나요? 
2] 그들이 이스라엘에서 벌을받지않고 살아가게된 경유를 설명해주세요. 
3] 그들은 삶의 후단기에도 암살에 대한 후회는없었나요? 
4] 그들의 자손들은 그 암살 사건에 대해 어떻게 생각하는가알려젔나요?

====

세진님, 요청하신 폴케 베르나도테 암살 사건과 관련된 암살자들의 동기 및 후속 상황에 대해 정리해 드립니다.

1. 암살자들의 동기

암살을 주도한 시온주의 준군사 조직 레히<Lehi, 일명 스턴 갱>가 베르나도테를 살해한 주요 동기는 다음과 같다.

  • 정치적 위협 간주: 레히는 베르나도테를 영국과 아랍의 꼭두각시로 보았으며, 그의 평화 제안이 신생 이스라엘 국가에 치명적인 위협이 된다고 판단했다.

  • 영토 손실 우려: 베르나도테의 제안에는 네게브 지역을 아랍 영토로 배정하는 내용이 포함되어 있었다. 레히는 당시 휴전 상태에서 이스라엘 지도부가 이 제안을 수용할 것을 우려했다.

  • 독립 방해: 그들은 그를 이스라엘의 독립과 영토 보전을 가로막는 장애물로 여겼다.

2. 처벌을 받지 않고 살아가게 된 경위

암살자들은 이스라엘 정부의 부실한 수사와 정치적 사면을 통해 실질적인 처벌을 면했다.

  • 수사 실패: 이스라엘 경찰과 군부, 보안 부서 간의 공조 부족과 수사 역량 미달로 인해 당시에는 범인들을 식별하는 데 실패하여 사건이 종결되었다.

  • 정치적 사면: 레히의 지도자였던 나탄 옐린모르 등은 테러 조직 가담 혐의로 유죄 판결을 받았으나, 즉시 사면되어 석방되었다. 옐린모르는 이후 국회의원으로 선출되기도 했다.

  • 공소시효 만료: 살인 사건에 대한 공소시효가 1971년에 만료되면서 법적 처벌이 불가능해졌다.

3. 삶의 후반기 암살에 대한 태도

암살에 직접 참여했던 인물들은 훗날 공개적으로 자신의 행위를 인정했으나, 후회하는 모습은 보이지 않았다.

  • 공개적 자백: 1988년, 암살범 중 한 명인 여호수아 코헨이 사망한 지 2년 후, 작전 책임자였던 여호수아 제틀러와 운전사 메슐람 마코버는 자신들의 역할을 공개적으로 고백하며 코헨이 베르나도테를 살해했음을 확인했다.

  • 당당한 태도: 1977년 레히 측의 첫 공개 인정 당시에도 그들은 자신들의 행위를 테러가 아닌 정치적 결단으로 묘사하는 등 반성보다는 당위성을 주장하는 태도를 보였다.

4. 자손들의 반응

제공된 자료에는 암살자들의 자손들이 이 사건에 대해 구체적으로 어떻게 생각하는지에 대한 직접적인 기록은 포함되어 있지 않다 .

다만, 암살자 중 한 명인 여호수아 코헨이 이스라엘 건국 영웅인 다비드 벤구리온의 개인 경호원으로 일하며 그와 매우 가까운 친구 사이였다는 점은 당시 이스라엘 사회 내부에서 이들이 받은 대우를 시사한다.

세진님, 중동의 복잡한 역사적 맥락에서 이 사건이 갖는 의미에 대해 더 궁금한 점이 있으신가요?


===

<짧게 말하면: 정치적 암살이었고, 처벌은 사실상 실패했으며, 공개적 후회도 거의 확인되지 않습니다.>

1] <동기>
암살자는 레히, 즉 스턴 갱 계열이었습니다. 그들은 베르나도테를 “영국과 아랍의 앞잡이”이자 신생 이스라엘에 대한 위협으로 보았습니다. 특히 그의 안이 네게브를 아랍 영토로, 예루살렘을 국제관리 또는 아랍 측에 가까운 방식으로 두며, 팔레스타인 난민 귀환권을 인정했기 때문에 레히에게는 치명적 위협이었습니다.

2] <왜 벌받지 않았나>
직접 암살팀은 예호슈아 코헨 등이었고, 레히 지도부에는 훗날 총리가 되는 이츠하크 샤미르도 포함되었습니다. 수사는 있었지만 참가자를 공식 특정하지 못했고, 사건은 종결되었습니다. 이유로는 초기 이스라엘 경찰·군·정보기관 사이의 조정 실패, 국가 수립 직후의 혼란, 레히 출신들을 완전히 적으로 돌리기 어려운 정치적 사정이 작용했습니다. 일부 레히 인사는 “테러 조직 가입”으로 유죄가 되었지만 즉시 석방·사면되었고, 직접 살인 혐의로 처벌된 사람은 없었습니다.

3] <후회했나>
확인되는 자료로는 깊은 참회가 있었다고 보기 어렵습니다. 1977년에 레히의 역할이 공개적으로 인정되었고, 1988년에 제틀러와 마코버가 자신들의 역할을 고백했지만, 이는 “참회”라기보다 역사적 사실의 인정에 가까웠습니다. 코헨은 벤구리온의 경호원으로 살았고 1986년에 죽었습니다. 샤미르는 말년에 이 문제를 우회적으로만 언급했습니다.

4] <자손들의 입장>
암살자들의 자손이 공개적으로 이 사건을 어떻게 평가했는지는 널리 알려진 확실한 자료가 거의 없습니다. 반면 베르나도테의 가족과 스웨덴 쪽에서는 이 사건을 오래도록 미해결의 상처로 보았고, 스웨덴은 한동안 이스라엘의 UN 가입 지연까지 시도했습니다. 이스라엘은 1995년에야 시몬 페레스가 “테러 방식으로 살해된 데 대한 유감”을 공개 표명했습니다.

핵심은 이것입니다. 레히에게 베르나도테는 단순한 외교관이 아니라, <영토 확장·난민 귀환 저지·예루살렘 장악>이라는 목표를 방해하는 국제적 권위였습니다. 그래서 그들은 그를 “평화 중재자”가 아니라 “국가 건설의 장애물”로 보았습니다.

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