A Survey of North Korean Studies in South Korea: Current Status and Prescriptions for Establishment as an Independent Discipline

A Survey of North Korean Studies in South Korea: Current Status and Prescriptions for Establishment as an Independent Discipline



A Survey of North Korean Studies in South Korea: Current Status and Prescriptions for Establishment as an Independent Discipline
2011
Author(s): Kim, Yongsoon KIM
Lee, Eun Kook LEE
Song, Haekyung

A Sketch of North Korean Studies in South Korea

Ⅰ. Introduction

Ⅱ. Development of North Korean Studies

Ⅲ. North Korean Studies as a Multidisciplinary Field

Ⅳ. The Identity of North Korean Studies as an Academic Discipline

Ⅴ. Conclusion: Perspectives on Consolidation of Identity

References

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A Survey of North Korean Studies in South Korea: Current Status and

Prescriptions for Establishment as an Independent Discipline

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Kim, Yongsoon KIM

Lee, Eun Kook LEE Song, Haekyung

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Peer reviewed

Review Essay

A Sketch of North Korean Studies in South Korea:

The Current Status and the Prescriptions to Establish Its Identity as an Independent Discipline*

                             Yongsoon Kim Eun Kook LeeHaekyung Song

                                                   Yonsei University Seoul National University

As part of an effort to redefine the identity of North Korean studies, this study analyzes research trends in Masterss and Doctoral dissertations published in South Korea prior to 2008. The analysis verifies its multidisciplinary characteristics as an area studies, diversity of research areas and subjects, and quantitative and qualitative development; as such, effective management of the related department and systematic activities of relevant scholarly societies provide a new opportunity for systematically improving the quality of North Korean studies. Establishing roots as an independent discipline and establishing its identity requires advancements in three aspects: vitalization and expansion of support for North Korean studies at the government level, long-term support for systematic management of the related curriculum at the university level, and revitalization of the research on more various areas by the academic needs at the academic level. Most importantly, efforts to reduce perception gaps in identity among scholars are vital.

Key words: North Korean studies, identity, area studies, multidisciplinary approach, interdisciplinary

research

I. Introduction

Studies on North Korea have been more sensitively influenced by the political and ideological relationship between South and North Korea than any other study. This area remained a minor area of academic interest until the end of the 1980s; consequently, it was treated distantly by the general social sciencess main interests and has yet to emerge from its backwardness in terms of research quality. The

* This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government [KRF2008-321-B00010].

** First author: Yongsoon Kim , Corresoponding author: Eun Kook Lee

collapse of socialist states in Eastern Europe starting in the late 1980s raised numerous academic debates on the framework for studies on North Korea, including insiderssversus outsiderssapproaches and idiosyncrasy versus generality of the North Korean system. Such debates have served as the momentum to move one step up in quantitative and qualitative levels.

Until the mid-1960s, North Korean studies remained at the preliminary level of journalism or policyexpository level; they began to establish a more appropriate base of academic support only later. The creation of the National Unification Board in 1969 was the starting point for stimulating academic and political interests in studies on North Korea. The end of the Cold War to a certain degree relaxed ideological restrictions that had limited scholarssacademic freedom, thereby giving scholars a chance to carry out full-scale research on North Korean issues that had previously been taboo in South Korea (Chs oe 2003, 11).

Research on North Korea did not begin because of an interest in specific areas of human life like the traditional disciplines (e.g., politics, sociology, economics, law), but rather due to political interests and needs in North Korea related to the divided peninsula. As a result, studies on North Korea in South Koreamunlike most area studiesmhave the general characteristics of area studies as well as tmusttheoreticuones or toughtnessudue to the distinct tstudies on a part of own-nationu(Kang 1999, 13). Thus, studies on North Korea have a much shorter history and involve fewer researchers than other academic fields. However, considering the countryss growth during the past 20 years, it is timely at this point to deliberate carefully upon its identity academically as serious deliberation will act as an important driving force for North Korean studies to self-generate as an organized academic discipline.

As part of an effort to redefine the identity of North Korean studies, after a brief explanation on the short history of the field, this study analyzes the research trends in Masterss and Doctoral dissertations published in South Korea prior to 2008. The analysis verifies its multidisciplinary characteristics as an area studies, diversity of research areas and subjects, and quantitative and qualitative development; as such, effective management of the related department and systematic activities of relevant scholarly societies provide a new opportunity for systematically improving the quality of North Korean studies. Although this study may not have incorporated illustrative research into the qualitative trends of North Korean studies by analyzing a few representative works, it does provide a meaningful look at the current state of North Korean studies to those interested in the study of North Korea, particularly to English readers.

II. Development of North Korean Studies

Early studies on North Korea were primarily limited to political science, but improved NorthmSouth relations and increased research interests in North Korean issues have demassified scholarssmajors. During the past two decades, such studiessquantity and quality, including research results like dissertations, books, and papers, specialized research institutes, academic journals, and relevant scholarly societies like the Korean Association of North Korean Studies (KANKS) and the Association of North Korean Studies (ANKS), have grown explosively.^[1]) More recently, academic concerns about the identities of the studies have started in earnest, further befitting quantitative and qualitative development in this area.

Furthermore, recent professional researchers have been trained systematically. Starting with the Department of North Korean Studies in Dongguk University in 1994, some universities like Myongji and Korea University have established undergraduate programs for studying North Korean issues. Some universities have operated graduate programs and produced a number of graduate and Doctoral students exploring North Korean studies or unification.^[2]) These organized educational institutions play an important role in promoting the debate on the identity of North Korean studies, thereby facilitating their development.

The first research to provide an overview of trends in studies on North Korea was conducted by Sangu Yi of the tPukhan YoÊnsguu(North Korean studies) in Kongsansgwon Yonsgu Hyonhwang (Studies of Communism and Communist Countries in Korea) (1981). The author analyzed the data offered from the National Unification Board.^[3]) Meanwhile, On-chuk Yiss tPukhan Sahoe YoÊnsgu uÊi HyoÊnhwang kwa PangboÊplonjoÊk Kwajeu(Research on North Korean Society: Methodological Aspects) (1982) systematically organized and quantitatively analyzed research results according to data types and subjects. A more systematic approach was used by the Institute of North Korean Studies (INKS). tHans guk Hakgye uÊi Pukhan YoÊnsgu O^Êdi-ggaji WatnuÊnka: Pukhan Kwankye SoÊksa-Paksa Hakwi Nonmun Mokloku(Currents of the North Korean Studies in South Korea: List of Dissertations) (1986) in Pukhan (North Korea), which introduced 289 dissertations, including 269 Masterss and 20 Doctoral dissertations.

The first serious efforts to collect and analyze research results qualitatively occurred in SuÊng-soÊp Songss tPundan ihu Pukhan YoÊnsgu uÊi HyoÊnjuso ruÊl Chindan handa: SoÊksa-Paksa Hakwi Nonmun uÊl

Chungsim uÊlou(Diagnosis of Present Status of North Korean Studies after the Division: Focusing on

Dissertations) (1995) and tPukhan KwanryoÊn YoÊnsgu Tonghyang uÊi KyeryangjoÊk PunsoÊk: SoÊksaPaksa Hakwi Nonmun uÊl Chungsim uÊlou(A Quantitative Analysis of the Trends in North Korean Studies: Focusing on Dissertations) (1998). Another remarkable milestone was KANKSss efforts to understand the development of studies on North Korea that approach such studies as an academic discipline in Pundan Pansegi Pukhan YoÊnsgusa (History of North Korean Studies for the Divided Half Century) (1999). In every chapter, an expert in a specific area related to North Korea (e.g., politics, economy, military) analyzes a number of studies, including its past trends and future prospects. Some suggestions addressed in the research, including approach and methodology, infrastructure, and interactions with North Korean scholars for the development of studies on North Korea, remain valid.

Previous research on the trends in studies on North Korea all focused on ascertaining and reaffirming the variability in the research areas and subjects, whereas the current study does not. The understanding of the trends in this area has been developed quantitatively as well as qualitatively thus far and serves as the beginning point of this study. By providing a new opportunity to systematically improve the quality of studies on North Korea, this research attempts to ascertain its multidisciplinary characteristics as an area studies and then provide extended suggestions for turning this area of study into an academic discipline. This study provides a clue for promoting its academic position far beyond the differences of perspectives and views among scholars. It is expected that this would be one of underlying causes to ensure that experts use more analytical approaches and balanced perspectives in their research areas.

III. North Korean Studies as a Multidisciplinary Field

To analyze North Korean research trends in domestic Masterss and Doctoral dissertations published prior to 2008, a web search engine was used to perform the appropriate searches. The search engine used was the Research Information Service System (RISS)^[4]) provided by Korea Education and Research Information Service (KERIS). Title of dissertations and keywords parameters were used for the search.

To select only North Korea-related studies, tKim Il Sung,utKim Jong Il,utnambuku(North-South), tpukgoeu(North Korean puppet regime), tpukhanu(North Korea), tpukhaeku(North Korean nuclear), tsaetoÊminu(North Korean defector), ttsalbuku(escaping from North Korea), ttsongilu(unification), and thanbandou(Korean peninsula) in Korean were employed as search words. Some dissertations were eliminated from the search results to filter out studies in areas deemed to be uncertainnamely, dissertations on case studies of unification countries such as Germany, Vietnam, and Yemen that did not provide implications for the Korean peninsula; dissertations on South Koreass unification policy, but not comparative analysis on unification policies between the two Koreas; and dissertations on surrounding great powerss(e.g., the United States, China, Russia, Japan) foreign policy toward the Korean peninsula or Northeast Asia.

As previously mentioned, studies on North Korea have been expanded quantitatively as well as qualitatively for the past 20 years. North Korea-related research results such as books,^[5]) journal articles,^[6]) and dissertations began to increase rapidly beginning in 1989 and again in 2000 (see Figure 1). Such increases indicate that studies on North Korea have been affected by North Korean issues, inter-Korean relations, and international situations such as the fall of socialism, Roh Tae Woo administrationss Nordpolitik, the North Korean nuclear issue in the late 1980s, and the inter-Korean Summit in 2000.

<Figure 1> Annual Research Growth in Studies on North Korea

A couple of matters are salient on the research fields of respective dissertations. What is especially noteworthy is that researches on inter-Korean relations had increased more than all the other research fields such as politics, economy, society, and culture especially for the period from the late 1990s to the early 2000s (see Figure 2). In particular, research subjects such as the issues on North Korean defection and on society among the research field of inter-Korean relations had proliferated from the early 2000s (see Figure 3). This is related to, and a mirror image of the changes in SouthNorth Korean relations due to the possibility of total breakdown in North Korea, the second nuclear crisis with the highlyenriched uranium (HEU) program, global concern about increasing North Korean defectors, North Korean human right issues, and so on.

<Figure 2> Trend of Research Fields in Studies on North Korea

<Figure 3> Trend of Research Subjects on Inter-Korean Relations

A total of 4,650 Masterss and Doctoral dissertations (4,394 Masterss and 256 Doctoral) were published prior to 2008 (see Table 1). Dissertations of special graduate schools (SGSs)^[7]) make up 46.28 percent (2,152 dissertations) of the total. General graduate schools (GSs) ranked second with 39.63 percent (1,843 dissertations), while independent professional or special graduate universities (PSGUs)^[8]) and professional graduate schools (PGSs)^[9]) accounted for 7.1 percent (330 dissertations) and 6.99 percent (325 dissertations) respectively. Various PGSs and SGSs have established Masterss programs in most universities, but few have established Doctoral programs, which explain the small number of Doctoral dissertations from these institutions, which focus on professionalism, practicality, and on-the-job reeducation. Students who earn a Masterss degree from a PGS or SGS generally enter a Doctoral program in a GS for academic purposes.

<Table 1> Number of Dissertations by Graduate Program

Yonsei University, Dongguk University, Korea University, Seoul National University, and Kyung Hee University have the greatest number of dissertations per institution, respectively. These five institutions account for 35.12 percent of the total number of dissertations (see Table 2). In regard to exclusively Doctoral dissertations, Seoul, Korea, Kyung Hee, Kyungnam, and Dongguk University account for 36.33 percent of all Doctoral dissertations.

<Table 2> Number of Dissertations by University and Rank

Within GSs in the five universities producing the most dissertations, dissertations in Departments of Political Science and Public Administration account for the greatest portions of the total (see Table 3).

However, the Department of North Korean Studies has more dissertations than Political Science in

Dongguk University and more than Public Administration in Korea University. In Seoul National University, the Department of Education produced the most. The Graduate School of Business produces the most within PGSs (except in Seoul National University) and within SGSs (except in Korea University). In regard to Doctoral dissertations only, the number of dissertations in the Department of Political Science is higher than any other department in the five universities producing the most dissertations.

<Table 3> Number of Dissertations at Universities Producing the Most Dissertations by Graduate Program

Yonsei University produces more SGS Masterss dissertations (57.11 percent, 269 dissertations) than any other of the top five universities; the dissertations in its Graduate School of Public Administration accounts for 72.86 percent (196 dissertations) of all SGS dissertations. At Kyungnam University, the number of dissertations in its SGS of Public Administration and the GS of the Department of Political Science accounts for 53.08 percent (69 dissertations) and 16.92 percent (22 dissertations) of the total, respectively, due to its Institute for Far Eastern Studies (IFES)which has been one of the leading institutes for studies on North Korea since 1973.

Arranged by department or graduate program (see Table 4), SGSs of Public Administration and Education makes up 18.37 percent (854 dissertations) and 17.46 percent (812 dissertations), respectively, of the total, while GSs of Political Science accounts for 10.47 percent, Pubic Administration accounts for 6.41 percent, and Education accounts for 4.65 percent. In the case of interdisciplinary programs such as area, Korean, Korean Unification, and North Korean studies, although relatively recently established, they are growing steadily, with 1.79 percent of the total, including 80 Masterss and 3 Doctoral dissertations. In addition, graduate programs comprising a large portion within each graduate school include GSs of Political Science (26.42 percent, 487dissertations), PGSs of Business (29.92 percent, 94 dissertations), SGSs of Public Administration (39.68 percent, 854 dissertations) and Education (37.73 percent, 812 dissertations), and the PSGU of the University of North Korean Studies (34.24 percent, 113 dissertations).

<Table 4> Number of Dissertations by Department or Graduate Program and Rank

1) GS. In addition, the Department of Business has 45(42/3), Mass Communication has 37(36/1), and Ethicshas 31(28/3).

2) PGS. In addition, the Graduate School of Social Welfare has 35(33/2), Unification and Security has33(33/0), International Studies has 30(30/0), and Theology has 30(28/2).

3) SGS. In addition, the Graduate School of Economics has 24(24/0) and Journalism and MassCommunication has 23(23/0).

4) PSGU. In addition, Korea National University of Education has 62(60/2) and theological universities have52(52/0).

The Department of Political Science (38.28 percent, 98 dissertations) assigns the greatest weight to

Doctoral dissertations, followed by Departments of Public Administration, Law, Education, and Economics. In the case of PGSs of Politics, all Doctoral dissertations including three in North Korean studies, two in political science, and one in public administration are from the Graduate School of Politics and Policy at Kyonggi University. As a whole, although these main areas remain strong, research areas such as Korean language and literature, history, sociology, commerce and trade, physical education, social welfare, and psychology are being expanded.

Slight differences of the title given in the degrees occur based on the university, but they are closely related to majors. A degree in education can be awarded to students who majored and graduated from the Department of Education in a GS, SGS of Education, or a university of education (e.g., Korea National University of Education); consequently, degrees in education account for 24 percenta significant portion (see Table 5). A degree in political science ranks second with 20.45 percent, followed by public administration with 18.95 percent, North Korean Studies with 7.68 percent, and economics with 3.76 percent. In Doctoral dissertations only, a degree in political science accounts for 39.45 percent of the total.

<Table 5> Number of Dissertations by Degree and Rank

1) Every university and graduate school names the degrees differently; when unclear, the name of the major is used instead.

To sum up, studies on North Korea as a multidisciplinary field have been developed as area studies within and among various disciplines. It is still concentrated in a handful of universities, graduate schools, departments, or professional institutions. However, the unequal distribution of a specific department and degree is of secondary importance given the difference of the academic and practical interests and importance of North Korean studies among the disciplines. The efforts to establish this area of study, which began with quantitative and qualitative growth of the research results, continue to accelerate with qualitative development of North Korean studies related to education and society.

IV.                The Identity of North Korean Studies as an Academic Discipline

Most area studies are quasi-disciplinary forms because a multidisciplinary approach (i.e., an interdisciplinary approach in various independent academic disciplines) is a prerequisite for such research.^[10]) Area studies have been considered a fundamental component of comparative studies.^[11]) Since area studies is a part of social science, scientific theory and methodology are needed for academic endeavors. Thus, it is reasonable to expect researchers in area studies to have the experience to make proper use of theories, methodologies, and methods in their respective disciplines (Yi 2001, 7).

Established disciplines like politics, economics, and sociology have developed theories and methodologies as core requisites in their degree programs. Some theories have the same name among the academic areas and both affect and are affected, although they differ from one another in substance. Researchers in area studies have worked and developed theories and methodologies within a certain disciplinary field.^[12]) It is common that researchers seeking a Ph.D. in area studies have learned and received degrees in their existing disciplines. Therefore, the results achieved thus far in area studies are not from those who have endeavored in that purpose on a path of discovery for their own theory and methodology, but rather those who have applied them from their particular discipline as occasion demands.

Nothing much in theory and methodology has been formed or developed in studies on North Korea itself. The fact that most graduate students in newly founded graduate programs as well as special or professional graduate schools since the mid 1990s have been those who majored in political science, public administration, or economics in undergraduate programs makes it difficult to say that North Korean studies is an independent field at the academic level. Consequently, North Korean studies in social science use various multidisciplinary approaches and have fallen under the quasi-disciplinary category until now.

The relationship among academic disciplines is expressed as an interdisciplinary relationship. The term interdisciplinary is used to describe studies that use methods and insights from more than two disciplines or traditional fields of study, so that scholars who have various theoretical and methodological backgrounds can research various issues together. As they are linked to each other based on their interdisciplinary approach, one necessarily borrows concepts, theories, and methodologies from another. Thus, particular theories have far-reaching academic effects on many disciplines; furthermore, other disciplines adapt them with related concepts and methodology, thereby further advancing them (Yi 2001, 13, 19).

Unintended side effects of interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary approaches include Campbellss tLeonardesque aspiration,uwhich refers to the goal of creating current Leonardos who are competent in all sciences (Campbell 2009, 329-30).^[13]) A scholar generally sticks to the research subject, methodology, and theory exclusively within his or her own discipline background and draws a sharp dividing line with other disciplines. Thus, an interdisciplinary research can bring about a less contributive result by paying no attention to or not considering the theory and method in the specific discipline. In addition, by using the inversed situation, that researcher is engrossed in other disciplines and ignores his or her own, and less professional results according to his or her discipline standards can be produced (Yi 2001, 22).

Various interdisciplinary approaches are possible or required, especially in social science, because disciplines are piled up one on another, creating tdoublenessuor tsuperimposition.uThus, the more diversified the research topics are in certain academic disciplines, the more overlapped the theories, methods, and subjects are with other disciplines. The fact that this doubleness is being intensified means, inversely, that it can hardly be said that the disciplineeven an established academic oneis completely independent. Furthermore, existing disciplines are not the results of systemic and logical deliberations, but of political and social processes (i.e., tpoliticizationuand tsocializationu), especially within the bureaucratically organized educational system of universities. Gownsmen in universities have promoted institutionalization and routinization (Wax 2009, 79-82) of the academic disciplines in the social science field into mutually exclusive and exhaustive ones.

How has this affected North Korean studies? The enrichment of the depth and breadth of the research is evident in studies on North Korea, too. The quantitative and qualitative growth of studies on North Korea has facilitated scholarssapproach to research in a more inter- and multidisciplinary approach and led research to be more professionally comprehensive. Thus, it is time to firmly establish this areass identity and the disciplinary position of North Korean Studies, which already exist in some undergraduate and graduate programs, as one academic discipline. Expanding research areas and subjects have solidified the position of political economy, political sociology, and political psychology disciplines accepted in some Western universitiesjust as politics, economics, sociology, and psychology were once independent academic disciplines.

V.                    Conclusion: Perspectives on Consolidation of Identity

The diversity of research areas and subjects, the quantitative and qualitative expansion of academic results, the systematic training of experts on North Korean issues, and the invigoration of the relevant organizations^[14]) increase the chances for North Korean studies to develop its position into an independent discipline. Research activities on North Korean issues are occurring at research institutes as well as educational institutions, including the Asiatic Research Institute (ARI) at Korea University established in 1957, IFES at Kyungnam University in 1973, the Center for Korean Unification Studies at Yonsei

University in 1996, the Institute for North Korean Studies at Korea University in 1998, the Institute for North Korean Studies at Dongguk University in 2000, and the Institute for Peace and Unification Studies at Seoul National University in 2006. Non-governmental institutes such as INKS established in 1971 and the Sejong Institute in 1983 as well as the government-affiliated Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU) established in 1991 are additional examples of institutions promoting such studies.

Maintaining a secure and stable identity requires the vitalization of relevant institutes and academic associations. Furthermore, it is of paramount importance what status North Korean studies has and what is done institutionally at the university and government levels. This is why a debate on the identity of North Korean studies should not take place at an abstract academic level only, as the study itself is institutionalized while being strongly influenced by the educational system and professional interests. Most research on the current status and problems of area studies in South Korea emphasize the necessity to recruit human resources, find financial resources, establish academic and educational environments, etc. (Yi and KwoÊn 1998; Yi 2000, 1-21; ChoÊn 2002, 29-53; and Kim 2006, 5-25). North Korean studies share such problems with area studies. Thus, problems facing North Korean studies, tasks to ensure such studies are rooted in an independent discipline, as well as maintaining a firm identity could be reviewed from three aspects.

First, in a policy aspect, the vitalization and expansion of support for North Korean studies at the government level is needed. Studies of North Korea originate from the particularity of the divided Korean peninsula; as such, they must be developed by addressing political needs. Although the Cold War has ended, North Korean studiessquantity and quality were influenced by the deadlock and conflict or progress of relationship between the two Koreas. Thus, to guarantee consistent quantity and quality, as in other disciplines, the governmentss constant interest and support (without being controlled by interKorean relations) are required.

Second, in an educational aspect, long-term support for systematic management of the related curriculum at the university level is needed. Although related classes have been developed in some universities, most are introductory courses. Thus far, the universities offering graduate courses in North Korean studies are few: Dongguk University (since March 1994), Ewha Womans University (since March 1998), Korea University (since March 1997), Yosei University (since March 2004), and the University of North Korean Studies (since March 1998). Each has a well-rounded curriculum, but the available classes are basically fixed each term to four to eight classes from March 2007 to March 2009, except the University of North Korean Studies, which offered 21 to 26 classes.^[15]) Though well-rounded, the curriculum is nominal not only because it is operated to reflect studentssinterests according to current trends, but also because the programs lack the human resources necessary for teaching. Thus, developing a practical and substantial curriculum as well as material and human resources for effective operation requires support at the university level.

Finally, in an academic aspect, revitalization of the research in more diverse areas based on academic needs at an academic level is needed. As evident in existing disciplines, diverse theories and methodologies above all else should be developed and revitalized for developing North Korean studies. As theories and methodologies are developed through cooperation with the philosophy of science, they will be closely linked to academic curiosity, thereby generating academic interest and desire. Thus, research not only for practical purposes, but also for academic needs should be actively conducted by academics; these efforts can be maximized with appropriate support in the political and educational aspects mentioned above.

As shown in the expression of twhether area studies is academic studies and studies on the area are policy-oriented studies j whether area studies is used for department name and studies on the area are used for interdisciplinary programsu(ChoÊn 2002, 37), the issue of area studiessidentity is also valid to North Korean studies. It is important for North Korean studies to have a solid position as a completely independent discipline. Furthermore, efforts to resolve different perceptions of the studies of North Korea or reduce perception gaps in the areass identity among scholars are vital.

It is accepted that without vigorous qualitative analysis of the research it is difficult to understand the trends and the meaningfulness of the work that has taken place thus far. However, it is hoped that both the author and the readers will be in a better position to carry out such research in the future with this work on the current state of North Korean studies in Korea. The acceleration of globalization after the 1990s has also increased interdependency among countries. Indeed, interdependency among Northeast Asian countries surrounding the Korean peninsula has strengthened extremely rapidly. With the internationalization of North Korean issues, the quantitative and qualitative growth of North Korean studies is increasingly speeding up as if it reflects the international trends. To establish this area as an independent discipline, North Korean studies should be academically focused on North Korea itself, examining the questions related to what it is and why it does, as well as practically focused research on North Korean issues, such as what it does and what it should do. These efforts should be based on a serious and comprehensive discussion about the identity of North Korean studies among researchers involved in the area.

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Korean Political Science Review Vol. 45 No. 3

زইदই૑৉ױਤ੄ध۝উࠁ୓҅ҳ୷ਸೱೞৈ ֙वч౵ز੄Үളਸ઺बਵ۽

ӣز৐

زইदই Ҵоٜ਷ ѐ߹੸ਵ ۽੗Ҵ੄ ध۝উࠁ ޙઁী ؀೧ ੹੸ੋ ଼੐ਸ х׼೧ ৳׮ѐ оҴ߹ٜ਷ ध۝উࠁܳ ഛࠁೞӝ ਤೠ ਬੌೠ ߑউਵ ۽੗ә੗઒ ࢚క੄ ҳഅਸ ࢚੿ೠ׮Ӓ धա۞۝উࠁ੄ ਤഈ਷ ੼੼ ؊ ׮ন೧૑Ҋ ژೠ ৘ӝ஖ ঋ਷ Ҕীࢲ աఋթী  ۄٮѐ߹Ҵ о ױਤ੄ ੽Ӕ੉ ؊਌ য۰ਕ૑Ҋ ੓׮ חഅपਸ ӵײӝ द੘೮׮ౠ൤ ز ֙ইदই ౵чव஘ׯযࠛীز਷ ध۝উࠁޙઁী ؀ೠ ӝઓ੄ ѐ߹੸ ੽Ӕߨߑ੉ য়൤۰ ੹߈੸ੋ ׮੓ࣻఆदചঈਸട࢚ חҮളਸ թ҂׮੉۞ೠ Үളী ੑпೞৈ زইदই Ҵоب૑੄ٜ੗ ٜ਷ ध۝উࠁܳ ഛࠁೞӝ ਤೠ ૑৉ױਤ੄ ୓҅ܳ ݽ࢝ೞӝ द੘೮׮"15&33੄ ઁبചח ৉૑ױਤ੄ ध۝উࠁ ഛࠁܳ ਤೠ ૓ੌࠁೠ ਑૒੐ਵ ۽ಣоػ׮द੘ױ҅ী ੓ ח"15&33 оҴ৉૑਷ ٜр੄ ࢚ഐ न܉ܳ ҳ୷ೠ׮ ח੄޷о ъೞ׮ੌ ױ૑৉ Ҵо ٜрী زইदই ৉૑ױਤ੄ ध۝উࠁ୓҅о न܉ೡ ݅ೠ Ѫ੉ חۄഛनਸ बয઱ѱ ݶغ Ӓ زউ ѐ߹੸ਵ۽ ೞҳ୶ ؍੗ә੗઒ ੿଼ਸ ղ۰֬਺ਵ۽ॄ ѐ߹Ҵоٜ੄ ध۝উࠁী ؀ೠ ࠗ׸ਸ ઴ੌ ࣻ ੓ ѱ  ؼѪ੉׮ धযઁ઱۝উࠁ ૑৉ഈ۱ زইदই ध۝ਤӝ "15&33

ೠҴীࢲ੄࠘ೠ೟োҳ

ടഅ੄ҳোೠ࠘߂੿୓ࢿഛ݀ߑউ

ӣਊࣽh੉਷Ҵh࣠೧҃

ҳোࠄ ח࠘ೠ೟੄ ੿୓ࢿਸ ੿݀ೞӝ ਤೠ ֢۱੄ ੌജਵ֙ ۽ө૑ ࢲীҴೠ ߊрػ hࢳ ޙ֤ ࢎ߅઺ ࠘ೠҙ۲ োҳ੄ ҃ೱ ౠ൤ ೟ਤࣻৈӝҙਸ ઺बਵ ۽ೠ ন੸ ࠙ࢳਸ दبೞ ഝੋ੸҅୓੄ഥ೟۲ҙҗ৔਍ੋ੸җബ੄җ೟۲ҙ׮੓Ҋز੉ ࠘ೠ೟੄ ૕੸ ߊ੹ী ࢜ ۽਍ ӝഥܳ ઁҕೞҊ ੓਺ਸ ੹ઁೞҊ ࠄ োҳݢ ח੷ ࠘ೠ೟੄ ૑৉োҳ۽ࢲ੄ ೟ઁ੸ ੽Ӕ ߨߑҗ োҳ࠙ঠ  ߂઱ઁ੄ ׮নࢿ ӒܻҊ োҳ੄ ૕੸hন੸ ߊ੹ਸ ഛੋೞҊ ੓׮࠘ೠ೟੉ Ҋೞ݀ഛਸࢿ୓੿ ޙ೟ੋ੸੗ةਵ۽ࢲ ഛҊ൤ ੗ܻݒӣ ೞӝ ਤ೧ࢲ ח׮਺੄ ࣁ о૑ ஏݶ ੋ੸҅୓ࢲী ֢۱੉ ਃҳػ׮୐૩ ח࠘ೠ೟੄ ഝࢿച৬ ഛ؀ܳ ਤೠ ੿ࠗରਗীࢲ੄ ૑ਗ ل૩ חҙ۲ Үҗҗ੿੄ ୓҅੸ੋ ҙܻܳ ਤೠ ೟Ү ରਗীࢲ੄ ੢ӝ੸ੋ ૑ਗ ࣇ૩ חোҳ੗ ೟ࢲীਗରޙ੸ੋ ਃҳী ੄ೠ ׮নೠ ࠙ঠী ؀ೠ োҳ੄ ੤ഝࢿച ޖ۱੉׮֢঺ࠁ׮ ઺ਃ ೞҳোਸೠ࠘਷Ѫೠ ٜ੗೟ חࢎ੉ীࢲ ࠘ೠ೟੄ ੿୓ࢿী ؀ೠ ੋध੄ ର੉ܳ ગ൤ חѪ

ੌ Ѫ੉׮

઱ઁয࠘ೠ೟ ੿୓ࢿ ૑৉োҳ ೟ઁ੸ ੽Ӕ ೟ઁр োҳ

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[1] ) Just a few years ago, professional research infrastructures for North Korean studies in South Korea were relatively insufficient. According to Kimss research, few think-tanks in South Korea focus on Korean policy issues or include Korea as part of their overall research activities. Based on information from the World Directory of Think Tanks (1998 and 2002) of the National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA) in Japan, Kim briefly introduced 26 institutions, including eight in South Korea, 12 in the United States, and others in Sweden, Japan, Germany, New Zealand, Singapore, and the United Kingdom (Kim 2003, 193-215).

[2] ) The degree varies from university to university. Although the department of North Korean studies in Dongguk University offer a political science degree, the University of North Korean Studies (formerly known as the Graduate School of North Korean Studies, Kyungnam University) as well as the Masterss and Doctoral Interdisciplinary Program in North Korean Studies at Ewha Womans University, the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Korean Unification Studies at Yosei University, and the Department of North Korean studies in Korea University offer degrees in North Korean studies (Pukhanhak), unification (Tongil-Hak), and arts, respectively.

[3] ) In 1990, the status of the board was raised to the level of a vice prime ministerial ministry and it authorized the coordination of policy-related ministries. It was renamed Tongilwon (former name, Kuktotongilwon), but its English name remained the same. In 1998, under the government reorganization program, it was renamed the Ministry of Unification.

[4] ) http://www.riss.kr/index.do. At the time of search, it was at www.riss4u.net.

[5] ) In the case of books including translations and compilations, the web search engine used was the National Assembly Libraryss (http://www.nanet.go.kr) digital library; title and keyword searches were used. Some books were eliminated from the search results, including data books (e.g., handbooks, statistics, glossaries, yearbooks, white papers, and regular reports), propaganda publications from government agencies and public corporations, travelogues, memoirs, conference proceedings, and commemorative collections. Search words used are the same as those in the dissertation case.

[6] ) In the case of journal articles, web search engines used were the Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS) provided by Korean Studies Information Co., Ltd., available at http://search.koreanstudies.net, and DBpia provided by Nurimedia Co., Ltd., available at http://www.dbpia.co.kr; title and keyword search options were used. Some articles were eliminated from the search results, such as conference papers and posters, [research] series, book chapters, newsletter articles, data-books, and case-books. Search words used are the same as those in the dissertation case.

[7] ) These include graduate schools of education, public administration, public health, journalism and mass communication, law, economics, public affairs, peace studies, business and administration, national strategy, arts, policy, unification policy, peace and security, policy development, unification, social development, railroad science and technology, sports and leisure studies, agricultural and animal science, regional development, international strategy, international cooperation, real estate studies, logistics, industrial art, trade, mass communication, digital culture, public administration and policy, policy sciences, NGO, education policy, sports science, social and cultural studies, tourism, public administration local autonomy, newspaper, economic policy, urban science, social education, Christian care and counseling, architecture and urban design, government and business, and national defense strategy. In Korea, special graduate schoolssnames follow current trends, such as the Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies at Hanman University (previously called the Graduate School of Regional Development).

[8] ) These include the Korea National Defense University (former name, National Defense College), University of North Korean Studies, Academy of Korean Studies, Korea National University of Education, International Graduate University for Peace, and some theological universities such as Seoul Theological Universities and the Asian Center for Theological Studies and Mission.

[9] ) These include graduate schools of international studies, theology, information, communication (and art), social welfare, business, law, politics (and leadership), unification and security, social science, small business, engineering, economics and commerce, international trade, lifelong education, (world) mission, and politics and economics.

[10] ) Debates have consistently focused on the current situation, problems, and identity of area studies in South Korea, led by the

International Association of Area Studies (IAAS, International Area Studies Review), the Korean Association of Area Studies (KAAS, Korean Journal of Area Studies), and others. The problems of theory, methodology, and identity impact North Korean studies.

[11] ) Basically, area studies focus on analyzing twhat,uwhile comparative studies focus on thow to analyzeu(Zahariadis 1997, 3-4).

[12] ) To learn about the politics in a nation or region, researchers in political science have to seek to master its history, languages, economy, etc., as well. Within social sciences, researchers in area studies are multidisciplinary, especially in political science (Bates 1997, 166).

[13] ) In this sense, an expert in North Korean politics or an expert in North Korean economy is the proper name rather than an expert in North Korea.

[14] ) For more information about the educational institutions, research institutes, and scholarly associations and journals, see Lim et al. (2009, 245-62).

[15] ) This is based on data from their homepages and academic information sites. Available at http://nk.dongguk.edu and http://gs.dongguk.edu about Dongguk University, http://home.ewha.ac.kr/~nk21 and http://graduate.ewha.ac.kr about Ewha Womans University, http://nknology.korea.ac.kr and http://graduate.korea.ac.kr/nok_01.htm about Korea University, http://web.yonsei.ac.kr/ikus1/index.htm and http://graduate.yonsei.ac.kr about Yonsei University, and http://www.nk.ac.kr about the University of North Korean Studies.